{"/e/scythia/sarmatia/": {"t": "Sarmatia", "s": "Graeco-Roman region on the western Eurasian steppe."}, "/e/scythia/pontic-caspian-steppe/": {"t": "Pontic–Caspian steppe", "s": "Vast Eurasian steppe, ancient horse domestication site, Proto-Indo-European homeland."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-scythians/": {"t": "The Scythians", "s": "Ancient Iranic nomads who dominated the Pontic Steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/equestrianism/": {"t": "Equestrianism", "s": "Horse riding spans work, sport, therapy, and tradition worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river/": {"t": "Don (river)", "s": "Fifth-longest river in Europe, key Byzantine trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river.webp", "c": "High Contrast · via Wikipedia: Don (river) · CC BY-SA 2.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/dnieper/": {"t": "Dnieper", "s": "Major transboundary river of Eastern Europe, vital to Ukraine's economy."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sarmatians/": {"t": "Sarmatians", "s": "Iranian equestrian nomads who dominated the Pontic steppe for nearly a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "Hellenistic period", "s": "Era of Greek cultural expansion after Alexander the Great's conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/migration-period/": {"t": "Migration Period", "s": "Era of large-scale migrations reshaping post-Roman Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/migration-period.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Migration Period · see source"}, "/e/scythia/bosporan-kingdom/": {"t": "Bosporan Kingdom", "s": "Greco-Scythian state and longest-lasting Roman client kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/marian-visionaries/e/marian-visionaries/gregory-thaumaturgus/": {"t": "Gregory Thaumaturgus", "s": "Third-century bishop and wonder-worker.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marian-visionaries/img/marian-visionaries/gregory-thaumaturgus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gregory Thaumaturgus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomers/e/ancient-greek-astronomers/ptolemy/": {"t": "Ptolemy", "s": "Greco-Roman scholar who authored the Almagest and Geography."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/temple-of-artemis/e/temple-of-artemis/trebonianus-gallus/": {"t": "Trebonianus Gallus", "s": "Roman emperor from 251 to 253, ruling with his son Volusianus."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia/": {"t": "Cappadocia", "s": "Historical region in central Turkey with unique rock formations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/img/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia.webp", "c": "Peretz Partensky from San Francisco, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/ephesus/": {"t": "Ephesus", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the Ionian coast, home to the Temple of Artemis and a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/sulla/": {"t": "Sulla", "s": "Roman general and dictator who marched on Rome and reformed the republic", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/sulla.webp", "c": "CNG · via Wikipedia: Sulla · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/peloponnese/": {"t": "Peloponnese", "s": "Southernmost peninsula of mainland Greece, cradle of Mycenaean civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-by-type/e/castles-by-type/castra/": {"t": "Castra", "s": "Roman military camps and forts that shaped empire and city foundations."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/piracy/": {"t": "Piracy", "s": "Maritime robbery and criminal violence by ship-borne attackers."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/valerian-emperor/": {"t": "Valerian (emperor)", "s": "First Roman emperor captured in battle, by Persia."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/artemis/": {"t": "Artemis", "s": "Greek goddess of hunting, wilderness, and childbirth."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/vistula/": {"t": "Vistula", "s": "Poland's longest river and a national symbol of cultural identity."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchy/": {"t": "Monarchy", "s": "A hereditary system of rule by a single sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/aristocracy/": {"t": "Aristocracy", "s": "Rule by a small, privileged class of aristocrats.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/aristocracy.webp", "c": "DzHaruna · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/carpentry/": {"t": "Carpentry", "s": "Carpenters shape and install materials in construction, from framing to finish."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/anapa/": {"t": "Anapa", "s": "Black Sea resort town with ancient Greek and Genoese heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/miletus/": {"t": "Miletus", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the coast of Anatolia, cradle of philosophy and maritime power."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/delian-league/": {"t": "Delian League", "s": "Anti-Persian alliance that became the Athenian Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-azov/": {"t": "Sea of Azov", "s": "The shallowest sea in the world, rich in fish and history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-azov.webp", "c": "Канопус Киля · via Wikipedia: Sea of Azov · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/terrestrial-biomes/e/terrestrial-biomes/temperate-grasslands-savannas-and-shrublands/": {"t": "Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands", "s": "Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands: grass-dominated biomes of semi-arid to semi-humid climates."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/caucasus-mountains/": {"t": "Caucasus Mountains", "s": "Mountain range at the Asia-Europe border, home to Europe's highest peak."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/peloponnesian-war/": {"t": "Peloponnesian War", "s": "A Greek war for hegemony between Athens and Sparta.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/peloponnesian-war.webp", "c": "G. & J. Cary, John Murray · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus/": {"t": "Diodorus Siculus", "s": "Greek historian who compiled the vast universal history Bibliotheca Historica.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bibliotheca Historica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/feodosia/": {"t": "Feodosia", "s": "Ancient Greek colony turned major Genoese and Ottoman port."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pompey/": {"t": "Pompey", "s": "Roman general and statesman, rival of Julius Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pompey.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · via Wikipedia: Pompey · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/kingdom-of-pontus/": {"t": "Kingdom of Pontus", "s": "Hellenistic kingdom on the Black Sea, ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/marcus-vipsanius-agrippa/": {"t": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa", "s": "Roman general, statesman, and right-hand man of Augustus", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/marcus-vipsanius-agrippa.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen (User:Jastrow), 2009 · via Wikipedia: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/eurasian-steppe/": {"t": "Eurasian Steppe", "s": "Grassland corridor linking Europe and Asia for millennia."}, "/e/scythia/issyk-kurgan/": {"t": "Issyk kurgan", "s": "A Saka burial mound with gold treasures and an undeciphered inscription."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/iron-age/": {"t": "Iron Age", "s": "Final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/iron-age.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Iron Age · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/scytho-siberian-art/": {"t": "Scytho-Siberian art", "s": "Portable decorative art of Eurasian nomadic steppe cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/iranian-languages/": {"t": "Iranian languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-Iranian languages spoken by Iranian peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/animal-style/": {"t": "Animal style", "s": "Decorative art emphasizing animal motifs across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yenisei/": {"t": "Yenisei", "s": "Fifth-longest river system, largest Arctic Ocean tributary."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/yamnaya-culture/": {"t": "Yamnaya culture", "s": "Steppe herders of the late Copper Age and early Bronze Age, widely linked to the first Indo-European speakers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/yamnaya-culture.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yamnaya culture · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-siberia/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of Siberia", "s": "Indigenous peoples of Siberia: history, demographics, and cultures"}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/altai-mountains/": {"t": "Altai Mountains", "s": "Central Asian mountain range where four nations converge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/altai-mountains.webp", "c": "Rudyologist · via Wikipedia: Altai Mountains · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/pannonian-avars/": {"t": "Pannonian Avars", "s": "Eurasian nomads who ruled the Carpathian Basin for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/pannonian-avars.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pannonian Avars · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/archery/e/archery/mounted-archery/": {"t": "Mounted archery", "s": "Shooting arrows from horseback, a defining skill of Eurasian nomads."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/rostov-on-don/": {"t": "Rostov-on-Don", "s": "Port city on the Don River, cultural and logistical centre of Southern Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldova/": {"t": "Moldova", "s": "Landlocked Eastern European parliamentary republic with a rich history and EU candidate status."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "https://codexery.com/sensory-systems/e/sensory-systems/eye-color/": {"t": "Eye color", "s": "The science behind the spectrum of human eye colors."}, "https://codexery.com/skin-conditions-resulting-from/e/skin-conditions-resulting-from-physical-factors/ephelis/": {"t": "Ephelis", "s": "A flat freckle that fades with less sun exposure."}, "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/e/injuries-and-conditions/sunburn/": {"t": "Sunburn", "s": "A radiation burn from UV overexposure causing skin inflammation and damage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/img/injuries-and-conditions/sunburn.webp", "c": "Unknown author Unknown author or not provided · Public domain"}, "/e/scythia/scythia/": {"t": "Scythia", "s": "Ancient Graeco-Roman region of the Pontic steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/darius-the-great/": {"t": "Darius the Great", "s": "Third Achaemenid King of Kings who centralized the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/heracles/": {"t": "Heracles", "s": "The greatest of Greek heroes, champion of the Olympian order, and a bridge between mortal and divine."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/nile/": {"t": "Nile", "s": "Longest river in the world, central to African history and civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/meridian-geography/": {"t": "Meridian (geography)", "s": "A line of longitude connecting points of equal longitude."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/geodesy/": {"t": "Geodesy", "s": "Science of measuring Earth's geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation."}, "/e/scythia/maeotians/": {"t": "Maeotians", "s": "Ancient settled farmers and fishers of the Maeotian coast."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/great-hungarian-plain/": {"t": "Great Hungarian Plain", "s": "Plain occupying most of Hungary, largest part of the wider Pannonian Plain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/great-hungarian-plain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Great Hungarian Plain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/khanate-of-kazan/": {"t": "Khanate of Kazan", "s": "Tatar successor state of the Golden Horde, conquered by Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/khanate-of-kazan.webp", "c": "Anonymous Russian manuscript illuminators, 1560-1570s Facial Chronicle (Illustra · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partitions-of-poland/": {"t": "Partitions of Poland", "s": "Three partitions ended the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's existence."}, "https://codexery.com/mythic-humanoids/e/mythic-humanoids/arimaspi/": {"t": "Arimaspi", "s": "One-eyed northern tribe locked in eternal war with gold-guarding griffins."}, "https://codexery.com/miracle-workers/e/miracle-workers/aristeas/": {"t": "Aristeas", "s": "Greek poet whose soul could leave his body at will."}, "https://codexery.com/poets-of-the-ancient-world/e/poets-of-the-ancient-world/alcman/": {"t": "Alcman", "s": "Ancient Greek choral lyric poet from Sparta, earliest of the Nine Lyric Poets.", "i": "https://codexery.com/poets-of-the-ancient-world/img/poets-of-the-ancient-world/alcman.webp", "c": "ellenm1 · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/sexual-practices-identities/e/sexual-practices-and-identities/polyandry/": {"t": "Polyandry", "s": "Polyandry: a woman with two or more husbands, a rare but globally documented marriage form."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/astana/": {"t": "Astana", "s": "Astana is the capital city of Kazakhstan, situated on the banks of the Ishim River in the northern part of the country."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/almaty/": {"t": "Almaty", "s": "Largest city in Kazakhstan, former capital, and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/kushan-empire/": {"t": "Kushan Empire", "s": "Syncretic empire that spread Buddhism and linked Rome and China."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/kiev/": {"t": "Kiev", "s": "Capital of Kievan Rus' on the Dnieper."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/chios/": {"t": "Chios", "s": "Greek island known for mastic gum and medieval villages."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/lesbos/": {"t": "Lesbos", "s": "Greek island in the northeastern Aegean Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-rituals/e/religious-rituals/votive-offering/": {"t": "Votive offering", "s": "Objects deposited in sacred places to gain or thank supernatural forces."}, "https://codexery.com/archery/e/archery/arrowhead/": {"t": "Arrowhead", "s": "The sharpened tip of an arrow, key to its function and history."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/elk/": {"t": "Elk", "s": "Second largest deer species, native to North America and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/e/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/kyiv-pechersk-lavra/": {"t": "Kyiv Pechersk Lavra", "s": "Historic Eastern Christian monastery and cultural center in Kyiv."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkic-languages/": {"t": "Turkic languages", "s": "The Turkic languages form a family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast stretch of Eurasia—from Southeastern and Eastern Euro"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/anthropomorphism/": {"t": "Anthropomorphism", "s": "Attributing human traits to non-human entities."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/proto-indo-europeans/": {"t": "Proto-Indo-Europeans", "s": "Postulated prehistoric speakers of the ancestor of the Indo-European language family.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/proto-indo-europeans.webp", "c": "Kindattu2004 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/prussia-region/": {"t": "Prussia (region)", "s": "Historical Baltic region, origin of the Prussian state."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/cremation/": {"t": "Cremation", "s": "A method of final disposition through burning, with ancient roots and modern practice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/cremation.webp", "c": "TobyEditor · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/sacrifice/": {"t": "Sacrifice", "s": "An act or offering made to a deity."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/kharkiv-oblast/": {"t": "Kharkiv Oblast", "s": "Eastern Ukrainian oblast, third-most populous, industrial and agricultural center."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/voronezh-oblast/": {"t": "Voronezh Oblast", "s": "Central Russian oblast with rich agricultural and industrial heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/saratov-oblast/": {"t": "Saratov Oblast", "s": "A Russian oblast in the Volga region with critical ecological challenges."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/irtysh/": {"t": "Irtysh", "s": "Longest tributary river in the world, flowing through three countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/irtysh.webp", "c": "Sibom · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures-and-statues/e/sculptures-and-statues/relief/": {"t": "Relief", "s": "Sculptural method where forms remain attached to a solid background."}, "https://codexery.com/psychopomps/e/psychopomps/veles-god/": {"t": "Veles (god)", "s": "Slavic chthonic god of the underworld and cattle."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/william-of-rubruck/": {"t": "William of Rubruck", "s": "Franciscan friar who traveled to the Mongol Empire and wrote a travel account."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/odesa/": {"t": "Odesa", "s": "Pearl by the Sea"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sandstone/": {"t": "Sandstone", "s": "Clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized silicate grains.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/sandstone.webp", "c": "Douglas W. Jones · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/granite/": {"t": "Granite", "s": "A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, mica, and plagioclase.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/granite.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/scythia/maeotian-swamp/": {"t": "Maeotian Swamp", "s": "Ancient name for the Sea of Azov and its swamps."}, "https://codexery.com/history-books-about-ancient-rome/e/history-books-about-ancient-rome/the-cambridge-ancient-history/": {"t": "The Cambridge Ancient History", "s": "Multi-volume survey of ancient history by Cambridge University Press."}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/tanais/": {"t": "Tanais", "s": "Ancient Greek emporion at the northeastern edge of the Hellenistic world."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/geography-ptolemy/": {"t": "Geography (Ptolemy)", "s": "A 2nd-century gazetteer and atlas foundational to later cartography."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/anania-shirakatsi/": {"t": "Anania Shirakatsi", "s": "7th-century Armenian polymath and father of Armenian exact sciences", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/anania-shirakatsi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Anania Shirakatsi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/japheth/e/japheth/japhetic-theory/": {"t": "Japhetic theory", "s": "Soviet linguistic hypothesis linking Kartvelian and Semitic languages."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/morphology-linguistics/": {"t": "Morphology (linguistics)", "s": "Study of word structure and formation in language."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "/e/scythia/tauri/": {"t": "Tauri", "s": "Ancient inhabitants of the Crimean coast and mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/cryptids/e/cryptids-and-folklore/werewolves/": {"t": "Werewolves", "s": "A human who can shapeshift into a wolf, often by curse."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/germanic-languages/": {"t": "Germanic languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-European including English, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian languages."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/natural-history-pliny/": {"t": "Natural History (Pliny)", "s": "The ancient encyclopedia that shaped natural history."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/scania/": {"t": "Scania", "s": "Southernmost historical province of Sweden, once Danish."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/gothic-language/": {"t": "Gothic language", "s": "The earliest attested Germanic language with a sizeable text corpus, known primarily from a 6th-century Bible translation."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/ostrogoths/": {"t": "Ostrogoths", "s": "Germanic people who founded a kingdom in Italy under Theodoric."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/biome/": {"t": "Biome", "s": "A biome is a region defined by climate, vegetation, and animal life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/img/ecology-and-behavior/biome.webp", "c": "Frankemann · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/origin-hypotheses-of-ethnic-groups/e/origin-hypotheses-of-ethnic-groups/steppe-theory/": {"t": "Steppe theory", "s": "The leading hypothesis for the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/terrestrial-biomes/e/terrestrial-biomes/temperate-broadleaf-and-mixed-forests/": {"t": "Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests", "s": "Temperate forests with four layers and mixed broadleaf and conifer trees."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/dagestan/": {"t": "Dagestan", "s": "Land of the Mountains"}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-ukraine/e/national-parks-of-ukraine/dzharylhach-national-nature-park/": {"t": "Dzharylhach National Nature Park", "s": "Largest Black Sea island with sandy beaches and mineral springs."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metallurgy/": {"t": "Metallurgy", "s": "The science and technology of metals and alloys."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/histories-herodotus/": {"t": "Histories (Herodotus)", "s": "Founding work of history in Western literature."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/e/roman-mythology/interpretatio-graeca/": {"t": "Interpretatio graeca", "s": "Greek method of equating foreign gods with their own."}, "https://codexery.com/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and/e/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and-mythology/iphigenia/": {"t": "Iphigenia", "s": "Daughter of Agamemnon, sacrificed to appease Artemis."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/human-sacrifice/": {"t": "Human sacrifice", "s": "Ritual killing to appease gods or serve rulers."}, "https://codexery.com/lgbtq-themes-in-greek-mythology/e/lgbtq-themes-in-greek-mythology/orestes/": {"t": "Orestes", "s": "Son of Agamemnon who killed his mother and was purified."}, "https://codexery.com/trojan-war-literature/e/trojan-war-literature/iphigenia-in-tauris/": {"t": "Iphigenia in Tauris", "s": "Euripides' escape drama of Iphigenia's priesthood and Orestes' quest."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/euripides/": {"t": "Euripides", "s": "The most tragic of poets"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/balaklava/": {"t": "Balaklava", "s": "Crimean settlement with Genoese fortress and Soviet submarine base."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/ternopil-oblast/": {"t": "Ternopil Oblast", "s": "Western Ukrainian oblast with Eurasia's longest cave and 34 castles."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/prehistory/": {"t": "Prehistory", "s": "Human history before written records, studied through material evidence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/prehistory.webp", "c": "Palauenc05 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/the-holocaust/": {"t": "The Holocaust", "s": "The Holocaust, called the Shoah in Hebrew, refers to the systematic murder of European Jews carried out during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/krak-w/": {"t": "Kraków", "s": "Historic royal capital and UNESCO World Heritage city in southern Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/volyn-oblast/": {"t": "Volyn Oblast", "s": "Northwestern Ukrainian oblast with a complex multi-state history."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hebrew-language/": {"t": "Hebrew language", "s": "A revived Canaanite language, once extinct, now spoken by millions."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sedimentary-rock/": {"t": "Sedimentary rock", "s": "Sedimentary rocks record Earth's history and provide vital resources."}, "https://codexery.com/english-musical-instruments/e/english-musical-instruments/lyre/": {"t": "Lyre", "s": "Ancient stringed instrument, yoke lute with origins in Mesopotamia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/mesolithic/": {"t": "Mesolithic", "s": "Intermediate hunter-gatherer period between Paleolithic and Neolithic."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-and-gems/e/minerals-and-gems/ochre/": {"t": "Ochre", "s": "Natural clay pigment used for art, ritual, and medicine since prehistory."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondrial-dna/": {"t": "Mitochondrial DNA", "s": "Mitochondrial DNA is a small, maternally inherited genome essential for energy conversion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondrial-dna.webp", "c": "National Human Genome Research Institute · via Wikipedia: Mitochondrial DNA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/haplogroup/": {"t": "Haplogroup", "s": "Group of haplotypes sharing a common ancestor via SNP mutation."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/carpathian-mountains/": {"t": "Carpathian Mountains", "s": "Europe's third-longest mountain range, forming an arc across Central and Southeast Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/western-caucasus/": {"t": "Western Caucasus", "s": "A mountainous region with a UNESCO site and unique biodiversity."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/georgian-language/": {"t": "Georgian language", "s": "The official language of Georgia, spoken by about 3.8 million people."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii/": {"t": "Constantine VII", "s": "Byzantine emperor and scholar who compiled key historical and agronomic works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii.webp", "c": "Classical Numismatic Group · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/marco-polo/": {"t": "Marco Polo", "s": "Venetian merchant whose travels opened the East to European understanding.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/marco-polo.webp", "c": "Marco Polo · Public domain"}}