{"/e/sample-return-missions/luna-20/": {"t": "Luna 20", "s": "Second successful Soviet lunar sample return mission, returning 55 grams of highlands soil."}, "/e/sample-return-missions/luna-24/": {"t": "Luna 24", "s": "Last Soviet lunar sample return mission until China's Chang'e 5 in 2020"}, "/e/sample-return-missions/stardust-spacecraft/": {"t": "Stardust (spacecraft)", "s": "NASA's first sample return mission to collect comet and cosmic dust."}, "https://codexery.com/named-comets/e/named-comets/81p-wild/": {"t": "81P/Wild", "s": "Comet sampled by NASA's Stardust mission, returning cometary dust to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/potential-impact-events-caused-by-near/e/potential-impact-events-caused-by-near-earth-objects/101955-bennu/": {"t": "101955 Bennu", "s": "A carbonaceous asteroid with a notable impact risk and OSIRIS-REx sample return."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/genesis-spacecraft/": {"t": "Genesis (spacecraft)", "s": "First NASA sample-return since Apollo, crashed but met science goals."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic spectrum", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/telescope.webp", "c": "Pelligton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/remote-sensing/": {"t": "Remote sensing", "s": "Acquiring information about objects without physical contact."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/formation-and-evolution-of-the-solar-system/": {"t": "Formation and evolution of the Solar System", "s": "From nebular collapse to white dwarf: the Solar System's story."}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/dawn-spacecraft/": {"t": "Dawn (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to orbit two celestial bodies and a dwarf planet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/img/extraterrestrial-orbiters/dawn-spacecraft.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/organic-compound/": {"t": "Organic compound", "s": "Carbon-based compounds central to life and chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-planet/e/types-of-planet/gas-giant/": {"t": "Gas giant", "s": "Giant planets composed mainly of hydrogen and helium."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/extraterrestrial-life/": {"t": "Extraterrestrial life", "s": "Hypothetical life originating from worlds beyond Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/jupiter/": {"t": "Jupiter", "s": "Largest planet in the Solar System, a gas giant with a Great Red Spot."}, "https://codexery.com/moons-with-a-prograde-orbit/e/moons-with-a-prograde-orbit/europa-moon/": {"t": "Europa (moon)", "s": "Jupiter's icy moon with a subsurface ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/space-debris/e/space-debris/planetary-protection/": {"t": "Planetary protection", "s": "Preventing biological contamination of celestial bodies and Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/biosphere/": {"t": "Biosphere", "s": "The global sum of all ecosystems and zone of life on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/img/ecology-and-behavior/biosphere.webp", "c": "Christopher Michel · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-sagan/": {"t": "Carl Sagan", "s": "American astronomer and influential science communicator."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/apollo-11/": {"t": "Apollo 11", "s": "First crewed mission to land humans on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/apollo-11.webp", "c": "Neil A. Armstrong · via Wikipedia: Apollo 11 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-moon/e/missions-to-the-moon/surveyor-3/": {"t": "Surveyor 3", "s": "First probe visited by humans on another world."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-12/": {"t": "Apollo 12", "s": "Second crewed Moon landing; precise landing near Surveyor 3.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-12.webp", "c": "NASA / Buzz Aldrin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-14/": {"t": "Apollo 14", "s": "Third lunar landing, first in the lunar highlands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-14.webp", "c": "NASA; restored by Michel Vuijlsteke · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-15/": {"t": "Apollo 15", "s": "First J mission with rover, deep-space spacewalk, and Genesis Rock.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-15.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-16/e/apollo-16/apollo-16/": {"t": "Apollo 16", "s": "Fifth crewed lunar landing, second J mission, explored Descartes Highlands."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-17/": {"t": "Apollo 17", "s": "Final Apollo Moon landing, with the only geologist to walk on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-17.webp", "c": "NASA on The Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/apollo-program/": {"t": "Apollo program", "s": "The United States human spaceflight program that landed the first humans on the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-the-soviet-union/e/space-program-of-the-soviet-union/soviet-space-program/": {"t": "Soviet space program", "s": "State space program of the Soviet Union, 1951–1991."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/luna-16/": {"t": "Luna 16", "s": "First robotic probe to return lunar soil to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/luna-programme/": {"t": "Luna programme", "s": "Soviet robotic lunar missions achieving many firsts in space exploration."}, "/e/sample-return-missions/sample-return-mission/": {"t": "Sample-return mission", "s": "Spacecraft missions that collect and return extraterrestrial samples to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/life-on-mars/": {"t": "Life on Mars", "s": "Mars may have hosted habitable conditions for microorganisms in the ancient past."}, "https://codexery.com/space-debris/e/space-debris/interplanetary-contamination/": {"t": "Interplanetary contamination", "s": "Biological contamination of celestial bodies by spacecraft."}, "/e/sample-return-missions/tianwen-3/": {"t": "Tianwen-3", "s": "China's planned Mars sample-return mission, targeting launch in 2028 and return by 2031."}, "/e/sample-return-missions/mars-grunt/": {"t": "Mars-Grunt", "s": "A proposed Russian robotic mission to return Mars soil samples to Earth."}, "/e/sample-return-missions/martian-moons-exploration/": {"t": "Martian Moons eXploration", "s": "Japan's MMX mission to bring back the first samples from Mars' moon Phobos."}, "https://codexery.com/mars-2020/e/mars-2020/perseverance-rover/": {"t": "Perseverance (rover)", "s": "NASA rover searching for signs of ancient life on Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/mariner-4/": {"t": "Mariner 4", "s": "First spacecraft to return close-up images of Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/viking-program/": {"t": "Viking program", "s": "Two American probes that landed on Mars in 1976."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/soviet-mars-program/": {"t": "Soviet Mars program", "s": "Soviet uncrewed Mars exploration from 1960 to 1973."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-moon/e/missions-to-the-moon/n1-rocket/": {"t": "N1 (rocket)", "s": "Soviet super heavy-lift rocket for crewed lunar missions."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-mars/e/exploration-of-mars/mars-exploration-program/": {"t": "Mars Exploration Program", "s": "NASA's long-term effort to explore Mars, seeking signs of life and preparing for human exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/uav-manufacturers/e/uav-manufacturers/lockheed-martin/": {"t": "Lockheed Martin", "s": "Top U.S. federal contractor since at least 2008."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-mars/e/exploration-of-mars/robert-zubrin/": {"t": "Robert Zubrin", "s": "Aerospace engineer and advocate for human Mars exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-mars/e/exploration-of-mars/international-mars-exploration-working-group/": {"t": "International Mars Exploration Working Group", "s": "Forum for coordinating international Mars exploration strategy."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-mars/e/exploration-of-mars/mars-exploration-joint-initiative/": {"t": "Mars Exploration Joint Initiative", "s": "A joint NASA-ESA initiative to explore Mars through collaborative missions."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/northrop-grumman/": {"t": "Northrop Grumman", "s": "American aerospace and defense contractor formed by 1994 merger.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations/img/corporations/northrop-grumman.webp", "c": "Clearfieldcity · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/sample-return-missions/extraterrestrial-sample-curation/": {"t": "Extraterrestrial sample curation", "s": "Preserving sample integrity and protecting Earth from extraterrestrial biohazards."}, "/e/sample-return-missions/hayabusa/": {"t": "Hayabusa", "s": "First asteroid sample return mission"}, "https://codexery.com/named-comets/e/named-comets/67p-churyumov-gerasimenko/": {"t": "67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko", "s": "First comet orbited and landed upon by spacecraft."}, "https://codexery.com/astrobiology-space-missions/e/astrobiology-space-missions/dragonfly-titan-space-probe/": {"t": "Dragonfly (Titan space probe)", "s": "NASA rotorcraft mission to study Titan's prebiotic chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/rosetta-spacecraft/": {"t": "Rosetta (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to orbit and land on a comet."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/philae-spacecraft/": {"t": "Philae (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to land on a comet nucleus."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/deep-space-1/": {"t": "Deep Space 1", "s": "NASA technology demonstrator testing ion propulsion and autonomous navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-launch-failures/e/satellite-launch-failures/contour/": {"t": "CONTOUR", "s": "NASA Discovery probe lost during solar orbit injection burn."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/deep-impact-spacecraft/": {"t": "Deep Impact (spacecraft)", "s": "First mission to eject material from a comet's surface."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/abiogenesis/": {"t": "Abiogenesis", "s": "Natural process by which life arises from non-living matter."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/osiris-rex/": {"t": "OSIRIS-REx", "s": "First U.S. spacecraft to return samples from an asteroid."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/hayabusa2/": {"t": "Hayabusa2", "s": "Japanese asteroid sample-return mission that returned Ryugu samples to Earth."}, "/e/sample-return-missions/chang-e-6/": {"t": "Chang'e 6", "s": "First mission to return samples from the Moon's far side."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-the-moon/e/exploration-of-the-moon/exploration-of-the-moon/": {"t": "Exploration of the Moon", "s": "Lunar exploration evolved from telescopic observation to robotic and crewed missions."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hainan/": {"t": "Hainan", "s": "China's southernmost island province, a tropical free-trade port."}, "https://codexery.com/taoist-deities/e/taoist-deities/chang-e/": {"t": "Chang'e", "s": "Goddess of the Moon and wife of Hou Yi."}, "https://codexery.com/astrobiology-space-missions/e/astrobiology-space-missions/tianwen-1/": {"t": "Tianwen-1", "s": "China's first independent voyage to the Red Planet"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/thorium/": {"t": "Thorium", "s": "Thorium is the chemical element known by the symbol Th and the atomic number 90.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/thorium.webp", "c": "ThaLibster · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-and-gems/e/minerals-and-gems/olivine/": {"t": "Olivine", "s": "A common mantle mineral that drives plate tectonics and weathers rapidly."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/hohmann-transfer-orbit/": {"t": "Hohmann transfer orbit", "s": "An orbital maneuver using two burns to transfer between orbits."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-program/e/apollo-program/boost-glide/": {"t": "Boost-glide", "s": "Lift-based trajectory extending range and reducing reentry heating."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/arabian-sea/": {"t": "Arabian Sea", "s": "A historically vital sea linking Old World trade networks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/arabian-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arabian Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/unmanned-aerial-vehicles/e/unmanned-aerial-vehicles/unmanned-aerial-vehicle/": {"t": "Unmanned aerial vehicle", "s": "An aircraft without a human pilot, controlled remotely or autonomously.", "i": "https://codexery.com/unmanned-aerial-vehicles/img/unmanned-aerial-vehicles/unmanned-aerial-vehicle.webp", "c": "Davomme · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/lagrange-point/": {"t": "Lagrange point", "s": "Equilibrium points for small objects in two-body gravitational systems."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/very-long-baseline-interferometry/": {"t": "Very-long-baseline interferometry", "s": "VLBI combines radio telescopes to emulate a giant telescope."}, "/e/sample-return-missions/chang-e-5/": {"t": "Chang'e 5", "s": "China's first lunar sample-return mission, launched in 2020."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/apollo-crater/": {"t": "Apollo (crater)", "s": "Large peak ring basin on the lunar far side."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/south-pole-aitken-basin/": {"t": "South Pole–Aitken basin", "s": "The Moon's largest, oldest, and deepest impact basin."}, "https://codexery.com/internet-culture-and-platforms/e/internet-culture-and-platforms/weibo/": {"t": "Weibo", "s": "A major Chinese microblogging platform launched in 2009."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-china/e/space-program-of-china/china-aerospace-science-and-technology-corporation/": {"t": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "s": "State-owned main contractor for China's space program."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/absorption-spectroscopy/": {"t": "Absorption spectroscopy", "s": "Technique measuring radiation absorption to identify and quantify substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/absorption-spectroscopy.webp", "c": "MarsInSVG · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/88p-howell/": {"t": "88P/Howell", "s": "Jupiter-family comet discovered by Ellen Howell in 1981."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/comet-nucleus/": {"t": "Comet nucleus", "s": "The solid, dark core of a comet, source of its activity."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/asteroid/": {"t": "Asteroid", "s": "Rocky, metallic, or icy minor planets orbiting the Sun, mostly in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter."}, "https://codexery.com/biosafety-level-4-laboratories/e/biosafety-level-4-laboratories/biosafety-level/": {"t": "Biosafety level", "s": "Highest biocontainment level for dangerous pathogens."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/moons-of-saturn/e/moons-of-saturn/enceladus/": {"t": "Enceladus", "s": "A small, icy moon with active geysers and a subsurface ocean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/moons-of-saturn/img/moons-of-saturn/enceladus.webp", "c": "Justin Cowart · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/horizontal-gene-transfer/": {"t": "Horizontal gene transfer", "s": "Movement of genetic material between organisms not via parent-to-offspring inheritance."}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/galileo-spacecraft/": {"t": "Galileo (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to orbit an outer planet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/img/extraterrestrial-orbiters/galileo-spacecraft.webp", "c": "NASA on The Commons · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/near-shoemaker/": {"t": "NEAR Shoemaker", "s": "First spacecraft to orbit and land on an asteroid."}, "https://codexery.com/birds/e/birds/falcon/": {"t": "Falcon", "s": "Fast-flying raptors with exceptional vision and a global distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-mars/e/exploration-of-mars/heliocentric-orbit/": {"t": "Heliocentric orbit", "s": "An orbit around the Sun, followed by planets, comets, asteroids, and many artificial probes."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/precession/": {"t": "Precession", "s": "A change in the orientation of a rotating body's rotational axis."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/outback/": {"t": "Outback", "s": "Vast, remote, and deeply Australian.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/outback.webp", "c": "Alexander Gerst · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/plagioclase/": {"t": "Plagioclase", "s": "A continuous solid solution series of feldspar minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/science-journal/": {"t": "Science (journal)", "s": "Peer-reviewed journal of the AAAS, covering all scientific disciplines."}, "https://codexery.com/games-and-recreation/e/games-and-recreation/lego/": {"t": "Lego", "s": "Privately held Danish toy company known for interlocking plastic bricks."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/aristarchus-crater/": {"t": "Aristarchus (crater)", "s": "Brightest large formation on the lunar near side."}, "https://codexery.com/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/e/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/luna-18/": {"t": "Luna 18", "s": "Soviet lunar sample return mission that impacted the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-inclination/": {"t": "Orbital inclination", "s": "Angle measuring tilt of an orbit relative to a reference plane."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/hertz/": {"t": "Hertz", "s": "German physicist who proved electromagnetic waves exist."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitric-acid/": {"t": "Nitric acid", "s": "A highly corrosive mineral acid used in nitration and as a strong oxidizing agent."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/trajectory/": {"t": "Trajectory", "s": "Path of an object through motion over time."}, 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"Data storage", "s": "Recording information in physical media for retrieval."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/active-asteroid/": {"t": "Active asteroid", "s": "Asteroid-like orbits with comet-like mass-loss activity."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/311p-panstarrs/": {"t": "311P/PanSTARRS", "s": "An active asteroid with six comet-like tails."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/zheng-he/": {"t": "Zheng He", "s": "Chinese admiral who led seven voyages across the Indian Ocean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/zheng-he.webp", "c": "User:Vmenkov · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/camera-image-sensors/e/camera-image-sensors/imaging-spectrometer/": {"t": "Imaging spectrometer", "s": "An instrument acquiring spectrally-resolved images for compositional analysis."}, 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