{"/e/spanish-folk-music/buler-as/": {"t": "Bulerías", "s": "Fast flamenco rhythm in 12-beat cycle, originating in 19th-century Jerez."}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/cante-flamenco/": {"t": "Cante flamenco", "s": "The sung heart of flamenco, blending diverse cultural influences."}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/sole/": {"t": "Soleá", "s": "A foundational flamenco palo with solemn lyrics and complex rhythm."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/phrygian-mode/": {"t": "Phrygian mode", "s": "A diatonic mode with a flattened second scale degree."}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/alegr-as/": {"t": "Alegrías", "s": "A lively flamenco form from Cádiz with a strict dance structure."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/fandango/": {"t": "Fandango", "s": "A Spanish triple-meter dance with global classical and folk variations."}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/martinetes/": {"t": "Martinetes", "s": "A flamenco palo sung a cappella, modulating between major and phrygian modes."}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/sevillanas/": {"t": "Sevillanas", "s": "A festive folk dance and music from Sevilla, often mistaken for Flamenco."}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/tango-flamenco/": {"t": "Tango (flamenco)", "s": "A basic flamenco palo in 4/4, distinct from Argentine tango."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate/": {"t": "Caliphate", "s": "Islamic political-religious institution led by a caliph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate.webp", "c": "أبو العباس · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/manuel-de-falla/": {"t": "Manuel de Falla", "s": "Spanish composer and pianist of the first half of the 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/federico-garc-a-lorca/": {"t": "Federico García Lorca", "s": "Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director of the Generation of '27."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-inventions/e/indian-inventions/indian-classical-music/": {"t": "Indian classical music", "s": "Classical music of the Indian subcontinent with two major traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/galicia-spain/": {"t": "Galicia (Spain)", "s": "Northwest Spanish region with Celtic roots and self-government."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/asturias/": {"t": "Asturias", "s": "Green Spain's mountainous principality, cradle of the Reconquista."}, "https://codexery.com/dancers-and-choreographers/e/dancers-and-choreographers/la-argentinita/": {"t": "La Argentinita", "s": "Flamenco icon who danced through exile and tragedy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dancers-and-choreographers/img/dancers-and-choreographers/la-argentinita.webp", "c": "José Calvache \"Walken\" · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/bullfighting/": {"t": "Bullfighting", "s": "A ritualized contest between human and bull, rooted in ancient traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/minor-scale/": {"t": "Minor scale", "s": "A musical scale with a minor third above the tonic."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/pablo-de-sarasate/": {"t": "Pablo de Sarasate", "s": "Spanish virtuoso violinist, composer, and conductor of the Romantic period"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/spanish-civil-war/": {"t": "Spanish Civil War", "s": "The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain between 1936 and 1939, pitting the Republican faction against the Nationalist rebels."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/john-coltrane/": {"t": "John Coltrane", "s": "American jazz saxophonist and composer who pioneered modal and free jazz.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/john-coltrane.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Coltrane · see source"}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/jota-music/": {"t": "Jota (music)", "s": "A Spanish music and dance genre with regional variations and global influence."}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/seguidilla/": {"t": "Seguidilla", "s": "Old Castilian song and dance in quick triple time."}, "https://codexery.com/dance/e/dance/partner-dance/": {"t": "Partner dance", "s": "Coordinated dancing of two partners in social and folk traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/works-based-on-the-don-juan-legend/e/works-based-on-the-don-juan-legend/don-juan-ballet/": {"t": "Don Juan (ballet)", "s": "Gluck and Angiolini's 1761 ballet on the Don Juan legend."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart/": {"t": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "s": "Classical composer and child prodigy who completed over 800 works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-marriage-of-figaro/": {"t": "The Marriage of Figaro", "s": "The Marriage of Figaro (Italian: Le nozze di Figaro, pronounced [le ˈnɔttse di ˈfiːɡaro]), K."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/nikolai-rimsky-korsakov/": {"t": "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov", "s": "Russian composer who shaped the nationalist style and trained generations."}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/verdiales/": {"t": "Verdiales", "s": "A rural fandango tradition from Málaga, preserved by communal pandas."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/castile-and-le-n/": {"t": "Castile and León", "s": "Largest autonomous community in Spain, with a de facto capital in Valladolid."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/veracruz/": {"t": "Veracruz", "s": "Eastern Mexican state with a key Gulf port and mixed heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/film-theater/e/film-and-theater/pedro-calder-n-de-la-barca/": {"t": "Pedro Calderón de la Barca", "s": "Spanish Golden Age dramatist and poet, author of La Vida es Sueño."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/isabella-ii/": {"t": "Isabella II", "s": "First queen regnant of unified Spain, deposed in 1868."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/jacques-offenbach/": {"t": "Jacques Offenbach", "s": "German-born French composer of operettas and The Tales of Hoffmann.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/jacques-offenbach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jacques Offenbach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/giacomo-meyerbeer/": {"t": "Giacomo Meyerbeer", "s": "German opera composer who linked Mozart and Wagner, defining grand opera with works like Robert le diable and Les Huguenots.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/giacomo-meyerbeer.webp", "c": "Au Ménestrel, Paris, 1865.\n\nUploaded, stiched and restored by JLPC · via Wikipedia: Giacomo Meyerbeer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/waltz/": {"t": "Waltz", "s": "A turning dance in triple time from German-speaking Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/aragon/": {"t": "Aragon", "s": "Autonomous community in northeastern Spain, historic Kingdom of Aragon."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/valencian-community/": {"t": "Valencian Community", "s": "Autonomous community on Spain's Mediterranean coast."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/catalonia/": {"t": "Catalonia", "s": "An autonomous community in northeastern Spain with a distinct history and language."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/cantabria/": {"t": "Cantabria", "s": "Historic community in northern Spain with ancient cave art."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/bagpipes/": {"t": "Bagpipes", "s": "A woodwind instrument with enclosed reeds fed from a bag."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/patriotism/": {"t": "Patriotism", "s": "Love and devotion to one's country, distinct from nationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/vulgar-latin/": {"t": "Vulgar Latin", "s": "Non-formal Latin registers that evolved into Romance languages."}, "https://codexery.com/dance/e/dance/flamenco/": {"t": "Flamenco", "s": "An Andalusian art form rooted in gitano and folk traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/baja-california/": {"t": "Baja California", "s": "Northwestern Mexican state, home to diverse geography and wine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/img/mexican-states/baja-california.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Baja California peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/dance/": {"t": "Dance", "s": "An art form of body movement with aesthetic and symbolic value."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/a-cappella/": {"t": "A cappella", "s": "Vocal music performed without instrumental accompaniment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/a-cappella.webp", "c": "Bernard Gagnon · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/dormition-of-the-mother-of-god/": {"t": "Dormition of the Mother of God", "s": "Eastern Christian feast of Mary's peaceful death and bodily assumption."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/assumption-of-mary/": {"t": "Assumption of Mary", "s": "Catholic dogma of Mary's bodily assumption into heaven."}, "https://codexery.com/traditional-knowledge/e/traditional-knowledge/masterpieces-of-the-oral-and-intangible-heritage-of-humanity/": {"t": "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity", "s": "UNESCO program recognizing intangible cultural heritage for safeguarding."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/pomegranate/": {"t": "Pomegranate", "s": "Ancient fruit domesticated in Iran, now cultivated worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/ancient-inventions/armillary-sphere/": {"t": "Armillary sphere", "s": "A spherical framework of rings modeling the celestial sphere."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/internet-culture-and-platforms/e/internet-culture-and-platforms/facebook/": {"t": "Facebook", "s": "American social networking service owned by Meta Platforms."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/time-signature/": {"t": "Time signature", "s": "Indicates how many note values fit into each measure."}, "https://codexery.com/dance-forms/e/dance-forms/jig/": {"t": "Jig", "s": "Lively folk dance and tune in compound metre, popular since the 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/bass-drum/": {"t": "Bass drum", "s": "A large drum producing low, booming tones across many genres."}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/mui-eira/": {"t": "Muiñeira", "s": "A lively Galician dance and musical genre."}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/pasodoble/": {"t": "Pasodoble", "s": "Spanish military march turned music and dance genre."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/classical-music/": {"t": "Classical music", "s": "Western art music tradition emphasizing formality and polyphony."}, "https://codexery.com/regional-musics/e/regional-musics/music-of-latin-america/": {"t": "Music of Latin America", "s": "Syncretic music from Spanish and Portuguese-speaking Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-inventions/e/spanish-inventions/classical-guitar/": {"t": "Classical guitar", "s": "Acoustic nylon-string guitar established by 19th-century Spanish luthier Antonio de Torres Jurado."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/religious/isidore-of-seville/": {"t": "Isidore of Seville", "s": "The last scholar of the ancient world"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abd-al-rahman-i/": {"t": "Abd al-Rahman I", "s": "Founder and first emir of the Emirate of Córdoba, who established the Umayyad dynasty in al-Andalus after fleeing the Abbasid Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/almanzor/": {"t": "Almanzor", "s": "Chamberlain who dominated Umayyad Córdoba and halted Christian advance."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/christian-music/": {"t": "Christian music", "s": "Music expressing Christian belief across diverse cultures and styles."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/reconquista/": {"t": "Reconquista", "s": "Series of Christian campaigns ending Muslim rule in Iberia."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/burgos/": {"t": "Burgos", "s": "Historic city and former Francoist headquarters in northern Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/giovanni-pierluigi-da-palestrina/": {"t": "Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina", "s": "Leading composer of late 16th-century Europe, central representative of the Roman School.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/giovanni-pierluigi-da-palestrina.webp", "c": "Sergio D'Afflitto · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/orlando-di-lasso/": {"t": "Orlando di Lasso", "s": "Prolific late Renaissance composer of the Franco-Flemish school."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/isaac-alb-niz/": {"t": "Isaac Albéniz", "s": "Spanish virtuoso composer of piano works with folk idioms."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/enrique-granados/": {"t": "Enrique Granados", "s": "Spanish and Catalan composer and pianist, known for Goyescas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/enrique-granados.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Enrique Granados · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francisco-franco/": {"t": "Francisco Franco", "s": "Spanish military general and dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/julio-iglesias/": {"t": "Julio Iglesias", "s": "The most commercially successful Spanish singer in history, with over 300 million records sold worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/julio-iglesias.webp", "c": "Alejandro Vilar · via Wikipedia: Julio Iglesias · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/new-wave-music/": {"t": "New wave music", "s": "Pop-oriented genre branching from punk, popularized by MTV."}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-film-directors/e/auteur-film-directors/pedro-almod-var/": {"t": "Pedro Almodóvar", "s": "Spanish filmmaker known for bold colour and complex narratives.", "i": "https://codexery.com/auteur-film-directors/img/auteur-film-directors/pedro-almod-var.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pedro Almodóvar · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/romani-people/": {"t": "Romani people", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnic group with nomadic traditions and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-mandolin/": {"t": "The Mandolin", "s": "A plucked lute-family instrument tuned like a violin."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-guitar/": {"t": "The Guitar", "s": "A chordophone from the reference compendium."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-violin/": {"t": "The Violin", "s": "A 2005 Mexican drama film directed by Francisco Vargas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-violin.webp", "c": "unknown, released with CC0 license by Smithsonian · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/dance/e/dance/cha-cha-cha-dance/": {"t": "Cha-cha-cha (dance)", "s": "Cuban dance born from a rhythmic shuffle."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven/": {"t": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "s": "German composer whose work bridged Classical and Romantic eras.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven.webp", "c": "Joseph Karl Stieler · via Wikipedia: Ludwig van Beethoven · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-sonata-no-14-beethoven/": {"t": "Piano Sonata No. 14 (Beethoven)", "s": "Piano sonata by Beethoven, nicknamed Moonlight Sonata."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-psalms/": {"t": "Book of Psalms", "s": "Anthology of Hebrew hymns, central to Jewish and Christian liturgy."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/mary-mother-of-jesus/": {"t": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "s": "First-century Jewish woman, mother of Jesus, venerated in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/crucifixion-of-jesus/": {"t": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "s": "Jesus was crucified by Romans in 1st-century Judaea."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/music-genre/": {"t": "Music genre", "s": "Conventional category for shared musical traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/dance/e/dance/circle-dance/": {"t": "Circle dance", "s": "Ancient social dance in circles, linking communities worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/choreography/": {"t": "Choreography", "s": "The art of designing movement sequences for dance and performance."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/tempo/": {"t": "Tempo", "s": "Tempo is the speed or pace of a musical composition."}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/tenor/": {"t": "Tenor", "s": "The highest male chest-voice type, bridging countertenor and baritone."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/italians/": {"t": "Italians", "s": "An ethnic group native to Italy with a global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/democracy/": {"t": "Democracy", "s": "Government where power is vested in the people."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/spaniards/": {"t": "Spaniards", "s": "Spaniards are an ethnic group indigenous to Spain with a global legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-double-bass/": {"t": "The Double bass", "s": "Largest and lowest-pitched chordophone in the modern symphony orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi/": {"t": "Giuseppe Verdi", "s": "Italian composer best known for his operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Giuseppe Verdi · see source"}, "/e/spanish-folk-music/romance-guitar-piece/": {"t": "Romance (guitar piece)", "s": "A guitar piece of unknown origin, widely known as Spanish Romance."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/major-scale/": {"t": "Major scale", "s": "A seven-note diatonic scale with a major tonic triad."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/onomatopoeia/": {"t": "Onomatopoeia", "s": "Words that phonetically imitate the sounds they refer to."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-mythology/e/christian-mythology/massacre-of-the-innocents/": {"t": "Massacre of the Innocents", "s": "Biblical account of Herod's order to kill male infants near Bethlehem."}}