{"/e/social-scientists-and-sociologists/paul-lazarsfeld/": {"t": "Paul Lazarsfeld", "s": "Founder of modern empirical sociology"}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/henri-de-saint-simon/": {"t": "Henri de Saint-Simon", "s": "French theorist who proposed a society led by industrial and scientific merit."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/july-revolution/": {"t": "July Revolution", "s": "Three days that ended the Bourbon monarchy in France."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metallurgy/": {"t": "Metallurgy", "s": "The science and technology of metals and alloys."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "https://codexery.com/sociologists-and-political-theorists/e/sociologists-and-political-theorists/alexis-de-tocqueville/": {"t": "Alexis de Tocqueville", "s": "French diplomat and thinker who analyzed democracy and revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/napoleon-iii/": {"t": "Napoleon III", "s": "First elected president and last monarch of France."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/determinism/": {"t": "Determinism", "s": "The view that all events occur in only one possible way."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of 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"https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/causality/": {"t": "Causality", "s": "Causality is the influence by which a cause produces an effect."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/correlation/": {"t": "Correlation", "s": "Correlation measures linear relationships but does not imply causation."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/racial-segregation/": {"t": "Racial segregation", "s": "Separation of people by race or ethnicity, often enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/stereotype/": {"t": "Stereotype", "s": "A generalized belief about a category of people."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/poverty/": {"t": "Poverty", "s": "A condition of lacking financial resources and essentials for basic living."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/crime/": {"t": "Crime", "s": "An unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority."}, "https://codexery.com/family-relationships/e/family-and-relationships/social-connection/": {"t": "Social connection", "s": "Social connection is a fundamental human need and drive."}, "/e/social-scientists-and-sociologists/harold-lasswell/": {"t": "Harold Lasswell", "s": "Pioneer of political psychology, content analysis, and the policy sciences."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/criminology/": {"t": "Criminology", "s": "Interdisciplinary study of crime, deviance, and justice systems."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/minnesota/": {"t": "Minnesota", "s": "Land of 10,000 Lakes, 32nd state, Twin Cities hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/minnesota.webp", "c": "Myotus · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York 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heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university/": {"t": "Heidelberg University", "s": "Germany's oldest university, founded in 1386.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university.webp", "c": "Max Adamo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sociologists-and-political-theorists/e/sociologists-and-political-theorists/ernest-burgess/": {"t": "Ernest Burgess", "s": "Canadian-American urban sociologist and 24th President of the American Sociological Society"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/nashville-tennessee/": {"t": "Nashville, Tennessee", "s": "Capital of Tennessee, major music and healthcare hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/img/cities-and-urban-areas/nashville-tennessee.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nashville, Tennessee · see source"}, "/e/social-scientists-and-sociologists/george-herbert-mead/": {"t": "George Herbert Mead", "s": "American pragmatist and founder of symbolic interactionism."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/globalization/": {"t": "Globalization", "s": "Process of increasing global interdependence and integration."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/london-school-of-economics/": {"t": "London School of Economics", "s": "A leading social science university in London."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/sapienza-university-of-rome/": {"t": "Sapienza University of Rome", "s": "Oldest pontifical university and Europe's largest by enrollment."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/political-science/": {"t": "Political science", "s": "Empirical study of politics, governance, and power."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economics/": {"t": "Economics", "s": "Social science studying production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economics.webp", "c": "Pk0001 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/indiana/": {"t": "Indiana", "s": "Midwestern state known as the Hoosier State, admitted in 1816.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/indiana.webp", "c": "Riker, Dorothy Lois, 1904; Indiana. Governor · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/nation-state/": {"t": "Nation state", "s": "A political entity where state and nation are congruent."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/ottawa/": {"t": "Ottawa", "s": "Canada's capital at the confluence of the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/stock-markets-finance/e/stock-markets-and-finance/stock-market/": {"t": "Stock market", "s": "A marketplace for buying and selling ownership shares in businesses."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/stomach-cancer/": {"t": "Stomach cancer", "s": "A malignant tumor of the stomach lining, often diagnosed late."}, "/e/social-scientists-and-sociologists/talcott-parsons/": {"t": "Talcott Parsons", "s": "American sociologist known for social action theory and structural functionalism"}, "https://codexery.com/sociologists-and-political-theorists/e/sociologists-and-political-theorists/anthony-giddens/": {"t": "Anthony Giddens", "s": "English sociologist known for structuration and modern society analysis."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/j-rgen-habermas/": {"t": "Jürgen Habermas", "s": "German philosopher and social theorist known for communicative rationality and the public sphere."}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/pierre-bourdieu/": {"t": "Pierre Bourdieu", "s": "French sociologist and public intellectual known for concepts such as habitus, field, and cultural capital."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/interpersonal-relationship/": {"t": "Interpersonal relationship", "s": "Social association or connection between two or more people."}, "/e/social-scientists-and-sociologists/michel-foucault/": {"t": "Michel Foucault", "s": "French philosopher who analyzed power, knowledge, and social control."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/psychiatric-hospital/": {"t": "Psychiatric hospital", "s": "Medical facilities treating severe mental disorders, evolving from asylums."}, "https://codexery.com/american-nobel-laureates/e/laureates/thomas-schelling/": {"t": "Thomas Schelling", "s": "Nobel laureate economist who analyzed conflict and cooperation."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/pragmatism/": {"t": "Pragmatism", "s": "A philosophical tradition emphasizing practical consequences over abstract representation."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/sociologists-and-political-theorists/e/sociologists-and-political-theorists/charles-horton-cooley/": {"t": "Charles Horton Cooley", "s": "American sociologist known for the looking-glass self and primary groups."}, "https://codexery.com/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/e/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/jane-addams/": {"t": "Jane Addams", "s": "American settlement activist and first U.S. woman Nobel Peace Prize winner."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/behaviorism/": {"t": "Behaviorism", "s": "Systematic approach focusing on observable behavior and environmental events.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/behaviorism.webp", "c": "Tekks · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-psychoanalysts/e/psychologists-and-psychoanalysts/john-b-watson/": {"t": "John B. 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finance, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/karl-marx/": {"t": "Karl Marx", "s": "German philosopher and revolutionary socialist who developed Marxism."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-social-scientists/e/psychologists-and-social-scientists/havelock-ellis/": {"t": "Havelock Ellis", "s": "English sexual psychologist."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress/": {"t": "Library of Congress", "s": "Oldest federal cultural institution and de facto national library of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress.webp", "c": "Library of Congress Life · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/albert-schweitzer/": {"t": "Albert Schweitzer", "s": "Polymath, theologian, physician, and Nobel laureate who championed 'Reverence for Life'."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/propaganda/": {"t": "Propaganda", "s": "Communication used to influence audiences and further an agenda."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/international-human-rights-law/": {"t": "International human rights law", "s": "Body of law promoting human rights through treaties and custom."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/international-law/": {"t": "International law", "s": "Body of rules governing state relations, based largely on consent."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-darwin/": {"t": "Charles Darwin", "s": "English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/on-the-origin-of-species/": {"t": "On the Origin of Species", "s": "Foundation of evolutionary biology, introducing natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/natural-selection/": {"t": "Natural selection", "s": "The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in fitness."}, "https://codexery.com/creationism/e/creationism/evolutionism/": {"t": "Evolutionism", "s": "Term used by creationists to frame evolution as a secular religion."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-economist/": {"t": "The Economist", "s": "A severe contest between intelligence, which presses forward, and an unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our progress."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/john-stuart-mill/": {"t": "John Stuart Mill", "s": "English philosopher of liberalism."}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/harriet-martineau/": {"t": "Harriet Martineau", "s": "English social theorist and abolitionist who supported herself by writing."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-eliot/": {"t": "George Eliot", "s": "English novelist of the Victorian era, known for realism and psychological insight."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/auguste-comte/": {"t": "Auguste Comte", "s": "French philosopher who formulated positivism and coined sociology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/auguste-comte.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Auguste Comte · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-boer-war/": {"t": "Second 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"https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/robert-k-merton/": {"t": "Robert K. 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Wright Mills", "s": "American sociologist who popularized the term 'New Left' and wrote The Power Elite and The Sociological Imagination."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/mass-media/": {"t": "Mass media", "s": "The definitive guide to mass media: history, classification, and influence."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss/": {"t": "Anschluss", "s": "Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/e/olympic-sailing-venues/le-havre/": {"t": "Le Havre", "s": "Normandy port city rebuilt after WWII, now a UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/illinois/": {"t": "Illinois", "s": "Land of Lincoln", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/illinois.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp/": {"t": "Auschwitz concentration camp", "s": "Site of the largest mass murder in a single location in history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp.webp", "c": "Ynnarski · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/hebrew-university-of-jerusalem/": {"t": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "s": "Second-oldest Israeli university, co-founded by Einstein and Weizmann.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/hebrew-university-of-jerusalem.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/tall-tales/e/tall-tales/exaggeration/": {"t": "Exaggeration", "s": "Exaggeration amplifies reality for effect or deception."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/moral-panic/": {"t": "Moral panic", "s": "A sociological concept describing widespread fear of a perceived threat."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/israeli-palestinian-conflict/": {"t": "Israeli–Palestinian conflict", "s": "Ongoing conflict over land and self-determination in former Mandatory Palestine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/israeli-palestinian-conflict.webp", "c": "Nizzan Cohen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/oppression/": {"t": "Oppression", "s": "Oppression is unjust 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