{"https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/viacheslav-ragozin/": {"t": "Viacheslav Ragozin", "s": "Soviet grandmaster, world correspondence champion, and Botvinnik's sparring partner."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/ancient-inventions/hydraulics/": {"t": "Hydraulics", "s": "Technology using pressurized liquids for power and control."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/mikhail-botvinnik/": {"t": "Mikhail Botvinnik", "s": "Sixth World Chess Champion and pioneer in computer chess."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/ilya-rabinovich/": {"t": "Ilya Rabinovich", "s": "Russian and Soviet chess player and writer."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/grigory-levenfish/": {"t": "Grigory Levenfish", "s": "Twice Soviet champion and a pioneering grandmaster."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-the-soviet-union/e/chess-in-the-soviet-union/moscow-1935-chess-tournament/": {"t": "Moscow 1935 chess tournament", "s": "Flohr and Botvinnik tied; Lasker third at age 66."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/isaac-boleslavsky/": {"t": "Isaac Boleslavsky", "s": "Soviet grandmaster and opening theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers/": {"t": "Axis powers", "s": "Military coalition that initiated World War II against the Allies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers.webp", "c": "Sr L · CC0"}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/david-bronstein/": {"t": "David Bronstein", "s": "Soviet grandmaster who narrowly missed the world title in 1951."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/alexander-kotov/": {"t": "Alexander Kotov", "s": "Soviet grandmaster, champion, and prolific chess author."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/efim-geller/": {"t": "Efim Geller", "s": "Soviet grandmaster, two-time national champion, and world title candidate."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/yuri-averbakh/": {"t": "Yuri Averbakh", "s": "Soviet grandmaster, endgame theorist, and chess administrator."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/vasily-smyslov/": {"t": "Vasily Smyslov", "s": "Seventh World Chess Champion and record Olympiad medalist."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/mark-taimanov/": {"t": "Mark Taimanov", "s": "Soviet grandmaster, pianist, and opening theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/tigran-petrosian/": {"t": "Tigran Petrosian", "s": "Ninth World Chess Champion known for his almost-impenetrable defensive style."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/abu-dhabi/": {"t": "Abu Dhabi", "s": "Capital of the UAE, centre of politics and industry, and a major culture and commerce centre.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/abu-dhabi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Abu Dhabi · see source"}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/rashid-nezhmetdinov/": {"t": "Rashid Nezhmetdinov", "s": "Soviet chess tactician and five-time Russian champion."}, "https://codexery.com/world-chess-championships/e/world-chess-championships/world-chess-championship/": {"t": "World Chess Championship", "s": "The competition for the title of world chess champion."}, "https://codexery.com/women-s-chess-competitions/e/women-s-chess-competitions/european-team-chess-championship/": {"t": "European Team Chess Championship", "s": "European team chess competition for women and open sections."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/garry-kasparov/": {"t": "Garry Kasparov", "s": "Chess champion, political activist, and writer who held the world No. 1 ranking for a record 255 months overall."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/chess-opening/": {"t": "Chess opening", "s": "The opening is the initial phase of a chess game."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/chess-theory/": {"t": "Chess theory", "s": "The study of chess openings, middlegame, and endgame."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/lev-polugaevsky/": {"t": "Lev Polugaevsky", "s": "Soviet grandmaster, author, and opening theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-the-soviet-union/e/chess-in-the-soviet-union/soviet-union-united-states-radio-chess-match-of-1945/": {"t": "Soviet Union–United States radio chess match of 1945", "s": "A radio chess match that signaled a shift in global chess dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/world-chess-championships/e/world-chess-championships/world-chess-championship-1951/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1951", "s": "First FIDE-supervised match; Botvinnik retained title on tie."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/minsk/": {"t": "Minsk", "s": "Minsk is the capital and largest city of Belarus, situated along the Svislach River and the now-underground Nyamiha River."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-theory/e/chess-theory/pawn-structure/": {"t": "Pawn structure", "s": "Pawn structure shapes strategy through static pawn configurations."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/alexander-konstantinopolsky/": {"t": "Alexander Konstantinopolsky", "s": "Soviet chess master, trainer of Bronstein, and opening theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-theory/e/chess-theory/tempo-chess/": {"t": "Tempo (chess)", "s": "A tempo is a turn or single move in chess."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-trotsky/": {"t": "Leon Trotsky", "s": "Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/world-chess-championships/e/world-chess-championships/world-chess-championship-1954/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1954", "s": "Botvinnik retained the title after a 12–12 draw with Smyslov."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/bobby-fischer/": {"t": "Bobby Fischer", "s": "American chess grandmaster and eleventh World Chess Champion."}, "https://codexery.com/the-beatles/e/places/liverpool/": {"t": "Liverpool", "s": "The gritty port city where the world's most famous band began their journey."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/izvestia/": {"t": "Izvestia", "s": "The News"}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-chess/e/rules-of-chess/time-control/": {"t": "Time control", "s": "Time controls regulate game duration via clocks and penalties."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/anatoly-karpov/": {"t": "Anatoly Karpov", "s": "12th World Chess Champion and longtime dominant grandmaster."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/odesa/": {"t": "Odesa", "s": "Pearl by the Sea"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/physical-education/": {"t": "Physical education", "s": "School subject promoting lifelong physical activity and well-being.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/physical-education.webp", "c": "Seauton 13 April 2017 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-equestrian-venues/e/olympic-equestrian-venues/hilversum/": {"t": "Hilversum", "s": "Media city and 1928 Olympic equestrian venue in the Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/world-chess-championships/e/world-chess-championships/world-chess-championship-1957/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1957", "s": "Smyslov defeated Botvinnik to become seventh world champion."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-russia/e/chess-in-russia/world-chess-championship-1963/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1963", "s": "Petrosian defeated Botvinnik to become the ninth world champion."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/stockholm/": {"t": "Stockholm", "s": "The capital of Sweden, spanning fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/cura-ao/": {"t": "Curaçao", "s": "A Dutch Caribbean island with a Spanish colonial past."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-the-soviet-union/e/chess-in-the-soviet-union/world-chess-championship-1966/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1966", "s": "Petrosian defeated Spassky to retain the world title."}, "https://codexery.com/world-chess-championships/e/world-chess-championships/world-chess-championship-1972/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1972", "s": "Fischer defeated Spassky to become the first US-born world champion."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/viswanathan-anand/": {"t": "Viswanathan Anand", "s": "Indian chess grandmaster and five-time world champion."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/jos-ra-l-capablanca/": {"t": "José Raúl Capablanca", "s": "Cuban chess prodigy and third world champion, 1921–1927."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/vladimir-alatortsev/": {"t": "Vladimir Alatortsev", "s": "Soviet chess player, author, and administrator."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/e/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/lviv/": {"t": "Lviv", "s": "Historic city centre listed as UNESCO World Heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yekaterinburg/": {"t": "Yekaterinburg", "s": "The third capital of Russia, a cultural and industrial powerhouse on the Iset River."}, "https://codexery.com/james-bond/e/factions/kgb/": {"t": "KGB", "s": "The iron fist of the East, forever locked in a deadly dance with the West.", "i": "https://codexery.com/james-bond/img/factions/kgb.webp", "c": "jgaray · via Wikipedia: KGB · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/alexander-alekhine/": {"t": "Alexander Alekhine", "s": "Fourth World Chess Champion, known for his fierce and imaginative attacking style."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/candidate-move/": {"t": "Candidate move", "s": "Moves selected for deeper analysis in chess."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/closed-game/": {"t": "Closed Game", "s": "Family of chess openings beginning 1.d4 d5."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/leonid-shamkovich/": {"t": "Leonid Shamkovich", "s": "Soviet Grandmaster and author of many chess books."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yaroslavl/": {"t": "Yaroslavl", "s": "Ancient city on the Volga, a World Heritage Site and key industrial hub of the Golden Ring."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/rostov-on-don/": {"t": "Rostov-on-Don", "s": "Port city on the Don River, cultural and logistical centre of Southern Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-russia/e/chess-in-russia/chigorin-memorial/": {"t": "Chigorin Memorial", "s": "Chess tournament honoring Mikhail Chigorin, first held in 1909."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/e/olympic-sailing-venues/le-havre/": {"t": "Le Havre", "s": "Normandy port city rebuilt after WWII, now a UNESCO site.", "i": "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/img/olympic-sailing-venues/le-havre.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Le Havre · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/norman-conquest/": {"t": "Norman Conquest", "s": "11th-century invasion that made William the Conqueror king of England."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/chemical-engineering/": {"t": "Chemical engineering", "s": "Engineering field focused on converting raw materials into useful products."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/emanuel-lasker/": {"t": "Emanuel Lasker", "s": "Second World Chess Champion, held title for 27 years; won the championship once and defended it six times."}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-chess/e/rules-of-chess/white-and-black-in-chess/": {"t": "White and Black in chess", "s": "White moves first; colors are light and dark."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-theory/e/chess-theory/zugzwang/": {"t": "Zugzwang", "s": "A position where any legal move worsens the player's situation."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/aktobe/": {"t": "Aktobe", "s": "Major industrial and cultural center in western Kazakhstan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/img/asian-cities/aktobe.webp", "c": "BasilLeaf · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/vladimir-bagirov/": {"t": "Vladimir Bagirov", "s": "Soviet-Latvian grandmaster, author, and trainer of world champions."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bucharest/": {"t": "Bucharest", "s": "Capital and largest city of Romania, historically called 'Paris of the East'."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mogilev/": {"t": "Mogilev", "s": "City on the Dnieper, third-largest in Belarus."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-germany/e/chess-in-germany/mannheim-1914-chess-tournament/": {"t": "Mannheim 1914 chess tournament", "s": "Chess congress interrupted by the outbreak of World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/pyotr-romanovsky/": {"t": "Pyotr Romanovsky", "s": "Soviet chess champion and author."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/chess-endgame/": {"t": "Chess endgame", "s": "The final stage of chess, where pawns and king become decisive."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-leningrad/": {"t": "Siege of Leningrad", "s": "The 872-day blockade that starved a city."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/malnutrition/": {"t": "Malnutrition", "s": "A disease category including undernutrition and overnutrition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/img/human-variation-and-health/malnutrition.webp", "c": "HCUP Outreach2016 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-chess/e/rules-of-chess/perpetual-check/": {"t": "Perpetual check", "s": "A series of checks forcing a draw when checkmate is impossible."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/wilhelm-steinitz/": {"t": "Wilhelm Steinitz", "s": "First World Chess Champion and founder of modern positional play."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-red-cross-and-red-crescent-movement/": {"t": "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement", "s": "Humanitarian movement founded to alleviate suffering and protect human life."}, "/e/soviet-chess-writers/nikolai-krogius/": {"t": "Nikolai Krogius", "s": "Soviet grandmaster, psychologist, and coach of Boris Spassky."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/russian-language/": {"t": "Russian language", "s": "An East Slavic language of the Indo-European family, native to Russia and widely spoken across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/cancer/e/cancer/cancer/": {"t": "Cancer", "s": "A group of diseases involving uncontrolled cell growth with potential to spread."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-revolution-of-1905/e/russian-revolution-of-1905/kirov-plant/": {"t": "Kirov Plant", "s": "Major Russian mechanical engineering and tractor plant in St. Petersburg.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-revolution-of-1905/img/russian-revolution-of-1905/kirov-plant.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kirov Plant · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/isaac-stern/": {"t": "Isaac Stern", "s": "American violinist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/isaac-stern.webp", "c": "PBS · via Wikipedia: Isaac Stern · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Eastern Front (World War II)", "s": "The decisive theatre of World War II where the Axis powers were defeated on the Eastern Front.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii.webp", "c": "FOTO:Fortepan — ID 27693 : Adományozó/Donor: Konok Tamás id. archive copy at the · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/tashkent/": {"t": "Tashkent", "s": "The Stone City at the Crossroads of Cultures", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/img/asian-cities/tashkent.webp", "c": "Sneedicture · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aleksandr-solzhenitsyn/": {"t": "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn", "s": "Soviet and Russian author and dissident who exposed the Gulag."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-the-soviet-union/e/chess-in-the-soviet-union/12th-chess-olympiad/": {"t": "12th Chess Olympiad", "s": "Soviet Union wins third consecutive Olympiad on home soil."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-chess/e/history-of-chess/history-of-chess/": {"t": "History of chess", "s": "Chess originated in India and evolved over 1,500 years."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/volgograd/": {"t": "Volgograd", "s": "City on the Volga, hero of Stalingrad."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/the-holocaust/": {"t": "The Holocaust", "s": "The Holocaust, called the Shoah in Hebrew, refers to the systematic murder of European Jews carried out during World War II."}}