{"/e/science-and-measurement/optical-microscope/": {"t": "Optical microscope", "s": "Uses visible light and lenses to magnify small objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/optical-microscope.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/fluorescence/": {"t": "Fluorescence", "s": "Emission of light from a substance after absorbing radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/electron-microscope/": {"t": "Electron microscope", "s": "Uses electron beams for much higher resolution than light microscopes."}, "/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic spectrum", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/telescope.webp", "c": "Pelligton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-everyday-objects/e/inventors-of-everyday-objects/cornelis-drebbel/": {"t": "Cornelis Drebbel", "s": "Dutch inventor of the first submarine and pioneer in optics and chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/ren-descartes/": {"t": "René Descartes", "s": "Father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry"}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/marcello-malpighi/": {"t": "Marcello Malpighi", "s": "Founder of microscopical anatomy and histology, pioneer of capillary discovery.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/marcello-malpighi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Marcello Malpighi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke/": {"t": "Robert Hooke", "s": "English polymath and pioneer of microscopy", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Hooke · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/antonie-van-leeuwenhoek/": {"t": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek", "s": "Self-taught Dutch microscopist who first observed microbes."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell/": {"t": "Red blood cell", "s": "The most common blood cell, responsible for oxygen transport via hemoglobin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell.webp", "c": "BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:\n\nBlausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\". WikiJournal of M · via Wikipedia: Red blood cell · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/siemens/": {"t": "Siemens", "s": "European engineering giant with roots in telegraphy and industrial automation."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genome/": {"t": "Genome", "s": "The complete set of genetic material in an organism."}, "https://codexery.com/molecular-biology/e/molecular-biology/staining/": {"t": "Staining", "s": "Technique to enhance contrast in microscopic samples."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-biology/": {"t": "Cell (biology)", "s": "The fundamental unit of all known life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-biology.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/marvin-minsky/": {"t": "Marvin Minsky", "s": "American mathematician and co-founder of artificial intelligence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/marvin-minsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Marvin Minsky · see source"}, "/e/science-and-measurement/microscope/": {"t": "Microscope", "s": "Instrument for viewing objects invisible to the naked eye.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/microscope.webp", "c": "Chad Anderson, staff photographer for SFO Museum · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/visible-spectrum/": {"t": "Visible spectrum", "s": "The range of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/diffraction-limited-system/": {"t": "Diffraction-limited system", "s": "The maximum resolution achievable by an ideal optical system due to diffraction."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/optical-power/": {"t": "Optical power", "s": "Measure of a lens's ability to converge or diverge light."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/dutch-people/": {"t": "Dutch people", "s": "Ethnic group native to the Netherlands, with global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/christiaan-huygens/": {"t": "Christiaan Huygens", "s": "Dutch polymath who advanced optics, mechanics, and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/absorption-electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)", "s": "Matter takes up photon energy, transforming it into internal energy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/absorption-electromagnetic-radiation.webp", "c": "Own work · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/gene-expression/": {"t": "Gene expression", "s": "Process by which genes produce functional products."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/focus-optics/": {"t": "Focus (optics)", "s": "Point where light rays converge in optical systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/focus-optics.webp", "c": "Ermell · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/science-and-measurement/radio-telescope/": {"t": "Radio telescope", "s": "Detecting the invisible universe through radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/radio-telescope.webp", "c": "Photograph by Mike Peel ( www.mikepeel.net ). · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/reflection-physics/": {"t": "Reflection (physics)", "s": "Wavefront returns into the original medium upon striking an interface."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "/e/science-and-measurement/optical-telescope/": {"t": "Optical telescope", "s": "Instrument that gathers visible light to magnify distant objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/optical-telescope.webp", "c": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center from Greenbelt, MD, USA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-spectrum/": {"t": "Electromagnetic spectrum", "s": "The full range of electromagnetic radiation, from radio to gamma rays."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/infrared-telescope/": {"t": "Infrared telescope", "s": "Telescope using infrared light to detect celestial bodies."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/spherical-aberration/": {"t": "Spherical aberration", "s": "Spherical aberration degrades image quality in spherical optical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/newtonian-telescope/": {"t": "Newtonian telescope", "s": "The earliest known functional reflecting telescope, invented by Isaac Newton."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/john-dobson-amateur-astronomer/": {"t": "John Dobson (amateur astronomer)", "s": "Amateur astronomer who created the portable Dobsonian telescope.", "i": "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/img/amateur-astronomy/john-dobson-amateur-astronomer.webp", "c": "Graham Robson · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/dobsonian-telescope/": {"t": "Dobsonian telescope", "s": "A large-aperture Newtonian reflector on a simple altazimuth mount."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astronomical-seeing/": {"t": "Astronomical seeing", "s": "Atmospheric turbulence blurs astronomical images, limiting telescope resolution."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/magnification/": {"t": "Magnification", "s": "Magnification enlarges apparent size without changing physical size or perspective."}, "https://codexery.com/camera-image-sensors/e/camera-image-sensors/image-sensor/": {"t": "Image sensor", "s": "Sensor that converts light into electrical signals for imaging."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/monocular/": {"t": "Monocular", "s": "A compact refracting telescope using prisms for an erect image."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-biology-and-behavior/e/animal-biology-and-behavior/ornithology/": {"t": "Ornithology", "s": "Branch of zoology dedicated to the study of birds."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/": {"t": "Johannes Kepler", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/active-optics/": {"t": "Active optics", "s": "Technology that actively shapes telescope mirrors to prevent deformation."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astrophotography/": {"t": "Astrophotography", "s": "Astrophotography records celestial objects using long exposures and specialized equipment."}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/human-eye/": {"t": "Human eye", "s": "The human eye is a sensory organ in the visual system that reacts to visible light allowing eyesight."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/radio-wave/": {"t": "Radio wave", "s": "Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/astronomical-radio-sources/astronomical-radio-source/": {"t": "Astronomical radio source", "s": "Objects in space emitting strong radio waves from extreme processes."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/radio-astronomy/": {"t": "Radio astronomy", "s": "Passive observation of celestial objects using radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/radio-astronomy.webp", "c": "Maksym Kozlenko · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radio-frequency/": {"t": "Radio frequency", "s": "Oscillation rate enabling radio wave radiation and technology."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/parabolic-antenna/": {"t": "Parabolic antenna", "s": "A high-gain dish antenna that focuses radio waves into a narrow beam."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/television/": {"t": "Television", "s": "A telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/e/amateur-radio-people/grote-reber/": {"t": "Grote Reber", "s": "Amateur radio operator who built the first parabolic radio telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dipole/": {"t": "Dipole", "s": "Electromagnetic phenomenon with electric and magnetic forms."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/reflector-antenna/": {"t": "Reflector (antenna)", "s": "Reflects or redirects electromagnetic waves in antenna systems."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/frequency/": {"t": "Frequency", "s": "Frequency measures repeating events per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/constellation/": {"t": "Constellation", "s": "Patterns in the sky that guide stories and navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/sagittarius/": {"t": "Sagittarius (constellation)", "s": "A zodiac constellation representing a centaur archer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/sagittarius.webp", "c": "John Flamsteed · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/five-hundred-meter-aperture-spherical-telescope/": {"t": "Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope", "s": "World's largest single-dish radio telescope, located in Guizhou, China."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/square-kilometre-array/": {"t": "Square Kilometre Array", "s": "A next-generation radio telescope spanning two continents."}, "/e/science-and-measurement/polarizer/": {"t": "Polarizer", "s": "An optical filter that transmits light of a specific polarization and blocks others.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/polarizer.webp", "c": "Reinraum · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refraction/": {"t": "Refraction", "s": "Refraction redirects waves when they change speed between media."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/polarization-waves/": {"t": "Polarization (waves)", "s": "Property of transverse waves specifying oscillation orientation."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/calcite/": {"t": "Calcite", "s": "A common carbonate mineral and stable polymorph of calcium carbonate."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/quartz/": {"t": "Quartz", "s": "A hard, abundant mineral used in jewelry and technology."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/rutile/": {"t": "Rutile", "s": "Common titanium dioxide mineral with high refractive index and optical uses."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/infrared/": {"t": "Infrared", "s": "Invisible electromagnetic radiation between visible light and microwaves."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/plane-wave/": {"t": "Plane wave", "s": "A wave model with constant value on perpendicular planes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/plane-wave.webp", "c": "Dave3457 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/photography/": {"t": "Photography", "s": "Drawing with light: capturing images through chemical or electronic means."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/microwave/": {"t": "Microwave", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation between radio waves and infrared, used widely in technology."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystal-optics/": {"t": "Crystal optics", "s": "Branch of optics studying light in anisotropic media.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/crystal-optics.webp", "c": "Pittigrilli · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/tourmaline/": {"t": "Tourmaline", "s": "A crystalline silicate mineral group with a wide variety of colors, known historically as the 'Ceylonese Magnet'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/tourmaline.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polyvinyl-alcohol/": {"t": "Polyvinyl alcohol", "s": "Water-soluble synthetic polymer with diverse industrial and medical uses."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/iodine/": {"t": "Iodine", "s": "Heaviest stable halogen, essential for thyroid hormone synthesis."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/valence-electron/": {"t": "Valence electron", "s": "Outermost electrons that govern chemical bonding and reactivity."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/linear-polarization/": {"t": "Linear polarization", "s": "Linear polarization confines the electric field to a single plane.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/linear-polarization.webp", "c": "Dave3457 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-field/": {"t": "Electric field", "s": "Electric fields arise from charges and exert forces on other charges."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dielectric/": {"t": "Dielectric", "s": "An electrical insulator that stores energy through polarisation."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/photometry-optics/": {"t": "Photometry (optics)", "s": "Branch of optics measuring light as perceived by the human eye."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/luminous-flux/": {"t": "Luminous flux", "s": "Measure of perceived light power weighted by human eye sensitivity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/luminous-flux.webp", "c": "Figuper · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/illuminance/": {"t": "Illuminance", "s": "Measure of incident light per unit area weighted for human vision.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/illuminance.webp", "c": "دالبا · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/luminance/": {"t": "Luminance", "s": "Photometric measure of luminous intensity per unit area in a given direction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/luminance.webp", "c": "Myself · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/e/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/atomic-absorption-spectroscopy/": {"t": "Atomic absorption spectroscopy", "s": "Elemental analysis method for metal concentration determination.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/img/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/atomic-absorption-spectroscopy.webp", "c": "MarsInSVG · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/remote-sensing/": {"t": "Remote sensing", "s": "Acquiring information about objects without physical contact."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "/e/science-and-measurement/prism-optics/": {"t": "Prism (optics)", "s": "Transparent element that refracts, reflects, or polarizes light.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/prism-optics.webp", "c": "Polarbear24 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/spectroscopy/": {"t": "Spectroscopy", "s": "Spectroscopy measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra interacting with matter."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/algorithm/": {"t": "Algorithm", "s": "A finite sequence of logical instructions for solving problems."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-test-equipment/e/rf-test-equipment/electronic-test-equipment/": {"t": "Electronic test equipment", "s": "Equipment for creating signals and capturing responses from devices under test.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-test-equipment/img/rf-test-equipment/electronic-test-equipment.webp", "c": "Mitch Altman from San Francisco, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/amplitude/": {"t": "Amplitude", "s": "Amplitude measures wave magnitude across multiple definitions."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/heathkit/": {"t": "Heathkit", "s": "Heathkit produced electronic kits from 1947 until 1992."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/bnc-connector/": {"t": "BNC connector", "s": "A miniature bayonet-lock RF connector for coaxial cable.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/bnc-connector.webp", "c": "Raimond Spekking · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/uhf-connector/": {"t": "UHF connector", "s": "Threaded RF connector from the 1930s, now deprecated for UHF use.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/uhf-connector.webp", "c": "The History of How We Play · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/coaxial-cable/": {"t": "Coaxial cable", "s": "Coaxial cable is an unbalanced transmission line for high-frequency signals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/coaxial-cable.webp", "c": "Ohgud.kibn7ewyu2 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rf-test-equipment/e/rf-test-equipment/test-probe/": {"t": "Test probe", "s": "A physical device connecting test equipment to a device under test.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-test-equipment/img/rf-test-equipment/test-probe.webp", "c": "MichaelFrey 17:40, 7 February 2008 (UTC) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/electrical-capacitor/": {"t": "Electrical capacitor", "s": "Passive component storing electrical energy via separated conductors."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/hall-effect/": {"t": "Hall effect", "s": "Transverse voltage from current and 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