{"https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "/e/russian-regions/yaroslavl-oblast/": {"t": "Yaroslavl Oblast", "s": "A historic region in Central Russia, home to ancient Rostov and the Volga River."}, "/e/russian-regions/vladimir-oblast/": {"t": "Vladimir Oblast", "s": "A central Russian oblast with ancient cathedrals, mixed forests, and a humid continental climate."}, "/e/russian-regions/tula-oblast/": {"t": "Tula Oblast", "s": "A historically rich industrial and agricultural region in European Russia, home to the Tula Kremlin and Yasnaya Polyana."}, "/e/russian-regions/smolensk-oblast/": {"t": "Smolensk Oblast", "s": "The land of the Dnieper and the first cosmonaut."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metallurgy/": {"t": "Metallurgy", "s": "The science and technology of metals and alloys."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/mechanical-engineering/": {"t": "Mechanical engineering", "s": "Engineering branch focused on force, motion, and mechanical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/moraine/": {"t": "Moraine", "s": "Accumulation of glacial debris carried by ice."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/karst/": {"t": "Karst", "s": "A topography formed from dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/cretaceous/": {"t": "Cretaceous", "s": "The longest geological period, marked by warm climates, dinosaurs, and the rise of flowering plants, ending with a mass extinction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/cretaceous.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/dolomite-rock/": {"t": "Dolomite (rock)", "s": "A sedimentary carbonate rock rich in the mineral dolomite."}, "https://codexery.com/trees-shrubs/e/trees-and-shrubs/conifer/": {"t": "Conifer", "s": "Woody, cone-bearing plants dominant in northern forests."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genetics/": {"t": "Genetics", "s": "Study of genes and heredity"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/komi-republic/": {"t": "Komi Republic", "s": "A republic of Russia in northeast European Russia, known for its vast forests, mineral wealth, and the Manpupuner rock formations."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/pechora-river/": {"t": "Pechora (river)", "s": "Sixth-longest European river, third by discharge, with no dams."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/novosibirsk/": {"t": "Novosibirsk", "s": "The largest city in Siberia, on the banks of the Ob River."}, "/e/russian-regions/tomsk-oblast/": {"t": "Tomsk Oblast", "s": "Siberian Athens at the heart of the taiga"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/altai-krai/": {"t": "Altai Krai", "s": "A federal subject of Russia in Siberia, named after the Altai Mountains, with Barnaul as its administrative centre."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/drainage-basin/": {"t": "Drainage basin", "s": "A land area where surface water converges to a single outlet."}, "https://codexery.com/trains/e/legendary-trains/the-trans-siberian-railway/": {"t": "The Trans-Siberian Railway", "s": "The longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to Vladivostok across eight time zones.", "i": "https://codexery.com/trains/img/legendary-trains/the-trans-siberian-railway.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/omsk/": {"t": "Omsk", "s": "The quiet one on the Irtysh"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/irkutsk/": {"t": "Irkutsk", "s": "The Paris of Siberia"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Russian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church tracing origins to 988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/atheism/": {"t": "Atheism", "s": "Atheism is the absence or rejection of belief in deities."}, "/e/russian-regions/russian-far-east/": {"t": "Russian Far East", "s": "The easternmost part of Russia and Asia, coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vladivostok/": {"t": "Vladivostok", "s": "Vladivostok: Russia's Pacific capital and gateway to the East."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-japan/": {"t": "Sea of Japan", "s": "A marginal sea shaped by isolation, geology, and history."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical region in Northeast Asia, homeland of the Manchus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/manchuria.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was an early modern empire in East Asia ruled by the Manchu people."}, "https://codexery.com/other/e/other/outer-manchuria/": {"t": "Outer Manchuria", "s": "Historical region ceded by Qing China to Russia in the 19th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other/img/other/outer-manchuria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Outer Manchuria · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/early-soviet-republics/e/early-soviet-republics/far-eastern-republic/": {"t": "Far Eastern Republic", "s": "A buffer state between Soviet Russia and Japanese-occupied territories.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-soviet-republics/img/early-soviet-republics/far-eastern-republic.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Far Eastern Republic · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/meridian-geography/": {"t": "Meridian (geography)", "s": "A line of longitude connecting points of equal longitude."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/sikhote-alin/": {"t": "Sikhote-Alin", "s": "Mountain range in Russia's Far East, home to rare species."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/nelumbo/": {"t": "Nelumbo", "s": "Ancient aquatic genus with two living lotus species, known for the lotus effect and thermogenesis."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-vegetables/e/japanese-vegetables/tara-no-me/": {"t": "Tara no me", "s": "Spring shoots of the Japanese angelica tree, often served in tempura."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-fruit/e/japanese-fruit/actinidia-kolomikta/": {"t": "Actinidia kolomikta", "s": "A hardy, variegated-leaf vine with small edible berries."}, "https://codexery.com/aquatic-wetland-plants/e/aquatic-and-wetland-plants/nelumbo-nucifera/": {"t": "Nelumbo nucifera", "s": "Sacred lotus: a thermoregulating aquatic perennial with edible seeds and deep cultural symbolism."}, "https://codexery.com/korean-vegetables/e/korean-vegetables/panax-ginseng/": {"t": "Panax ginseng", "s": "A slow-growing perennial root used in traditional practices."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/republic/": {"t": "Republic", "s": "A state where political power rests with the people."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/karelians/": {"t": "Karelians", "s": "Baltic Finnic people indigenous to Karelia, split between Finland and Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-ladoga/": {"t": "Lake Ladoga", "s": "Europe's largest lake, rich in history and wildlife.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-ladoga.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Ladoga · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/white-sea/": {"t": "White Sea", "s": "Southern inlet of the Barents Sea, key to Russian maritime trade."}, "/e/russian-regions/vologda-oblast/": {"t": "Vologda Oblast", "s": "A land of ancient monasteries, historic towns, and vast natural resources."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-onega/": {"t": "Lake Onega", "s": "Second-largest lake in Europe, rich in islands, petroglyphs, and wooden architecture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-onega.webp", "c": "Antonio Bonanno from Milan (Italy), Italy · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/craton/": {"t": "Craton", "s": "Old, stable continental crust forming Earth's ancient cores."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/diamond/": {"t": "Diamond", "s": "A metastable carbon allotrope with extreme hardness and thermal conductivity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/diamond.webp", "c": "Blackout Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/vanadium/": {"t": "Vanadium", "s": "The colorful transition metal named after a Norse goddess."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/molybdenum/": {"t": "Molybdenum", "s": "Molybdenum is a transition metal essential for life and industry."}, "/e/russian-regions/nenets-autonomous-okrug/": {"t": "Nenets Autonomous Okrug", "s": "The least populous federal subject of Russia, an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast, known for its arctic ecology and oil and gas dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/vermont/": {"t": "Vermont", "s": "Second-least populated U.S. state, known for progressivism and maple syrup."}, "https://codexery.com/vikingage/e/the-viking-age/the-viking-age/": {"t": "The Viking Age", "s": "Norsemen expanded across Europe and reached North America during the Viking Age."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/saga/": {"t": "Saga", "s": "Medieval Icelandic prose narratives blending history, legend, and verse."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/great-northern-war/": {"t": "Great Northern War", "s": "A war that ended Swedish dominance and elevated Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/finnish-civil-war/": {"t": "Finnish Civil War", "s": "A 1918 civil war for control of newly independent Finland."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Eastern Front (World War II)", "s": "The decisive theatre of World War II where the Axis powers were defeated on the Eastern Front.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii.webp", "c": "FOTO:Fortepan — ID 27693 : Adományozó/Donor: Konok Tamás id. archive copy at the · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/finnish-language/": {"t": "Finnish language", "s": "A Finnic language of the Uralic family, spoken by millions in Finland and diaspora communities."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/khanate-of-kazan/": {"t": "Khanate of Kazan", "s": "Tatar successor state of the Golden Horde, conquered by Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/khanate-of-kazan.webp", "c": "Anonymous Russian manuscript illuminators, 1560-1570s Facial Chronicle (Illustra · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/cyrillic-script/": {"t": "Cyrillic script", "s": "Third official script of the European Union.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/cyrillic-script.webp", "c": "Crissov , Gojdo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/east-european-plain/": {"t": "East European Plain", "s": "Vast interior plain spanning much of Eastern Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/east-european-plain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East European Plain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cuisine/e/russian-cuisine/mordovian-cuisine/": {"t": "Mordovian cuisine", "s": "Traditional cuisine of the Mordovians, featuring fish and grains."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/russian-language/": {"t": "Russian language", "s": "An East Slavic language of the Indo-European family, native to Russia and widely spoken across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/asia/": {"t": "Asia", "s": "Largest continent by area and population, cradle of many civilisations."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal/": {"t": "Lake Baikal", "s": "World's deepest and oldest freshwater lake by volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Baikal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/bering-strait/": {"t": "Bering Strait", "s": "Strait between Asia and North America, key to human migration theory."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "/e/russian-regions/primorsky-krai/": {"t": "Primorsky Krai", "s": "Russia's southeastern maritime frontier, home to the Pacific Fleet and the only border with North Korea."}, "/e/russian-regions/sakha-republic/": {"t": "Sakha Republic", "s": "The world's largest subnational entity, a land of extreme cold and diamond wealth."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "First Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Conflict between Qing China and Japan over influence in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yakutsk/": {"t": "Yakutsk", "s": "The coldest major city on Earth, built on permafrost."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Northern Hemisphere", "s": "The Northern Hemisphere contains most of the world's continents and major landmasses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere.webp", "c": "Sean Baker ( Marvin01 | talk ) · via Wikipedia: Northern Hemisphere · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/lena-river/": {"t": "Lena River", "s": "The easternmost of Siberia's three great Arctic rivers, the Lena is the longest river entirely within Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/lena-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lena River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/yakut-language/": {"t": "Yakut language", "s": "A Siberian Turkic language with unique phonology and a rich case system."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost/": {"t": "Permafrost", "s": "Frozen ground that stores carbon and threatens infrastructure when thawed.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost.webp", "c": "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - KBR Wyle Services, LLC/Kathryn Mersmann · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/trees-shrubs/e/trees-and-shrubs/larch/": {"t": "Larch", "s": "Deciduous conifers, the most abundant tree genus on Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/tree-species/e/tree-species/fir/": {"t": "Fir", "s": "Evergreen conifers with upright cones and softwood uses."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-okhotsk/": {"t": "Sea of Okhotsk", "s": "Coldest sea in East Asia, seasonally ice-covered."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/chersky-range/": {"t": "Chersky Range", "s": "The Chersky Range is a chain of mountains in northeastern Siberia, situated between the Yana and Indigirka Rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/russian-revolution-of-1905/": {"t": "Russian Revolution of 1905", "s": "A revolution that forced a constitution but failed to overthrow the tsar."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkic-languages/": {"t": "Turkic languages", "s": "The Turkic languages form a family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast stretch of Eurasia—from Southeastern and Eastern Euro"}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/temperate-climate/": {"t": "Temperate climate", "s": "Middle-latitude climates with distinct seasons and moderate temperatures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/temperate-climate.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/ammonia/": {"t": "Ammonia", "s": "A colourless gas with a pungent smell, vital for fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/paleolithic/": {"t": "Paleolithic", "s": "The Old Stone Age: from the first stone tools to the end of the Pleistocene."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/marco-polo/": {"t": "Marco Polo", "s": "Venetian merchant whose travels opened the East to European understanding.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/marco-polo.webp", "c": "Marco Polo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ibn-battuta/": {"t": "Ibn Battuta", "s": "The greatest traveller of the pre-modern world, whose journeys spanned Africa, Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ibn-battuta.webp", "c": "Léon Benett · via Wikipedia: Ibn Battuta · Public domain"}, "/e/russian-regions/moscow-oblast/": {"t": "Moscow Oblast", "s": "A densely populated, highly industrialized federal subject of Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/dnieper/": {"t": "Dnieper", "s": "Major transboundary river of Eastern Europe, vital to Ukraine's economy."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/kalmykia/": {"t": "Kalmykia", "s": "The Buddhist heart of Europe on the Caspian steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/dagestan/": {"t": "Dagestan", "s": "Land of the Mountains"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/chechnya/": {"t": "Chechnya", "s": "A republic of Russia in the North Caucasus, home to the Chechen people."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/north-ossetia/": {"t": "North Ossetia", "s": "A republic in the North Caucasus, home to the Ossetian people and the capital Vladikavkaz."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/kabardino-balkaria/": {"t": "Kabardino-Balkaria", "s": "Home of Mount Elbrus, Europe's highest peak, in the North Caucasus."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/karachay-cherkessia/": {"t": "Karachay-Cherkessia", "s": "A republic of Russia in the North Caucasus, home to diverse ethnic groups and Europe's highest peak."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/ethnic-group/": {"t": "Ethnic group", "s": "A human group sharing perceived common attributes and identity."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/ingushetia/": {"t": "Ingushetia", "s": "The smallest republic of Russia, home to the Ingush people, with a complex history and the highest life expectancy in the country."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yekaterinburg/": {"t": "Yekaterinburg", "s": "The third capital of Russia, a cultural and industrial powerhouse on the Iset River."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/perm-krai/": {"t": "Perm Krai", "s": "A krai in Eastern Europe, formed in 2005 from the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug."}, "/e/russian-regions/tyumen-oblast/": {"t": "Tyumen Oblast", "s": "Russia's oil and gas heartland in Western Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/platinum/": {"t": "Platinum", "s": "The most ductile pure metal, a noble and precious element with critical industrial and medical uses."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/gemstone/": {"t": "Gemstone", "s": "Mineral crystals and organic materials used for jewelry and adornment."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/marble/": {"t": "Marble", "s": "Metamorphic rock prized for sculpture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures-and-statues/e/sculptures-and-statues/shigir-idol/": {"t": "Shigir Idol", "s": "Oldest known wooden sculpture, carved c. 10,000 years ago."}, "/e/russian-regions/saratov-oblast/": {"t": "Saratov Oblast", "s": "A Russian oblast in the Volga region with critical ecological challenges."}, "/e/russian-regions/voronezh-oblast/": {"t": "Voronezh Oblast", "s": "Central Russian oblast with rich agricultural and industrial heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/anti-bolshevik-uprisings/e/anti-bolshevik-uprisings/tambov-rebellion/": {"t": "Tambov Rebellion", "s": "A major peasant revolt against Bolshevik grain requisitions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/anti-bolshevik-uprisings/img/anti-bolshevik-uprisings/tambov-rebellion.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tambov Rebellion · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/agriculture-food/e/agriculture-and-food/animal-husbandry/": {"t": "Animal husbandry", "s": "The practice of raising and caring for domesticated animals for food, labor, and other products."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/petroleum/": {"t": "Petroleum", "s": "A fossil fuel central to modern industry and climate change."}, "/e/russian-regions/ulyanovsk-oblast/": {"t": "Ulyanovsk Oblast", "s": "A Volga region oblast with rich history, diverse landscapes, and a continental climate."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/mari-el/": {"t": "Mari El", "s": "A Russian republic for the indigenous Mari people."}, "/e/russian-regions/udmurtia/": {"t": "Udmurtia", "s": "A republic in Eastern Europe, west of the Ural Mountains"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/chuvashia/": {"t": "Chuvashia", "s": "A republic in Eastern Europe, homeland of the Chuvash people, known for its Volga rivers, hop-growing, and high rate of osteopetrosis."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eurasia/": {"t": "Eurasia", "s": "The largest continental area on Earth, spanning Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/wahhabism/": {"t": "Wahhabism", "s": "Salafi revivalist movement from 18th-century Najd."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution/": {"t": "Constitution", "s": "The fundamental principles that govern a polity."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/krasnoyarsk-krai/": {"t": "Krasnoyarsk Krai", "s": "Largest krai in Russia, spanning Siberia from Arctic to mountains."}, "/e/russian-regions/novosibirsk-oblast/": {"t": "Novosibirsk Oblast", "s": "The third-largest city in Russia, Novosibirsk, is the heart of this Siberian oblast."}, "https://codexery.com/conifers-and-gymnosperms/e/conifers-and-gymnosperms/pinus-sylvestris/": {"t": "Pinus sylvestris", "s": "A resilient Eurasian pine with distinctive orange-red bark."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/tsar/": {"t": "Tsar", "s": "Slavic imperial title derived from Latin caesar, used in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/natural-gas/": {"t": "Natural gas", "s": "Fossil fuel primarily composed of methane, used for energy."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/gross-domestic-product/": {"t": "Gross domestic product", "s": "Monetary measure of total market value of final goods and services."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/methanol/": {"t": "Methanol", "s": "Simplest alcohol, key industrial chemical, and space marker."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tibetan-buddhism/": {"t": "Tibetan Buddhism", "s": "Tibetan Buddhism: A Mahayana tradition preserving Indian tantric practices and native developments, with four major schools and a non-sectarian Rimé movement."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/stone-age/": {"t": "Stone Age", "s": "The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make tools."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs/": {"t": "East Slavs", "s": "East Slavs formed Kievan Rus' and modern Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East Slavs · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/confluence/": {"t": "Confluence", "s": "Where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metalworking/": {"t": "Metalworking", "s": "Shaping metals from prehistory to modern precision industry."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/accordion/": {"t": "Accordion", "s": "A bellows-driven free-reed instrument with melody and accompaniment sections."}, "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/e/plants-and-crops/sugar-beet/": {"t": "Sugar beet", "s": "The temperate-zone root crop that supplies nearly a third of the world's sugar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/img/plants-and-crops/sugar-beet.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/leo-tolstoy/": {"t": "Leo Tolstoy", "s": "Russian writer and influential Christian anarchist and pacifist."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/circus/": {"t": "Circus", "s": "A circus is a troupe of performers that presents a varied entertainment program."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-desserts/e/russian-desserts/tula-pryanik/": {"t": "Tula pryanik", "s": "A stamped Russian pryanik from Tula, known since 1685."}, "/e/russian-regions/sverdlovsk-oblast/": {"t": "Sverdlovsk Oblast", "s": "The industrial heartland of the Urals, rich in metals and minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/irtysh/": {"t": "Irtysh", "s": "Longest tributary river in the world, flowing through three countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/irtysh.webp", "c": "Sibom · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/game-birds-and-waterfowl/e/game-birds-and-waterfowl/rock-ptarmigan/": {"t": "Rock ptarmigan", "s": "A seasonally camouflaged game bird of Arctic and alpine tundra."}, "https://codexery.com/canids-and-hyaenids/e/canids-and-hyaenids/arctic-fox/": {"t": "Arctic fox", "s": "Small Arctic predator with the warmest fur of any mammal."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lead/": {"t": "Lead", "s": "Heavy metal with stable isotopes and historical industrial use."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/chromite/": {"t": "Chromite", "s": "Primary ore of chromium, essential for stainless steel production."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/shell-plc/": {"t": "Shell plc", "s": "Shell plc is a British publicly traded oil and gas company with its headquarters in London, England.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/shell-plc.webp", "c": "Marek Ślusarczyk ( Tupungato ) Photo portfolio · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/minor-planet/": {"t": "Minor planet", "s": "A Sun-orbiting body that is neither a planet nor a comet."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/izhevsk/": {"t": "Izhevsk", "s": "Armory Capital of Russia and City of Labor Glory"}, "/e/russian-regions/tatarstan/": {"t": "Tatarstan", "s": "Republic of Tatarstan: A Volga Federal District republic with a rich history, oil wealth, and cultural ties to Bashkortostan."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin/": {"t": "Vladimir Lenin", "s": "First head of Soviet Russia and founder of Leninism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin · see source"}, "/e/russian-regions/mordovia/": {"t": "Mordovia", "s": "A republic of Russia in Eastern Europe, known for its Mordvin heritage and capital Saransk."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leonid-brezhnev/": {"t": "Leonid Brezhnev", "s": "Soviet leader who stabilized the party and expanded military power."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/legislature/": {"t": "Legislature", "s": "A deliberative assembly with authority to make law."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sedimentary-rock/": {"t": "Sedimentary rock", "s": "Sedimentary rocks record Earth's history and provide vital resources."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/igneous-rock/": {"t": "Igneous rock", "s": "One of the three main rock types, formed from cooling magma or lava."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sandstone/": {"t": "Sandstone", "s": "Clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized silicate grains.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/sandstone.webp", "c": "Douglas W. Jones · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/granite/": {"t": "Granite", "s": "A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, mica, and plagioclase.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/granite.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-russia/e/national-parks-of-russia/meshchyora-national-park/": {"t": "Meshchyora National Park", "s": "Wetland park in the Meshchera Lowlands, east of Moscow."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/brown-bear/": {"t": "Brown bear", "s": "Large omnivorous bear native to Eurasia and North America."}, "https://codexery.com/game-birds-and-waterfowl/e/game-birds-and-waterfowl/black-grouse/": {"t": "Black grouse", "s": "A large Palearctic grouse with lyre-shaped tail and elaborate lek displays."}, "https://codexery.com/birds-of-the-arctic/e/birds-of-the-arctic/lesser-white-fronted-goose/": {"t": "Lesser white-fronted goose", "s": "A small, endangered goose with a distinctive yellow eye-ring."}, "https://codexery.com/freshwater-fish/e/freshwater-fish/perch/": {"t": "Perch", "s": "True perch are freshwater fish of the genus Perca.", "i": "https://codexery.com/freshwater-fish/img/freshwater-fish/perch.webp", "c": "Originally uploaded to English Wikipedia by en:User:Hadal · via Wikipedia: Perch · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/oxbow-lake/": {"t": "Oxbow lake", "s": "U-shaped lake formed from a cut-off river meander.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/img/geomorphology/oxbow-lake.webp", "c": "Christine Johnstone · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vologda/": {"t": "Vologda", "s": "Historic Russian city and major transport hub."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/ferapontov-monastery/": {"t": "Ferapontov Monastery", "s": "Russian Orthodox monastery founded in 1398, famed for Dionisius frescoes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/img/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/ferapontov-monastery.webp", "c": "Vitold Muratov · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/northern-dvina/": {"t": "Northern Dvina", "s": "Major Arctic-bound river of northwestern Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/northern-dvina.webp", "c": "Alexxx1979 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland/": {"t": "Invasion of Poland", "s": "Joint invasion that started World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland.webp", "c": "The National Archives UK · No restrictions"}, "/e/russian-regions/republic-of-karelia/": {"t": "Republic of Karelia", "s": "A republic of Russia in the northwest, between Lake Ladoga and the White Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/voronezh/": {"t": "Voronezh", "s": "Russian city founded as a fort, later a key shipbuilding center."}, "/e/russian-regions/tambov-oblast/": {"t": "Tambov Oblast", "s": "Tambov Oblast: Heart of the Black Soil Region"}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/luhansk-oblast/": {"t": "Luhansk Oblast", "s": "Easternmost Ukrainian oblast, site of prolonged conflict since 2014."}, "https://codexery.com/musculoskeletal-system/e/musculoskeletal-system/tibia/": {"t": "Tibia", "s": "The larger, stronger shinbone connecting knee and ankle."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/power-engineering/": {"t": "Power engineering", "s": "The subfield of electrical engineering focused on generating, transmitting, distributing, and utilizing electric power."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/potato/": {"t": "Potato", "s": "A starchy tuber domesticated in the Andes, now a global staple."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/cattle/": {"t": "Cattle", "s": "Domesticated bovid ungulates raised for meat, dairy, and labor."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yaroslavl/": {"t": "Yaroslavl", "s": "Ancient city on the Volga, a World Heritage Site and key industrial hub of the Golden Ring."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/rail-transport/": {"t": "Rail transport", "s": "Wheeled vehicles on steel rails for efficient land transport."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/pine/": {"t": "Pine", "s": "Pines are evergreen conifers with needles in bundles and woody cones."}, "https://codexery.com/birds/e/birds/bird/": {"t": "Bird", "s": "Warm-blooded, feathered vertebrates that are the only living dinosaurs."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/gravel/": {"t": "Gravel", "s": "Loose rock fragments from nature and industry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/gravel.webp", "c": "Mnalis · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-folklore/e/russian-folklore/yuri-ii-of-vladimir/": {"t": "Yuri II of Vladimir", "s": "Grand Prince of Vladimir during the Mongol invasion."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/arkhangelsk/": {"t": "Arkhangelsk", "s": "Gateway to the Arctic and historic White Sea port."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}}