{"https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/neoclassical-architecture/": {"t": "Neoclassical architecture", "s": "A return to pure classical forms adapted to modern purposes."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/rococo/": {"t": "Rococo", "s": "The ornate, asymmetrical style that emerged in 1730s France as a reaction to the Louis XIV style."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/paestum/": {"t": "Paestum", "s": "Ancient Greek city with three well-preserved Doric temples."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/trompe-l-il/": {"t": "Trompe-l'œil", "s": "Artistic technique creating realistic optical illusions on flat surfaces."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-religion/e/ancient-greek-religion/nymphaeum/": {"t": "Nymphaeum", "s": "Monument consecrated to nymphs, often spring sanctuaries."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/palladian-architecture/": {"t": "Palladian architecture", "s": "European architectural style based on symmetry and classical principles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/img/architectural-styles-and-elements/palladian-architecture.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/mistress-lover/": {"t": "Mistress (lover)", "s": "A long-term female lover of a married man, often kept."}, "https://codexery.com/prominent-women/e/prominent-women/madame-du-barry/": {"t": "Madame du Barry", "s": "Last official mistress of Louis XV, executed in the Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/halite/": {"t": "Halite", "s": "Mineral form of sodium chloride, used for salt and de-icing."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau/": {"t": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "s": "Genevan philosopher whose ideas shaped modern political and educational thought.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau.webp", "c": "Allan Ramsay · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/antoine-lavoisier/": {"t": "Antoine Lavoisier", "s": "French nobleman and chemist who revolutionized chemistry by introducing quantitative methods and discovering oxygen's role in combustion."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jacques-louis-david/": {"t": "Jacques-Louis David", "s": "French Neoclassical painter and dictator of arts under the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/benjamin-henry-latrobe/": {"t": "Benjamin Henry Latrobe", "s": "British-American neoclassical architect who designed the U.S. Capitol and Baltimore Basilica", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/benjamin-henry-latrobe.webp", "c": "Rembrandt Peale · via Wikipedia: Benjamin Henry Latrobe · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/new-york-university/": {"t": "New York University", "s": "A private research university in New York City, founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/new-york-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: State University of New York · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/c-rdoba-argentina/": {"t": "Córdoba, Argentina", "s": "The learned city of Argentina"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/osaka/": {"t": "Osaka", "s": "Japan's historic commercial hub and a major global financial center."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/abu-dhabi/": {"t": "Abu Dhabi", "s": "Capital of the UAE, centre of politics and industry, and a major culture and commerce centre.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/abu-dhabi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Abu Dhabi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mahathir-mohamad/": {"t": "Mahathir Mohamad", "s": "Malaysian politician and physician, seventh prime minister (2018–2020).", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mahathir-mohamad.webp", "c": "kremlin.ru · via Wikipedia: Mahathir Mohamad · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/dar-es-salaam/": {"t": "Dar es Salaam", "s": "Largest city and financial hub of Tanzania on the Swahili coast."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/ghana/": {"t": "Ghana", "s": "First Sub-Saharan African colony to achieve sovereignty."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/fashion-designers/e/fashion-designers/alexander-mcqueen/": {"t": "Alexander McQueen", "s": "British fashion designer known for controversial, theatrical designs."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mosque/": {"t": "Mosque", "s": "A place of worship and community for Muslims worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/church-building/": {"t": "Church (building)", "s": "A building used for Christian worship and religious activities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/church-building.webp", "c": "Krzysztof Golik · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/uefa-champions-league/e/history/liverpool/": {"t": "Liverpool", "s": "Six European Cups, an English record.", "i": "https://codexery.com/uefa-champions-league/img/history/liverpool.webp", "c": "Ian S · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral/": {"t": "St. Paul's Cathedral", "s": "Wren's domed English Baroque cathedral on Ludgate Hill, seat of the Bishop of London.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St Paul's Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/malaria-organizations/e/malaria-organizations/the-global-fund-to-fight-aids-tuberculosis-and-malaria/": {"t": "The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria", "s": "Financing the fight against AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria worldwide."}, "/e/sculptors-and-architects/fran-ois-rude/": {"t": "François Rude", "s": "French sculptor of patriotic themes and the Arc de Triomphe."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/antonio-canova/": {"t": "Antonio Canova", "s": "Italian Neoclassical sculptor, renowned for marble works and advisor on the Elgin Marbles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/antonio-canova.webp", "c": "Antonio Canova · via Wikipedia: Antonio Canova · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/marquis-de-lafayette/": {"t": "Marquis de Lafayette", "s": "Hero of the Two Worlds: French aristocrat who fought for American independence and French liberty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/marquis-de-lafayette.webp", "c": "Joseph-Désiré Court · via Wikipedia: Marquis de Lafayette · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress/": {"t": "Library of Congress", "s": "Oldest federal cultural institution and de facto national library of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress.webp", "c": "Library of Congress Life · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/honor-de-balzac/": {"t": "Honoré de Balzac", "s": "French novelist and playwright, founder of realism in European literature"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-alternative-medicine-and-pse/e/pioneers-of-alternative-medicine-and-pseudoscience/samuel-hahnemann/": {"t": "Samuel Hahnemann", "s": "German doctor who created the alternative medicine system homeopathy."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/victor-hugo/": {"t": "Victor Hugo", "s": "French Romantic author, poet, and human rights activist."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/phidias/": {"t": "Phidias", "s": "Ancient Greek sculptor of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/georges-cuvier/": {"t": "Georges Cuvier", "s": "Founding father of paleontology who helped establish extinction as a scientific concept.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/georges-cuvier.webp", "c": "Georges Cuvier · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/johannes-gutenberg/": {"t": "Johannes Gutenberg", "s": "German inventor of the movable-type printing press.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/johannes-gutenberg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Gutenberg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-washington/": {"t": "George Washington", "s": "First president of the United States and commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language"}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/design-and-digital-arts/interior-design/": {"t": "Interior design", "s": "Art and science of healthier, aesthetic interior environments."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/minimalism/": {"t": "Minimalism", "s": "Art reduced to essentials, focusing on the object and viewer's experience."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro", "s": "Brazilian city that was capital of a European colonial power."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franklin-d-roosevelt/": {"t": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "s": "32nd US president who led the nation through the Great Depression and World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/polio/": {"t": "Polio", "s": "A highly infectious viral disease preventable by vaccination."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/eleanor-roosevelt/": {"t": "Eleanor Roosevelt", "s": "First Lady of the World and human rights champion", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/eleanor-roosevelt.webp", "c": "FDR Presidential Library & Museum · via Wikipedia: Eleanor Roosevelt · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/abstract-art/": {"t": "Abstract art", "s": "Art independent of visual references in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/martin-heidegger/": {"t": "Martin Heidegger", "s": "German philosopher who developed phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism, and whose work was shaped by his controversial Nazi involvement."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/gaston-bachelard/": {"t": "Gaston Bachelard", "s": "French philosopher who contributed to poetics and the philosophy of science."}, "https://codexery.com/poets-and-lyricists/e/poets-and-lyricists/octavio-paz/": {"t": "Octavio Paz", "s": "Octavio Paz Lozano was a Mexican poet, essayist, and cultural critic whose work explores themes of Mexican identity, language, and solitude."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/hebrew-university-of-jerusalem/": {"t": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "s": "Second-oldest Israeli university, co-founded by Einstein and Weizmann.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/hebrew-university-of-jerusalem.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/expressionist-architecture/": {"t": "Expressionist architecture", "s": "European architectural movement emphasizing emotion, distortion, and visionary projects."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/art-deco/": {"t": "Art Deco", "s": "A decorative style of luxury and geometric form.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/img/art-movements-and-styles/art-deco.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Art Deco · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/streamline-moderne/": {"t": "Streamline Moderne", "s": "A streamlined Art Deco style inspired by aerodynamics and ocean liners."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/gymnasium-school/": {"t": "Gymnasium (school)", "s": "European secondary school preparing students for university."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/der-blaue-reiter/": {"t": "Der Blaue Reiter", "s": "A loose network of artists pioneering modern German Expressionism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements/img/art-movements/der-blaue-reiter.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Der Blaue Reiter · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/einstein-tower/": {"t": "Einstein Tower", "s": "Solar observatory built to test Einstein's relativity theory."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe/": {"t": "Ludwig Mies van der Rohe", "s": "Pioneer of modern architecture and last director of the Bauhaus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/walter-gropius/": {"t": "Walter Gropius", "s": "German-American architect and founder of the Bauhaus School", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/walter-gropius.webp", "c": "Louis Held · via Wikipedia: Walter Gropius · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/standard-oil/": {"t": "Standard Oil", "s": "The trust that shaped an industry."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/winter-palace/": {"t": "Winter Palace", "s": "The former imperial residence of the Romanovs, now home to the Hermitage Museum.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/winter-palace.webp", "c": "Godot13 · via Wikipedia: Winter Palace · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldavia/": {"t": "Moldavia", "s": "Historical principality that united with Wallachia to form Romania."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/elizabeth-of-russia/": {"t": "Elizabeth of Russia", "s": "Empress of Russia who led the Enlightenment and opposed Prussia"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/courland/": {"t": "Courland", "s": "Historical Latvian land named for the Curonian tribe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/courland.webp", "c": "Daderot · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/neoclassicism/": {"t": "Neoclassicism", "s": "A Western revival of classical antiquity inspired by Enlightenment ideals."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/pantheon-rome/": {"t": "Pantheon, Rome", "s": "Ancient Roman temple, now a Catholic church, with the largest unreinforced concrete dome."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gian-lorenzo-bernini/": {"t": "Gian Lorenzo Bernini", "s": "The Michelangelo of his century"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jules-hardouin-mansart/": {"t": "Jules Hardouin-Mansart", "s": "French Baroque architect who glorified Louis XIV", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jules-hardouin-mansart.webp", "c": "Hyacinthe Rigaud · via Wikipedia: Jules Hardouin-Mansart · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "/e/sculptors-and-architects/david-d-angers/": {"t": "David d'Angers", "s": "French sculptor and medalist of monumental and portrait works."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-mythological-heroes/e/greek-mythological-heroes/meleager/": {"t": "Meleager", "s": "Calydonian prince, host of the boar hunt, and Argonaut."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/july-revolution/": {"t": "July Revolution", "s": "Three days that ended the Bourbon monarchy in France."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/auguste-rodin/": {"t": "Auguste Rodin", "s": "French sculptor considered founder of modern sculpture."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-philippe-i/": {"t": "Louis Philippe I", "s": "Last French king; abdicated in 1848 Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/cato-the-elder/": {"t": "Cato the Elder", "s": "Roman soldier, senator, historian, and censor known for conservatism."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-equestrian-venues/e/olympic-equestrian-venues/palace-of-versailles/": {"t": "Palace of Versailles", "s": "Former royal residence and UNESCO World Heritage site near Paris."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xiii/": {"t": "Louis XIII", "s": "King of France and Navarre, known for ending noble revolts and establishing the Académie française with Cardinal Richelieu."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/joan-of-arc/": {"t": "Joan of Arc", "s": "Patron saint of France and military leader who helped turn the tide of the Hundred Years' War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/joan-of-arc.webp", "c": "Derived from original commons upload at which is now in the history version: 01:39, 13. 8. 2005\n\nColour-graded to reveal more detail using GIMP software \"curves · via Wikipedia: Joan of Arc · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/napoleon-iii/": {"t": "Napoleon III", "s": "First elected president and last monarch of France."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/paris-observatory/": {"t": "Paris Observatory", "s": "World's oldest active observatory, cornerstone of French astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/henry-ii-of-france/": {"t": "Henry II of France", "s": "King of France who died from a jousting wound."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/cato-the-younger/": {"t": "Cato the Younger", "s": "Conservative senator who opposed Caesar and died for the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jean-antoine-houdon/": {"t": "Jean-Antoine Houdon", "s": "French neoclassical sculptor of Enlightenment luminaries", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jean-antoine-houdon.webp", "c": "Rembrandt Peale · via Wikipedia: Jean-Antoine Houdon · Public domain"}, "/e/sculptors-and-architects/erich-mendelsohn/": {"t": "Erich Mendelsohn", "s": "German-British architect of expressionist and Streamline Moderne buildings."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-athletics-venues/e/olympic-athletics-venues/olympiastadion-munich/": {"t": "Olympiastadion (Munich)", "s": "Munich's Olympic stadium with a revolutionary tent roof."}, "https://codexery.com/architects-and-designers/e/architects-and-designers/richard-neutra/": {"t": "Richard Neutra", "s": "Richard Joseph Neutra (8 April 1892 – 16 April 1970) was an Austrian-American architect who spent most of his career in Southern California and became a leading"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/frank-lloyd-wright/": {"t": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "s": "The greatest American architect of all time"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/buckminster-fuller/": {"t": "Buckminster Fuller", "s": "Inventor of the geodesic dome and second World President of Mensa International."}, "https://codexery.com/architects-and-designers/e/architects-and-designers/shigeru-ban/": {"t": "Shigeru Ban", "s": "Japanese architect known for paper tube disaster shelters."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/september-11-attacks/": {"t": "September 11 attacks", "s": "Coordinated al-Qaeda suicide hijackings killed nearly 3,000 people."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/world-trade-center-1973-2001/": {"t": "World Trade Center (1973–2001)", "s": "Icon of New York City, destroyed on 9/11", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/world-trade-center-1973-2001.webp", "c": "Eric Ascalon ******************** · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/bauhaus/": {"t": "Bauhaus", "s": "German art school that merged crafts with fine arts."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/van-gogh-museum/": {"t": "Van Gogh Museum", "s": "Dutch museum housing the world's largest Van Gogh collection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/van-gogh-museum.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vincent van Gogh · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/mannerism/": {"t": "Mannerism", "s": "A European style exaggerating High Renaissance ideals into artificial elegance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/modena/": {"t": "Modena", "s": "City in Emilia-Romagna known for luxury cars and balsamic vinegar."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/emilia-romagna/": {"t": "Emilia-Romagna", "s": "Wealthy Italian region known for food, motors, and ancient university."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/vitruvius/": {"t": "Vitruvius", "s": "Roman architect and engineer, author of De architectura"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/michelangelo/": {"t": "Michelangelo", "s": "Italian High Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/michelangelo.webp", "c": "Attributed to Daniele da Volterra · via Wikipedia: Michelangelo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-peter-s-basilica/": {"t": "St. Peter's Basilica", "s": "The Vatican's Renaissance basilica over the traditional tomb of Saint Peter.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-peter-s-basilica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St. Peter's Basilica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/early-music-groups/e/early-music-groups/capella-musicale-di-s-petronio-di-bologna/": {"t": "Capella Musicale di S. Petronio di Bologna", "s": "Baroque sacred music institution at Bologna's San Petronio basilica."}, "/e/sculptors-and-architects/giacomo-barozzi-da-vignola/": {"t": "Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola", "s": "Italian Mannerist architect, author of a canonical treatise on the five orders."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/genoa/": {"t": "Genoa", "s": "Capital of Liguria and historic maritime republic on the Gulf of Genoa."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/classicism/": {"t": "Classicism", "s": "An aesthetic attitude valuing form, proportion, and restraint from classical antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/masonry/": {"t": "Masonry", "s": "One of the oldest building crafts, using stone, brick, and mortar."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in 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"https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/victoria-and-albert-museum/": {"t": "Victoria and Albert Museum", "s": "World's largest museum of applied arts, decorative arts and design."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/pisa-cathedral/": {"t": "Pisa Cathedral", "s": "Medieval cathedral, seat of the Archbishop of Pisa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/pisa-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pisa Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/alessandro-algardi/": {"t": "Alessandro Algardi", "s": "Italian high-Baroque sculptor and rival of Bernini in Rome", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/alessandro-algardi.webp", "c": "Sailko · via Wikipedia: Alessandro Algardi · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/siena/": {"t": "Siena", "s": "Medieval Tuscan city with a historic centre and the Palio."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/gothic-art/": {"t": "Gothic art", "s": "Medieval art style originating in 12th-century Northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/henry-moore/": {"t": "Henry Moore", "s": "English sculptor of semi-abstract bronze figures and drawings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/henry-moore.webp", "c": "Peter O'Connor aka anemoneprojectors · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-mythology/e/christian-mythology/massacre-of-the-innocents/": {"t": "Massacre of the Innocents", "s": "Biblical account of Herod's order to kill male infants near Bethlehem."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/last-judgment/": {"t": "Last Judgment", "s": "Final divine judgment of all humanity in Abrahamic faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/masaccio/": {"t": "Masaccio", "s": "Florentine painter who pioneered the Early Renaissance with naturalism and perspective."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/military-engineering/": {"t": "Military engineering", "s": "Military engineering shapes the physical operating environment for armed forces."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/lorenzo-de-medici/": {"t": "Lorenzo de' Medici", "s": "Italian statesman and foremost patron of Renaissance culture."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-julius-ii/": {"t": "Pope Julius II", "s": "The Warrior Pope who led armies and commissioned masterpieces."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-leo-x/": {"t": "Pope Leo X", "s": "Pope Leo X was the last pope not to have been in priestly orders at the time of his election."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-battista-alberti/": {"t": "Leon Battista Alberti", "s": "Renaissance polymath who shaped art, architecture, and cryptography.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/leon-battista-alberti.webp", "c": "Leon Battista Alberti · via Wikipedia: Leon Battista Alberti · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/filippo-brunelleschi/": {"t": "Filippo Brunelleschi", "s": "Founding father of Renaissance architecture and designer of the Florence Cathedral dome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/filippo-brunelleschi.webp", "c": "scan uploaded by Sailko, cropped by MenkinAlRire · via Wikipedia: Filippo Brunelleschi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/raphael/": {"t": "Raphael", "s": "High Renaissance painter and architect, known for clarity and harmony."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci/": {"t": "Leonardo da Vinci", "s": "Italian polymath of the High Renaissance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci.webp", "c": "Attributed to Francesco Melzi · via Wikipedia: Leonardo da Vinci · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/mary-mother-of-jesus/": {"t": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "s": "First-century Jewish woman, mother of Jesus, venerated in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/lives-of-the-most-excellent-painters-sculptors-and-architects/": {"t": "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects", "s": "First important book on art history, by Giorgio Vasari."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historiography/": {"t": "Historiography", "s": "The study of how history is written and interpreted.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historiography.webp", "c": "Riad Salih and Nursila · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/heinrich-heine/": {"t": "Heinrich Heine", "s": "German poet, writer and literary critic known for his lyric poetry and satirical wit."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-wellesley-1st-duke-of-wellington/": {"t": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington", "s": "British field marshal and prime minister who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich/": {"t": "ETH Zurich", "s": "Swiss federal STEM university with 22 Nobel laureates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich.webp", "c": "Ank Kumar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bavaria/": {"t": "Bavaria", "s": "Largest German state, with a history from Celts to kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/art-nouveau/": {"t": "Art Nouveau", "s": "Whiplash curves, plant forms and iron and glass: the international style of the Belle Époque.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/img/art-movements-and-styles/art-nouveau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Art Nouveau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/h-tel-tassel/": {"t": "Hôtel Tassel", "s": "One of the first Art Nouveau buildings, designed by Victor Horta."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/cast-iron/": {"t": "Cast iron", "s": "Iron-carbon alloy with >2% carbon, valued for castability."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns/": {"t": "Camille Saint-Saëns", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and musical prodigy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Camille Saint-Saëns · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/le-corbusier/": {"t": "Le Corbusier", "s": "French-Swiss pioneer of modern architecture and urban planning."}, "https://codexery.com/ballet-dance-masters/e/ballet-and-dance-masters/martha-graham/": {"t": "Martha Graham", "s": "American modern dancer who created the Graham technique.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ballet-dance-masters/img/ballet-and-dance-masters/martha-graham.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Martha Graham · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-washington-post/": {"t": "The Washington Post", "s": "American daily newspaper and newspaper of record."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war/": {"t": "Russo-Japanese War", "s": "War between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Imperial Instituto Artistico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abraham-lincoln/": {"t": "Abraham Lincoln", "s": "16th president who led the Union through the Civil War and abolished slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/plaster/": {"t": "Plaster", "s": "Building material used for interiors, decoration, and medical casts."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/constantin-br-ncu-i/": {"t": "Constantin Brâncuși", "s": "Romanian sculptor and pioneer of modernism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/constantin-br-ncu-i.webp", "c": "Edward Steichen · via Wikipedia: Constantin Brâncuși · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/sheet-metal/": {"t": "Sheet metal", "s": "Metal formed into thin, flat pieces by industrial processes."}, "https://codexery.com/trains/e/legendary-trains/the-trans-siberian-railway/": {"t": "The Trans-Siberian Railway", "s": "The longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to Vladivostok across eight time zones.", "i": "https://codexery.com/trains/img/legendary-trains/the-trans-siberian-railway.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/qi-baishi/": {"t": "Qi Baishi", "s": "Chinese painter known for playful style and diverse subjects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/qi-baishi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Qi Baishi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/kobe/": {"t": "Kobe", "s": "Major Japanese port city and capital of Hyōgo Prefecture."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/kyoto/": {"t": "Kyoto", "s": "The thousand-year capital of Japan, where imperial history and cultural heritage endure."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/gifu/": {"t": "Gifu", "s": "Central Japan city with a strategic historical role."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-florence/": {"t": "Republic of Florence", "s": "A medieval and early modern state centered on Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance and home of the florin."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/pietro-perugino/": {"t": "Pietro Perugino", "s": "Umbrian painter whose work prefigured the High Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/james-the-great/": {"t": "James the Great", "s": "First apostle martyred; patron saint of Spain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/james-the-great.webp", "c": "Peter Paul Rubens · via Wikipedia: James the Great · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/florence-cathedral/": {"t": "Florence Cathedral", "s": "Florence's iconic cathedral, home to the world's largest masonry dome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/florence-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Florence Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-mark-s-basilica/": {"t": "St Mark's Basilica", "s": "Venetian state sanctuary and cathedral holding relics of Saint Mark.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-mark-s-basilica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St Mark's Basilica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/donatello/": {"t": "Donatello", "s": "Renaissance sculptor of the bronze David, first freestanding nude since antiquity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/donatello.webp", "c": "Francesco Bini · via Wikipedia: Donatello · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/piazza-dei-miracoli/": {"t": "Piazza dei Miracoli", "s": "A walled medieval square housing four great religious edifices."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic architecture", "s": "Medieval architectural style defined by the pointed arch and verticality."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-black-death/": {"t": "The Black Death", "s": "The deadliest pandemic in recorded history, the Black Death reshaped Europe and the Middle East.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-black-death.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/san-gimignano/": {"t": "San Gimignano", "s": "Medieval hill town with iconic tower houses."}, "https://codexery.com/book-of-exodus/e/book-of-exodus/tabernacle/": {"t": "Tabernacle", "s": "Portable tent shrine of Yahweh in the Hebrew Bible."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-residences-in-austria/e/imperial-residences-in-austria/sch-nbrunn-palace/": {"t": "Schönbrunn Palace", "s": "Former summer residence of the Habsburg rulers in Vienna."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-residences-in-austria/e/imperial-residences-in-austria/schloss-klessheim/": {"t": "Schloss Klessheim", "s": "Baroque summer palace of Salzburg's archbishops, now a casino."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/joseph-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who continued the War of the Spanish Succession."}, "/e/sculptors-and-architects/fran-ois-mansart/": {"t": "François Mansart", "s": "French architect who popularized the mansard roof."}, "https://codexery.com/housing-furniture/e/housing-and-furniture/villa/": {"t": "Villa", "s": "From ancient Roman country estates to modern suburban homes, the villa has evolved across centuries and cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/prince-eugene-of-savoy/": {"t": "Prince Eugene of Savoy", "s": "Prince Eugene of Savoy: feldmarschall, diplomat, and one of the greatest military commanders of his era."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-croatia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-croatia/diocletian-s-palace/": {"t": "Diocletian's Palace", "s": "Roman emperor's retirement palace and fortress in Split."}, "/e/sculptors-and-architects/johann-lukas-von-hildebrandt/": {"t": "Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt", "s": "Austrian baroque architect and military engineer of the Habsburg Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/charles-vi-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who enacted the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/hagia-sophia/": {"t": "Hagia Sophia", "s": "Justinian's great domed church in Istanbul: cathedral, mosque, museum and mosque again.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/hagia-sophia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hagia Sophia · see source"}, "/e/sculptors-and-architects/johann-bernhard-fischer-von-erlach/": {"t": "Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach", "s": "Austrian Baroque architect who shaped Habsburg tastes and wrote a landmark architectural history."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-residences-in-austria/e/imperial-residences-in-austria/belvedere-vienna/": {"t": "Belvedere, Vienna", "s": "Baroque palace complex and art museum in Vienna."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-residences-in-austria/e/imperial-residences-in-austria/schloss-hof/": {"t": "Schloss Hof", "s": "Baroque palace and former imperial hunting lodge near the Slovak border."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-genoa/": {"t": "Republic of Genoa", "s": "A medieval maritime republic and major European financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/piedmont/": {"t": "Piedmont", "s": "Northwest Italian region, historic heart of Italian unification."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-residences-in-austria/e/imperial-residences-in-austria/hofburg/": {"t": "Hofburg", "s": "Former Habsburg imperial palace, now Austrian presidential seat."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}}