{"https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-maracaibo/": {"t": "Lake Maracaibo", "s": "A vast brackish lake in Venezuela, known for its oil wealth, Catatumbo lightning, and status as one of the oldest lakes on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-maracaibo.webp", "c": "Wilfredor · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "The empire on which the sun never set.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/spanish-empire.webp", "c": "Nagihuin · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/paraguay/": {"t": "Paraguay", "s": "A landlocked nation with a rich indigenous heritage and a resilient history."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/bolivia/": {"t": "Bolivia", "s": "A landlocked South American nation with diverse geography and a rich indigenous heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/c-rdoba-argentina/": {"t": "Córdoba, Argentina", "s": "The learned city of Argentina"}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/andes/": {"t": "Andes", "s": "Longest continental mountain range, forming western backbone of South America."}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/montevideo/": {"t": "Montevideo", "s": "Capital and largest city of Uruguay, founded in 1726.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/montevideo.webp", "c": "JacobinoWunsh · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/e/peninsulas-and-capes/tierra-del-fuego/": {"t": "Tierra del Fuego", "s": "Archipelago at the southern tip of South America", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/img/peninsulas-and-capes/tierra-del-fuego.webp", "c": "Godot13 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution/": {"t": "American Revolution", "s": "Political movement that created the sovereign United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: American Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-vii/": {"t": "Ferdinand VII", "s": "King whose reign deepened Spain's liberal-absolutist divide."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/popular-sovereignty/": {"t": "Popular sovereignty", "s": "Government legitimacy rests on the consent of the people."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/jos-gervasio-artigas/": {"t": "José Gervasio Artigas", "s": "Father of the Nation of Uruguay"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/paran-river/": {"t": "Paraná River", "s": "Second-longest South American river, vital for power and navigation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/paran-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Paraná River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/jos-de-san-mart-n/": {"t": "José de San Martín", "s": "General who led South America's southern independence from Spain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/jos-de-san-mart-n.webp", "c": "Felipe Restrepo Acosta · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/lima/": {"t": "Lima", "s": "Capital and largest city of Peru, political and cultural center."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mapuche/": {"t": "Mapuche", "s": "Indigenous people of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina"}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/santa-fe-argentina/": {"t": "Santa Fe, Argentina", "s": "Capital of Santa Fe province, Argentina, at the junction of the Paraná and Salado rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/e/empire-of-brazil/cisplatine-war/": {"t": "Cisplatine War", "s": "A conflict for the Banda Oriental that gave birth to Uruguay.", "i": "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/img/empire-of-brazil/cisplatine-war.webp", "c": "See each file for details · CC0"}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/caudillo/": {"t": "Caudillo", "s": "Personalist military and political leader in Hispanic America."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/sucre/": {"t": "Sucre", "s": "The Illustrious and Heroic Capital of Bolivia"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/la-paz/": {"t": "La Paz", "s": "Highest administrative capital city in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/sim-n-bol-var/": {"t": "Simón Bolívar", "s": "Venezuelan military officer who liberated six nations from Spanish rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/sim-n-bol-var.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Simón Bolívar · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/antonio-jos-de-sucre/": {"t": "Antonio José de Sucre", "s": "Venezuelan general and first president of Bolivia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/antonio-jos-de-sucre.webp", "c": "Arturo Michelena · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-emperors/e/mothers-of-emperors/carlota-joaquina-of-spain/": {"t": "Carlota Joaquina of Spain", "s": "Queen of Portugal and Brazil, known for political intrigues."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/colonial-brazil/": {"t": "Colonial Brazil", "s": "Portuguese colony in South America, 1500–1815, united by language and faith."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-titicaca/": {"t": "Lake Titicaca", "s": "Highest navigable lake in the world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-titicaca.webp", "c": "bobistraveling · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/santa-cruz-de-la-sierra/": {"t": "Santa Cruz de la Sierra", "s": "Bolivia's largest city and economic powerhouse"}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/cortes-of-c-diz/": {"t": "Cortes of Cádiz", "s": "Liberal parliament that drafted the 1812 Spanish Constitution."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/guayaquil/": {"t": "Guayaquil", "s": "Ecuador's largest city and economic hub."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/gran-colombia/": {"t": "Gran Colombia", "s": "Short-lived union of northern South American territories."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/cuiab/": {"t": "Cuiabá", "s": "Southern gate to the Amazon"}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/british-legions/": {"t": "British Legions", "s": "Foreign volunteer units in the Spanish American wars of independence."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/vancouver-island/": {"t": "Vancouver Island", "s": "The largest and most populous island along the west coasts of the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/quito/": {"t": "Quito", "s": "Capital of Ecuador, oldest in South America, near the Equator.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/quito.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-mental-disorders/e/people-with-mental-disorders/robert-stewart-viscount-castlereagh/": {"t": "Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh", "s": "British statesman who defeated Napoleon and suppressed Irish rebellion."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/trinidad/": {"t": "Trinidad", "s": "Southernmost Caribbean island, rich in biodiversity and oil."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/ecuador/": {"t": "Ecuador", "s": "A megadiverse nation straddling the equator, from the Andes to the Galápagos."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/juan-illingworth/": {"t": "Juan Illingworth", "s": "English-born naval officer and founding figure of the Ecuadorian Navy."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-wellesley-1st-duke-of-wellington/": {"t": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington", "s": "British field marshal and prime minister who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/orinoco/": {"t": "Orinoco", "s": "Major South American river with vast basin and rich biodiversity."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/battle-of-cuchilla-del-tambo/": {"t": "Battle of Cuchilla del Tambo", "s": "Royalist victory ended the First Republic of New Granada."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/siege-of-cartagena-1815/": {"t": "Siege of Cartagena (1815)", "s": "Spanish siege of Cartagena de Indias, 1815."}, "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/e/american-and-caribbean-leaders/rafael-urdaneta/": {"t": "Rafael Urdaneta", "s": "The most loyal of loyals to Bolívar"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/maracaibo/": {"t": "Maracaibo", "s": "Second-largest city in Venezuela, economic hub of western Venezuela."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/supreme-central-junta/": {"t": "Supreme Central Junta", "s": "Spanish governing junta during the Peninsular War."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/nation-state/": {"t": "Nation state", "s": "A political entity where state and nation are congruent."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/parliament/": {"t": "Parliament", "s": "A legislature representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing government."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/political-legitimacy/": {"t": "Political legitimacy", "s": "Concept of the right of authority to rule a society."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-bourbon/": {"t": "House of Bourbon", "s": "European dynasty ruling France, Spain, and other kingdoms since the 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/valencian-community/": {"t": "Valencian Community", "s": "Autonomous community on Spain's Mediterranean coast."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/castile-and-le-n/": {"t": "Castile and León", "s": "Largest autonomous community in Spain, with a de facto capital in Valladolid."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution/": {"t": "Constitution", "s": "The fundamental principles that govern a polity."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchism/": {"t": "Monarchism", "s": "Advocacy of monarchy as a system of government."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/civil-service/": {"t": "Civil service", "s": "The backbone of government: impartial, professional, and permanent.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/civil-service.webp", "c": "Harry Mitchell · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constituent-assembly/": {"t": "Constituent assembly", "s": "A body assembled to draft or revise a constitution."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility/": {"t": "Nobility", "s": "Hereditary social class ranked below royalty, with varied privileges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy/": {"t": "Absolute monarchy", "s": "Sovereign power unchecked by constitution or legislature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy.webp", "c": "Nicolai Abildgaard · Public domain"}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/ecuadorian-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Ecuadorian War of Independence", "s": "War for control of the Real Audiencia of Quito, 1809–1822."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/cuban-revolution/": {"t": "Cuban Revolution", "s": "Overthrew Batista; reshaped Cuba and Cold War Latin America."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/siege-of-cartagena-1820-21/": {"t": "Siege of Cartagena (1820–21)", "s": "Patriot victory ended the longest siege in Cartagena's history."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/new-granada-civil-war/": {"t": "New Granada Civil War", "s": "Civil war between Federalists and Centralists in New Granada."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/cartagena-colombia/": {"t": "Cartagena, Colombia", "s": "Colonial port city and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Colombia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/cartagena-colombia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cartagena, Colombia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/dysentery/": {"t": "Dysentery", "s": "A diarrheal disease causing bloody stools, often from poor sanitation."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/magdalena-river/": {"t": "Magdalena River", "s": "Colombia's main river, flowing north through the Magdalena River Valley to the Caribbean Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/magdalena-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Magdalena River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/reconquista/": {"t": "Reconquista", "s": "Series of Christian campaigns ending Muslim rule in Iberia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/hern-n-cort-s/": {"t": "Hernán Cortés", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led the fall of the Aztec Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/hern-n-cort-s.webp", "c": "Unknown artistUnknown artist · via Wikipedia: Hernán Cortés · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/francisco-pizarro/": {"t": "Francisco Pizarro", "s": "Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/francisco-pizarro.webp", "c": "Amable-Paul Coutan · via Wikipedia: Francisco Pizarro · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francisco-franco/": {"t": "Francisco Franco", "s": "Spanish military general and dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/spanish-civil-war/": {"t": "Spanish Civil War", "s": "The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain between 1936 and 1939, pitting the Republican faction against the Nationalist rebels."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/antonio-l-pez-de-santa-anna/": {"t": "Antonio López de Santa Anna", "s": "The 'uncrowned monarch' of Mexico's turbulent 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/institutional-revolutionary-party/": {"t": "Institutional Revolutionary Party", "s": "Mexican party that ruled for 71 years as a one-party state."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/alfredo-stroessner/": {"t": "Alfredo Stroessner", "s": "Paraguayan military dictator who ruled for 35 years.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/alfredo-stroessner.webp", "c": "Frank Scherschel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-presidents/e/latin-american-presidents/juan-per-n/": {"t": "Juan Perón", "s": "Three-time Argentine president and founder of Peronism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-presidents/img/latin-american-presidents/juan-per-n.webp", "c": "Anonymous Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/augusto-pinochet/": {"t": "Augusto Pinochet", "s": "Chilean army officer and military dictator who ruled from 1973 to 1990"}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/federalism/": {"t": "Federalism", "s": "A system dividing power between central and regional governments.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/federalism.webp", "c": "ADGiulia · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/e/american-and-caribbean-leaders/porfirio-d-az/": {"t": "Porfirio Díaz", "s": "Mexican general and president who ruled for over thirty years during the Porfiriato.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/img/american-and-caribbean-leaders/porfirio-d-az.webp", "c": "Aurelio Escobar Castellanos, Archive · via Wikipedia: Porfirio Díaz · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/nuevo-le-n/": {"t": "Nuevo León", "s": "The industrial heart of northeastern Mexico", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/nuevo-le-n.webp", "c": "Tefita228 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/coahuila/": {"t": "Coahuila", "s": "A northern Mexican state with rich history and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/neocolonialism/": {"t": "Neocolonialism", "s": "Indirect control of nominally independent states through economic and cultural means."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/mexican-revolution/": {"t": "Mexican Revolution", "s": "A decade-long civil war that reshaped Mexican government and society."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/john-vi-of-portugal/": {"t": "John VI of Portugal", "s": "King of Portugal and Brazil, regent, and last absolute monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/latin-america/": {"t": "Latin America", "s": "The cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/latin-america.webp", "c": "Henrykez · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/la-plata/": {"t": "La Plata", "s": "Planned capital of Buenos Aires province, founded in 1882."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/valpara-so/": {"t": "Valparaíso", "s": "A historic port city on Chile's Pacific coast, known for its colorful hillside districts and UNESCO-listed quarter."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/concepci-n-chile/": {"t": "Concepción, Chile", "s": "Second largest city in Chile by urban area and a major industrial and educational hub."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historiography/": {"t": "Historiography", "s": "The study of how history is written and interpreted.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historiography.webp", "c": "Riad Salih and Nursila · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/e/american-and-caribbean-leaders/ram-n-freire/": {"t": "Ramón Freire", "s": "Chilean liberal leader and multiple-time head of state.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/img/american-and-caribbean-leaders/ram-n-freire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ramón Freire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/australian-folklore/e/australian-folklore/australian-gold-rushes/": {"t": "Australian gold rushes", "s": "Gold discoveries that reshaped Australian society and identity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/australian-folklore/img/australian-folklore/australian-gold-rushes.webp", "c": "Peterdownunder · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/battle-of-cachir/": {"t": "Battle of Cachirí", "s": "Spanish victory that destroyed the Army of the North."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/cali/": {"t": "Cali", "s": "Capital of Valle del Cauca and major Colombian sporting center."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/battle-of-ibarra-1812/": {"t": "Battle of Ibarra (1812)", "s": "Spanish victory ended the short-lived State of Quito."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/cuenca-ecuador/": {"t": "Cuenca, Ecuador", "s": "Cuenca of the Andes"}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/battle-of-camino-real/": {"t": "Battle of Camino Real", "s": "First battle of the Ecuadorian War of Independence."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/trujillo-peru/": {"t": "Trujillo, Peru", "s": "City in northwestern Peru, capital of La Libertad."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-genoa/": {"t": "Republic of Genoa", "s": "A medieval maritime republic and major European financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/christopher-columbus/": {"t": "Christopher Columbus", "s": "Italian explorer who opened the Americas to European colonization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/christopher-columbus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christopher Columbus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/western-hemisphere/": {"t": "Western Hemisphere", "s": "U.S. Department of Defense school for Latin American security personnel, formerly the School of the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/caracas/": {"t": "Caracas", "s": "Capital and largest city of Venezuela, cultural and economic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/bicameralism/": {"t": "Bicameralism", "s": "A legislature divided into two separate assemblies or houses."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/chilean-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Chilean War of Independence", "s": "Conflict that freed Chile from Spanish rule, 1810–1823."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jorge-luis-borges/": {"t": "Jorge Luis Borges", "s": "Argentine writer who renovated the language of fiction."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/battle-of-yaguachi/": {"t": "Battle of Yaguachi", "s": "Patriot victory secured Guayaquil's independence from Royalist forces."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/first-battle-of-huachi/": {"t": "First Battle of Huachi", "s": "A decisive Royalist victory in the Ecuadorian War of Independence."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/nottinghamshire/": {"t": "Nottinghamshire", "s": "Ceremonial county in the East Midlands of England, home to Sherwood Forest and the legend of Robin Hood."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/yorkshire/": {"t": "Yorkshire", "s": "God's own country"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bay-of-biscay/": {"t": "Bay of Biscay", "s": "A gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean known for its fierce storms, deep abyssal plain, and rich maritime history."}, "https://codexery.com/pirates/e/pirates/letters-of-marque/": {"t": "Letters of marque", "s": "Government license authorizing privateers to attack enemy ships."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/merchant-ship/": {"t": "Merchant ship", "s": "Watercraft that transports cargo or passengers for hire."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/canary-islands/": {"t": "Canary Islands", "s": "The Fortunate Isles: a subtropical archipelago linking Africa, Europe, and the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchy/": {"t": "Monarchy", "s": "A hereditary system of rule by a single sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/treason/": {"t": "Treason", "s": "Crime of disloyalty to a state or sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/law-of-war/": {"t": "Law of war", "s": "The law of war governs the initiation and conduct of hostilities, rooted in ancient codes and modern treaties."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/llanos/": {"t": "Llanos", "s": "Vast tropical grassland plain east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/decree/": {"t": "Decree", "s": "A legal proclamation issued by a head of state or other authority."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro", "s": "Brazilian city that was capital of a European colonial power."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/treaty-of-tordesillas/": {"t": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "s": "The 1494 treaty that divided the non-European world between Portugal and Castile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/treaty-of-tordesillas.webp", "c": "Koppchen · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/war-of-the-spanish-succession/": {"t": "War of the Spanish Succession", "s": "The war was driven by concerns over the balance of power, as the Spanish Empire, though weakened by decades of conflict, remained a prominent global force whose"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-grande-do-sul/": {"t": "Rio Grande do Sul", "s": "Southernmost Brazilian state with gaucho culture and high life expectancy."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/french-revolutionary-wars/": {"t": "French Revolutionary Wars", "s": "The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major military conflicts sparked by the French Revolution, lasting from 1792 to 1802."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/mato-grosso/": {"t": "Mato Grosso", "s": "The heart of Brazil's agricultural powerhouse and home to the vast Pantanal wetland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/mato-grosso.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mato Grosso · see source"}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/cry-of-asencio/": {"t": "Cry of Asencio", "s": "1811 pronunciamiento that began the Oriental revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/uruguay-river/": {"t": "Uruguay River", "s": "Major South American river forming parts of three national borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/uruguay-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Uruguay River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hispaniola/": {"t": "Hispaniola", "s": "Caribbean island divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-haitian-revolution/": {"t": "The Haitian Revolution", "s": "A successful insurrection by enslaved Africans against French colonial rule, leading to the founding of Haiti.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-haitian-revolution.webp", "c": "Miscellaneous Items in High Demand, PPOC, Library of Congress · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/santiago-de-los-caballeros/": {"t": "Santiago de los Caballeros", "s": "La Ciudad Corazón"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/alc-zar-of-seville/": {"t": "Alcázar of Seville", "s": "A royal palace blending Mudéjar, Gothic, and Renaissance styles, with origins in a 10th-century Umayyad citadel."}, "/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/bolivian-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Bolivian War of Independence", "s": "A guerrilla war that ended Spanish rule in Upper Peru."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/war/": {"t": "War", "s": "Armed conflict between states or organized groups, often for political aims."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/politics/": {"t": "Politics", "s": "Activity of settling affairs in an organized society via government."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/barquisimeto/": {"t": "Barquisimeto", "s": "Music City of Venezuela"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/guiana-shield/": {"t": "Guiana Shield", "s": "Ancient Precambrian shield with tepuis and rich biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/guiana-shield.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Guiana Shield · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/maracay/": {"t": "Maracay", "s": "Maracay: Garden City of Venezuela, cradle of aviation and industrial heart of Aragua."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-danger/e/world-heritage-sites-in-danger/coro-venezuela/": {"t": "Coro, Venezuela", "s": "Venezuela's second oldest city and a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/isabella-ii/": {"t": "Isabella II", "s": "First queen regnant of unified Spain, deposed in 1868."}}