{"https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Nicholas II", "s": "Last Emperor of Russia, abdicated in 1917, executed in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-ii-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexander II of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia who emancipated the serfs and pursued liberal reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/otto-von-bismarck/": {"t": "Otto von Bismarck", "s": "Prussian statesman who unified Germany and became its first chancellor."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/balance-of-power-international-relations/": {"t": "Balance of power (international relations)", "s": "Theory that states prevent domination by maintaining power equilibrium."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/winter-palace/": {"t": "Winter Palace", "s": "The former imperial residence of the Romanovs, now home to the Hermitage Museum.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/winter-palace.webp", "c": "Godot13 · via Wikipedia: Winter Palace · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/grand-duchy-of-hesse/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Hesse", "s": "A German grand duchy from 1806 to 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-i-of-russia/": {"t": "Nicholas I of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia known for autocratic rule, territorial expansion, and suppression of dissent."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/nicholas-alexandrovich-tsesarevich-of-russia/": {"t": "Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia", "s": "Heir apparent of Imperial Russia who died at age 21."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/private-law/": {"t": "Private law", "s": "Private law governs interactions between individual persons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/img/civil-law-and-remedies/private-law.webp", "c": "Manderiko · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/moscow-state-university/": {"t": "Moscow State University", "s": "Russia's oldest university, a center of learning and controversy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/moscow-state-university.webp", "c": "Suicasmo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Russian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church tracing origins to 988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/patriotism/": {"t": "Patriotism", "s": "Love and devotion to one's country, distinct from nationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/moscow-kremlin/e/moscow-kremlin/dormition-cathedral-moscow/": {"t": "Dormition Cathedral, Moscow", "s": "Mother church of Muscovite Russia and coronation site of tsars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/moscow-kremlin/img/moscow-kremlin/dormition-cathedral-moscow.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dormition Cathedral, Moscow · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/dowry/": {"t": "Dowry", "s": "A marriage payment from the bride's family to the groom's family.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/marriage-and-kinship/dowry.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/great-gatchina-palace/": {"t": "Great Gatchina Palace", "s": "A palace built for a favourite, later an imperial residence and museum."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/gatchina/": {"t": "Gatchina", "s": "Imperial residence and UNESCO World Heritage site in Leningrad Oblast", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/img/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/gatchina.webp", "c": "Александров · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/irkutsk/": {"t": "Irkutsk", "s": "The Paris of Siberia"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/angara/": {"t": "Angara", "s": "Major Siberian river draining Lake Baikal into the Yenisey."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/alexander-iii-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexander III of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia known as The Peacemaker."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-vladimir-alexandrovich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia", "s": "Son of Alexander II, military commander, patron of arts."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-sergei-alexandrovich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia", "s": "Fifth son of Alexander II, conservative Moscow governor, assassinated by a bomb."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/astrakhan/": {"t": "Astrakhan", "s": "The southernmost outpost of Russia and the Caspian capital."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/jutland/": {"t": "Jutland", "s": "Peninsula forming continental Denmark and part of northern Germany."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/north-sea/": {"t": "North Sea", "s": "A shallow European shelf sea, rich in history, fisheries, and energy resources."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/arkhangelsk/": {"t": "Arkhangelsk", "s": "Gateway to the Arctic and historic White Sea port."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/northern-dvina/": {"t": "Northern Dvina", "s": "Major Arctic-bound river of northwestern Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/northern-dvina.webp", "c": "Alexxx1979 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/solovetsky-islands/": {"t": "Solovetsky Islands", "s": "Archipelago in the White Sea, site of a historic monastery and first Gulag."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/white-sea/": {"t": "White Sea", "s": "Southern inlet of the Barents Sea, key to Russian maritime trade."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/novaya-zemlya/": {"t": "Novaya Zemlya", "s": "Arctic archipelago used as a major Soviet nuclear test site."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/david-farragut/": {"t": "David Farragut", "s": "First admiral of the U.S. Navy and hero of the Battle of Mobile Bay", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/david-farragut.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: David Farragut · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/kronstadt/": {"t": "Kronstadt", "s": "Russian port city and Baltic Fleet fortress guarding Saint Petersburg."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/english-channel/": {"t": "English Channel", "s": "The busiest shipping area in the world, separating Southern England from northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii/": {"t": "Edward VII", "s": "King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India from 1901 to 1910.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii.webp", "c": "Author (artist) unknown (work was published in 1888) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/e/construction-and-engineering/shipbuilding/": {"t": "Shipbuilding", "s": "The construction of ships and other floating vessels, from ancient rafts to modern steel vessels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/img/construction-and-engineering/shipbuilding.webp", "c": "Fengyun Shi/ FBI · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878/": {"t": "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)", "s": "War that freed Balkan states and shifted Black Sea power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-konstantin-nikolayevich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia", "s": "Liberal reformer, naval commander, and Viceroy of Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war/": {"t": "Russo-Japanese War", "s": "War between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Imperial Instituto Artistico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/old-style-and-new-style-dates/": {"t": "Old Style and New Style dates", "s": "Dual dating systems before and after calendar reforms."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/alexei-nikolaevich-tsarevich-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia", "s": "Last Russian tsesarevich, executed with his family in 1918."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-michael-nikolaevich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia", "s": "Russian field marshal and Governor General of Caucasia."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/faith-healing/": {"t": "Faith healing", "s": "Belief that prayer and rituals can cure illness through divine intervention."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/grigori-rasputin/": {"t": "Grigori Rasputin", "s": "Russian mystic whose influence over the imperial family preceded his assassination."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-romanov/": {"t": "House of Romanov", "s": "They achieved prominence after Anastasia Romanovna married Ivan the Terrible, the first crowned tsar of all Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexis-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexis of Russia", "s": "Tsar of all Russia from 1645 to 1676, known for legal reforms, military modernization, and territorial expansion."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-michael-alexandrovich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia", "s": "Youngest son of Alexander III, designated emperor after Nicholas II's abdication."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/peterhof-palace/": {"t": "Peterhof Palace", "s": "Russian palace complex inspired by Versailles, built by Peter the Great."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-alexei-alexandrovich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia", "s": "Fourth son of Alexander II, general-admiral of the Russian fleet."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/unesco-world-heritage-parks/e/unesco-world-heritage-parks/bia-owie-a-forest/": {"t": "Białowieża Forest", "s": "One of the last primeval forests of the European Plain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/unesco-world-heritage-parks/img/unesco-world-heritage-parks/bia-owie-a-forest.webp", "c": "Agnieszka Kwiecień ( Nova ) · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/anointing-of-the-sick/": {"t": "Anointing of the sick", "s": "Christian rite of anointing the sick with oil for healing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/img/christian-theology/anointing-of-the-sick.webp", "c": "Adelbert Gresnigt, Beuron Art School · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yekaterinburg/": {"t": "Yekaterinburg", "s": "The third capital of Russia, a cultural and industrial powerhouse on the Iset River."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/paul-i-of-russia/": {"t": "Paul I of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia from 1796 until his assassination in 1801."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/peter-petrovich-tsarevich-of-russia/": {"t": "Peter Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia", "s": "Russian Tsarevich who died young before inheriting the throne."}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/mistress-lover/": {"t": "Mistress (lover)", "s": "A long-term female lover of a married man, often kept."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geography/": {"t": "Geography", "s": "Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/great-northern-war/": {"t": "Great Northern War", "s": "A war that ended Swedish dominance and elevated Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-xii-of-sweden/": {"t": "Charles XII of Sweden", "s": "King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718, the sixth King Charles, who inherited absolute monarchy and led Sweden through the Great Northern War."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/charles-vi-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who enacted the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/pomerania/": {"t": "Pomerania", "s": "A historical Baltic region split between Poland and Germany, known for its coastal lowlands, lakes, and islands."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-ladoga/": {"t": "Lake Ladoga", "s": "Europe's largest lake, rich in history and wildlife.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-ladoga.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Ladoga · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pathology-of-pregnancy-childbirth-and/e/pathology-of-pregnancy-childbirth-and-the-puerperium/maternal-death/": {"t": "Maternal death", "s": "Maternal death is the death of a woman from pregnancy-related causes."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/napoli/e/culture/naples/": {"t": "Naples", "s": "Ancient Greek colony and historic capital of southern Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-i-of-great-britain/": {"t": "George I of Great Britain", "s": "First Hanoverian king of Great Britain and Ireland."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/kremlin/": {"t": "Kremlin", "s": "Fortified complex in Moscow, seat of Russian government."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yaroslavl/": {"t": "Yaroslavl", "s": "Ancient city on the Volga, a World Heritage Site and key industrial hub of the Golden Ring."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/minister-government/": {"t": "Minister (government)", "s": "A politician heading a ministry and making policy decisions."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/capital-punishment/": {"t": "Capital punishment", "s": "State-sanctioned killing as punishment for misconduct."}, "https://codexery.com/whipping/e/whipping/knout/": {"t": "Knout", "s": "A Russian whip used for cattle prodding and corporal punishment."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-paul-alexandrovich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia", "s": "Youngest son of Alexander II, executed by Bolsheviks in 1919."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/danish-language/": {"t": "Danish language", "s": "North Germanic language spoken by about 5.5 million people."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/mumbai/": {"t": "Mumbai", "s": "Financial and entertainment capital of India, built on seven islands."}, "https://codexery.com/january-uprising/e/january-uprising/january-uprising/": {"t": "January Uprising", "s": "A Polish-Lithuanian insurrection against Russian rule that began in 1863.", "i": "https://codexery.com/january-uprising/img/january-uprising/january-uprising.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: January Uprising · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-colonization-of-north-america/e/russian-colonization-of-north-america/alaska-purchase/": {"t": "Alaska Purchase", "s": "1867 U.S. purchase of Russian America for $7.2 million."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/decembrist-revolt/": {"t": "Decembrist revolt", "s": "Failed 1825 coup by liberal officers against Russian autocracy."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/tsarskoye-selo/": {"t": "Tsarskoye Selo", "s": "Former Russian imperial residence, now part of Pushkin."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/constantine-the-great/": {"t": "Constantine the Great", "s": "First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution/": {"t": "Constitution", "s": "The fundamental principles that govern a polity."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/frederic-chopin/": {"t": "Frederic Chopin", "s": "Polish composer and pianist of the early Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/frederic-chopin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Heart of Frédéric Chopin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/injuries/e/injuries/gunshot-wound/": {"t": "Gunshot wound", "s": "A penetrating injury from a firearm projectile with variable severity."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-george-alexandrovich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia", "s": "Third son of Alexander III, brother of Nicholas II."}, "https://codexery.com/australian-inventions/e/australian-inventions/bushcraft/": {"t": "Bushcraft", "s": "Skills to survive and thrive in the natural environment."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/equestrianism/": {"t": "Equestrianism", "s": "Horse riding spans work, sport, therapy, and tradition worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/diphtheria/": {"t": "Diphtheria", "s": "A bacterial infection causing a thick throat membrane; preventable by vaccine."}, "/e/sons-of-russian-emperors/grand-duke-konstantin-pavlovich-of-russia/": {"t": "Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia", "s": "Second son of Paul I, heir presumptive who renounced the throne."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/hot-spring/": {"t": "Hot spring", "s": "A spring produced by geothermally heated groundwater.", "i": "https://codexery.com/volcanology/img/volcanology/hot-spring.webp", "c": "Continental Stereoscopic Company · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/bleeding/e/bleeding/nosebleed/": {"t": "Nosebleed", "s": "Bleeding from the nasal cavity, usually minor but occasionally serious."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-disorders/e/mental-disorders/mental-disorder/": {"t": "Mental disorder", "s": "A mental pattern causing distress or impaired functioning."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/orestes/e/orestes/orestias/": {"t": "Orestias", "s": "Ancient Thracian settlement refounded as Adrianople by Hadrian."}, "https://codexery.com/18th-century-in-azerbaijan/e/18th-century-in-azerbaijan/kingdom-of-kartli-kakheti/": {"t": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "s": "Eastern Georgian kingdom unified in 1762, annexed by Russia in 1801."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/elizabeth-of-russia/": {"t": "Elizabeth of Russia", "s": "Empress of Russia who led the Enlightenment and opposed Prussia"}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-w-rttemberg/": {"t": "Kingdom of Württemberg", "s": "A constitutional monarchy in southern Germany from 1806 to 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/stroke/": {"t": "Stroke", "s": "A medical emergency caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain."}, "https://codexery.com/18th-century-in-azerbaijan/e/18th-century-in-azerbaijan/persian-expedition-of-1796/": {"t": "Persian expedition of 1796", "s": "Russian campaign against Persia with no lasting consequences."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/alexander-radishchev/": {"t": "Alexander Radishchev", "s": "Russian author exiled for critiquing serfdom and autocracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/alexander-radishchev.webp", "c": "Pansosh · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/shlisselburg/": {"t": "Shlisselburg", "s": "Historic fortress town at the head of the Neva River."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/tadeusz-ko-ciuszko/": {"t": "Tadeusz Kościuszko", "s": "Polish military engineer and leader of the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/tadeusz-ko-ciuszko.webp", "c": "Karl Gottlieb Schweikart · via Wikipedia: Tadeusz Kościuszko · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xviii/": {"t": "Louis XVIII", "s": "The constitutional monarch who restored the Bourbon dynasty after Napoleon."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/northern-italy/": {"t": "Northern Italy", "s": "Northern Italy: economic core and cultural heart of the country."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/paul-the-apostle/": {"t": "Paul the Apostle", "s": "Apostle to the Gentiles and author of many New Testament epistles."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/saint-petersburg-state-university/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg State University", "s": "One of Russia's oldest universities, founded by Peter the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky/": {"t": "Maxim Gorky", "s": "Russian and Soviet writer, journalist, and socialist advocate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky.webp", "c": "Herman Mishkin · via Wikipedia: Maxim Gorky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/frederick-william-i-of-prussia/": {"t": "Frederick William I of Prussia", "s": "The Soldier King who forged Prussia's military might."}, "https://codexery.com/moscow-kremlin/e/moscow-kremlin/chudov-monastery/": {"t": "Chudov Monastery", "s": "A major Kremlin monastery, demolished in 1929.", "i": "https://codexery.com/moscow-kremlin/img/moscow-kremlin/chudov-monastery.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Chudov Monastery · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/moscow-kremlin/e/moscow-kremlin/coronation-of-nicholas-ii-and-alexandra-feodorovna/": {"t": "Coronation of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna", "s": "Last imperial coronation of the Russian Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/russian-revolution-of-1905/": {"t": "Russian Revolution of 1905", "s": "A revolution that forced a constitution but failed to overthrow the tsar."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dante-alighieri/": {"t": "Dante Alighieri", "s": "Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy in the vernacular."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/leo-tolstoy/": {"t": "Leo Tolstoy", "s": "Russian writer and influential Christian anarchist and pacifist."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/fyodor-dostoevsky/": {"t": "Fyodor Dostoevsky", "s": "Russian novelist and philosopher of the human condition"}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/governor-general/": {"t": "Governor-general", "s": "Title for a viceregal representative in the British Empire and Commonwealth."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-revolution-of-1905/e/russian-revolution-of-1905/bloody-sunday-1905/": {"t": "Bloody Sunday (1905)", "s": "Massacre that sparked the 1905 Revolution in Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/chechnya/": {"t": "Chechnya", "s": "A republic of Russia in the North Caucasus, home to the Chechen people."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/dagestan/": {"t": "Dagestan", "s": "Land of the Mountains"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/neva/": {"t": "Neva", "s": "River in northwestern Russia, fourth-largest in Europe by discharge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/neva.webp", "c": "Deror_avi · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-battista-alberti/": {"t": "Leon Battista Alberti", "s": "Renaissance polymath who shaped art, architecture, and cryptography.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/leon-battista-alberti.webp", "c": "Leon Battista Alberti · via Wikipedia: Leon Battista Alberti · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bremen/": {"t": "Bremen", "s": "A historic Hanseatic port city and cultural hub of Northern Germany."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/portland-cement/": {"t": "Portland cement", "s": "A hydraulic cement made from heated limestone and clay."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/renaissance-revival-architecture/": {"t": "Renaissance Revival architecture", "s": "A 19th-century revival stitching Italian, French, and Flemish Renaissance forms into one working language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/img/architectural-styles-and-elements/renaissance-revival-architecture.webp", "c": "Bmzuckerman · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-revival-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic Revival architecture", "s": "A movement reviving medieval Gothic architecture in the 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/rococo/": {"t": "Rococo", "s": "The ornate, asymmetrical style that emerged in 1730s France as a reaction to the Louis XIV style."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/ilya-repin/": {"t": "Ilya Repin", "s": "Ukrainian-born Russian painter, renowned 19th-century artist"}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/painters-and-visual-artists/vasily-vereshchagin/": {"t": "Vasily Vereshchagin", "s": "Russian war painter and traveller who showed the horrors of battle to promote peace.", "i": "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/img/painters-and-visual-artists/vasily-vereshchagin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vasily Vereshchagin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/adoption-of-the-gregorian-calendar/": {"t": "Adoption of the Gregorian calendar", "s": "The gradual global shift from Julian to Gregorian dating."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-emperors/e/mothers-of-emperors/mary-of-teck/": {"t": "Mary of Teck", "s": "Queen consort of George V and mother of two kings."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/knyaz/": {"t": "Knyaz", "s": "A Slavic title for prince, king, or duke."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hesse/": {"t": "Hesse", "s": "Landlocked German state, financial centre Frankfurt, named after the Chatti tribe."}}