{"https://codexery.com/polish-inventions/e/polish-inventions/vodka/": {"t": "Vodka", "s": "A clear spirit with origins disputed between Poland and Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/saint-basil-s-cathedral/": {"t": "Saint Basil's Cathedral", "s": "Russian Orthodox cathedral on Red Square, built by Ivan the Terrible.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/saint-basil-s-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saint Basil's Cathedral · see source"}, "/e/russian-inventions/bird-of-happiness-toy/": {"t": "Bird of Happiness (toy)", "s": "North Russian wooden toy symbolizing family happiness and the sun."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/circle-of-fifths/": {"t": "Circle of fifths", "s": "A cycle of perfect fifths organizing pitch classes and key signatures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/img/music-theory-and-composition/circle-of-fifths.webp", "c": "Original: Watchduck You can name the author as \"T. Piesk\", \"Tilman Piesk\" or \"Wa · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-desserts/e/russian-desserts/tula-pryanik/": {"t": "Tula pryanik", "s": "A stamped Russian pryanik from Tula, known since 1685."}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/balalaika/": {"t": "Balalaika", "s": "Russian triangular stringed instrument used in folk music and orchestras."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/cast-iron/": {"t": "Cast iron", "s": "Iron-carbon alloy with >2% carbon, valued for castability."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-amber-room/": {"t": "The Amber Room", "s": "The lost Eighth Wonder of the World, reconstructed after decades."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/naval-mine/": {"t": "Naval mine", "s": "Explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy vessels."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/honey/": {"t": "Honey", "s": "Sweet substance produced by bees for colony nourishment."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/three-dimensional-space/": {"t": "Three-dimensional space", "s": "Three coordinates define a point in space."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/parallax/": {"t": "Parallax", "s": "Parallax measures distance through apparent shift in viewpoint."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/electron-microscope/": {"t": "Electron microscope", "s": "Uses electron beams for much higher resolution than light microscopes."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/patent/": {"t": "Patent", "s": "A legal right excluding others from an invention for a limited time."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/photography/": {"t": "Photography", "s": "Drawing with light: capturing images through chemical or electronic means."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/photographic-film/": {"t": "Photographic film", "s": "Light-sensitive medium for capturing photographic images."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/plane-wave/": {"t": "Plane wave", "s": "A wave model with constant value on perpendicular planes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/plane-wave.webp", "c": "Dave3457 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/charge-coupled-device/": {"t": "Charge-coupled device", "s": "An integrated circuit that converts light into electric charge for imaging."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/phase-retrieval/": {"t": "Phase retrieval", "s": "Algorithmic recovery of phase from amplitude measurements."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/salvador-dal/": {"t": "Salvador Dalí", "s": "Spanish surrealist master of striking and bizarre imagery", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/salvador-dal.webp", "c": "Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964. · via Wikipedia: Salvador Dalí · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/semiconductor/": {"t": "Semiconductor", "s": "Materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/pound-sterling/": {"t": "Pound sterling", "s": "The world's oldest currency in continuous use.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/pound-sterling.webp", "c": "Colonial Bank of Australasia (note), Heritage Auctions (image) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-induction/": {"t": "Electromagnetic induction", "s": "Production of emf across a conductor in a changing magnetic field."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/michael-faraday/": {"t": "Michael Faraday", "s": "English pioneer of electromagnetism and electrochemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-engineering/": {"t": "Electrical engineering", "s": "Discipline studying and applying electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromotive-force/": {"t": "Electromotive force", "s": "Energy per charge driving electric current, not a physical force."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/faraday-s-law-of-induction/": {"t": "Faraday's law of induction", "s": "Law describing how changing magnetic fields induce electric currents."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/alternating-current/": {"t": "Alternating current", "s": "Electric current that reverses direction and enables efficient power transmission."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electric-power-transmission/": {"t": "Electric power transmission", "s": "Bulk movement of electrical energy from generation to substations."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electric-power-distribution/": {"t": "Electric power distribution", "s": "Final stage delivering electricity from transmission to end users."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/inductance/": {"t": "Inductance", "s": "Inductance opposes changes in electric current via electromagnetic induction."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/lenz-s-law/": {"t": "Lenz's law", "s": "Induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/inductor/": {"t": "Inductor", "s": "Passive component that stores energy in a magnetic field."}, "/e/russian-inventions/arc-welding/": {"t": "Arc welding", "s": "Electric arc joins metals through heat from consumable or non-consumable electrodes."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/skin-effect/": {"t": "Skin effect", "s": "AC current concentrates near a conductor's surface, increasing resistance."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/traction-motor/": {"t": "Traction motor", "s": "Electric motor for vehicle propulsion, used since 1875.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/img/electric-motors/traction-motor.webp", "c": "N509FZ · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/eddy-current/": {"t": "Eddy current", "s": "Loops of current induced by changing magnetic fields in conductors."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/airline/": {"t": "Airline", "s": "Companies providing regular air transport for passengers or freight."}, "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/e/aircraft-components/fuselage/": {"t": "Fuselage", "s": "The fuselage is the main body section of an aircraft."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/the-wright-brothers/": {"t": "The Wright brothers", "s": "American aviation pioneers who invented, built, and flew the world's first successful airplane."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/montevideo/": {"t": "Montevideo", "s": "Capital and largest city of Uruguay, founded in 1726.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/montevideo.webp", "c": "JacobinoWunsh · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/conifers/e/conifers/picea/": {"t": "Picea", "s": "A genus of conifers vital for timber, paper, and cultural uses."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/kent/": {"t": "Kent", "s": "The Garden of England"}, "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/e/aircraft-components/cockpit/": {"t": "Cockpit", "s": "The front area from which a pilot controls an aircraft.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/img/aircraft-components/cockpit.webp", "c": "Cjp24 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/airliners/e/airliners/de-havilland-comet/": {"t": "de Havilland Comet", "s": "The world's first commercial jet airliner", "i": "https://codexery.com/airliners/img/airliners/de-havilland-comet.webp", "c": "charner1963 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/exothermic-reaction/": {"t": "Exothermic reaction", "s": "A reaction with negative standard enthalpy change, releasing heat."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/railway-track/": {"t": "Railway track", "s": "Railway track (permanent way) is the structure of rails, sleepers, ballast, and subgrade that provides a low-friction surface for steel wheels."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/cinematography/": {"t": "Cinematography", "s": "Art of capturing and projecting moving images."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/sound/": {"t": "Sound", "s": "Mechanical wave propagating through an elastic medium."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/optical-disc/": {"t": "Optical disc", "s": "Flat disc storing data via physical variations read by light."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin/": {"t": "Alexander Scriabin", "s": "Russian composer and pianist, innovator of dissonant musical language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Scriabin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andrei-tarkovsky/": {"t": "Andrei Tarkovsky", "s": "A Soviet film director known for spiritual, slow-paced cinema."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-language-science-fiction-films/e/russian-language-science-fiction-films/solaris-1972-film/": {"t": "Solaris (1972 film)", "s": "A psychologist confronts mysterious phenomena on a space station."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/ambient-music/": {"t": "Ambient music", "s": "A genre emphasizing tone and atmosphere, named by Brian Eno in the mid-1970s.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/ambient-music.webp", "c": "Akos Kokai · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/state-owned-record-labels/e/state-owned-record-labels/melodiya/": {"t": "Melodiya", "s": "State-owned Soviet record label established in 1964."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/microsoft-windows/": {"t": "Microsoft Windows", "s": "Proprietary operating system by Microsoft, dominant on desktops since the 1990s."}, "https://codexery.com/finnish-inventions/e/finnish-inventions/linux/": {"t": "Linux", "s": "Free and open-source Unix-like operating system family."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/android-operating-system/": {"t": "Android (operating system)", "s": "The world's most widely used operating system, powering billions of devices."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-peripherals/e/computer-peripherals/midi-controller/": {"t": "MIDI controller", "s": "An input device that sends MIDI data to external sound sources."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/luminance/": {"t": "Luminance", "s": "Photometric measure of luminous intensity per unit area in a given direction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/luminance.webp", "c": "Myself · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/internet-culture-and-platforms/e/internet-culture-and-platforms/github/": {"t": "GitHub", "s": "World's largest source code host, acquired by Microsoft in 2018."}, "https://codexery.com/traumatology/e/traumatology/traumatology/": {"t": "Traumatology", "s": "The study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or violence, and their surgical repair."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/bone/": {"t": "Bone", "s": "Bones are rigid organs forming the vertebrate skeleton.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/bone.webp", "c": "Donvikro · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/volgograd/": {"t": "Volgograd", "s": "City on the Volga, hero of Stalingrad."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrode/": {"t": "Electrode", "s": "Electrodes are conductors contacting nonmetallic circuit parts in cells."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/direct-current/": {"t": "Direct current", "s": "Direct current flows in one constant direction."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nickel/": {"t": "Nickel", "s": "Silvery-white metal, ferromagnetic, key to stainless steel and batteries."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/plasma-physics/": {"t": "Plasma (physics)", "s": "Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gas."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "/e/russian-inventions/carbon-arc-welding/": {"t": "Carbon arc welding", "s": "First arc-welding process, now largely replaced by other methods."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/niobium/": {"t": "Niobium", "s": "A transition metal with superconducting and alloy-strengthening properties."}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/corrosion/": {"t": "Corrosion", "s": "Natural process converting refined metals into stable oxides.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/corrosion.webp", "c": "Engr Hafiza Maida · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/leather/": {"t": "Leather", "s": "A durable material made from tanned animal hides."}, "https://codexery.com/clothing-and-accessories/e/clothing-and-accessories/glove/": {"t": "Glove", "s": "Covering hands with history, protection, and style."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/humphry-davy/": {"t": "Humphry Davy", "s": "British chemist and inventor of the Davy lamp, pioneer of electrochemistry"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/e/construction-and-engineering/shipbuilding/": {"t": "Shipbuilding", "s": "The construction of ships and other floating vessels, from ancient rafts to modern steel vessels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/img/construction-and-engineering/shipbuilding.webp", "c": "Fengyun Shi/ FBI · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/gunpowder/e/gunpowder/shell-projectile/": {"t": "Shell (projectile)", "s": "A projectile with explosive, incendiary, or chemical filling fired from artillery."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/american-civil-war/e/american-civil-war/confederate-states-of-america/": {"t": "Confederate States of America", "s": "Unrecognized republic of 11 Southern states during the American Civil War."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metallurgy/": {"t": "Metallurgy", "s": "The science and technology of metals and alloys."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "First Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Conflict between Qing China and Japan over influence in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula/": {"t": "Liaodong Peninsula", "s": "Strategic peninsula in Northeast China, site of major wars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/img/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/e/aircraft-components/sponson/": {"t": "Sponson", "s": "Projections from vehicles for stability, storage, or armament mounting.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/img/aircraft-components/sponson.webp", "c": "Lowe, Jet · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/soviet-inventions/e/soviet-inventions/5-45-39mm/": {"t": "5.45×39mm", "s": "The Soviet 5.45×39 mm cartridge: a lightweight, high-velocity intermediate round introduced in 1974 with the AK-74."}, "https://codexery.com/soviet-inventions/e/soviet-inventions/aps-underwater-rifle/": {"t": "APS underwater rifle", "s": "Soviet underwater assault rifle firing a long steel bolt from a rifled barrel."}, "https://codexery.com/assault-rifles/e/assault-rifles/ak-74/": {"t": "AK-74", "s": "Soviet assault rifle chambered for the 5.45×39mm cartridge."}, "https://codexery.com/kalashnikov-izhevsk-and-tula-firearms/e/kalashnikov-izhevsk-and-tula-firearms/gp-25/": {"t": "GP-25", "s": "Soviet 40 mm under-barrel grenade launcher adopted in 1978."}, "https://codexery.com/grenade-launchers/e/grenade-launchers/grenade-launcher/": {"t": "Grenade launcher", "s": "A firearm launching large-caliber explosive or chemical projectiles."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/vulgar-latin/": {"t": "Vulgar Latin", "s": "Non-formal Latin registers that evolved into Romance languages."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs/": {"t": "East Slavs", "s": "East Slavs formed Kievan Rus' and modern Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East Slavs · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/antarctica/": {"t": "Antarctica", "s": "Earth's southernmost, coldest, and least-populated continent."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/oak/": {"t": "Oak", "s": "Hardwood trees and shrubs of the genus Quercus, keystone species across the Northern Hemisphere."}, "https://codexery.com/tree-species/e/tree-species/eucalyptus/": {"t": "Eucalyptus", "s": "The gum tree genus with over 700 species, known for its distinctive operculum and oil-rich leaves."}, "https://codexery.com/magic-items/e/magic-items/besom/": {"t": "Besom", "s": "A traditional twig broom with cultural and occult associations."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "s": "Native peoples of the Americas with diverse cultures and languages."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-recreation/e/sports-and-recreation/board-game/": {"t": "Board game", "s": "Tabletop game using pieces on a patterned board."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/emanuel-lasker/": {"t": "Emanuel Lasker", "s": "Second World Chess Champion, held title for 27 years; won the championship once and defended it six times."}, "https://codexery.com/combinatorics/e/combinatorics/combinatorics/": {"t": "Combinatorics", "s": "Mathematics of counting, arrangement, and optimization in finite systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/combinatorics/img/combinatorics/combinatorics.webp", "c": "Dom walden · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/timbre/": {"t": "Timbre", "s": "Timbre distinguishes sounds by source, even at same pitch and volume."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/classical-music/": {"t": "Classical music", "s": "Western art music tradition emphasizing formality and polyphony."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-recreation/e/sports-and-recreation/toy/": {"t": "Toy", "s": "Objects providing entertainment, with prehistoric origins and developmental benefits."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/white-sea/": {"t": "White Sea", "s": "Southern inlet of the Barents Sea, key to Russian maritime trade."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-compound/": {"t": "Chemical compound", "s": "Substance of multiple elements bonded in fixed proportions."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/e/chemical-substances-and-materials/phenol/": {"t": "Phenol", "s": "Aromatic compound essential for plastics, drugs, and explosives."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/acetone/": {"t": "Acetone", "s": "Simplest ketone, key solvent and industrial precursor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/acetone.webp", "c": "Fvasconcellos · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polycarbonate/": {"t": "Polycarbonate", "s": "A versatile thermoplastic with high impact resistance and optical clarity."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polyvinyl-chloride/": {"t": "Polyvinyl chloride", "s": "Third-most produced synthetic plastic, used in pipes and flexible goods."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polyurethane/": {"t": "Polyurethane", "s": "A versatile class of polymers with wide-ranging applications."}, "https://codexery.com/reproductive-biology/e/reproductive-biology/estrogen/": {"t": "Estrogen", "s": "Sex hormone regulating female reproduction and secondary sex characteristics."}, "https://codexery.com/organizations-associated-with-the/e/organizations-associated-with-the-covid-19-pandemic/world-health-organization/": {"t": "World Health Organization", "s": "UN agency coordinating global health responses and standards."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/general-electric/": {"t": "General Electric", "s": "American conglomerate formed from Edison and Thomson-Houston merger in 1892."}, "https://codexery.com/reproductive-biology/e/reproductive-biology/estradiol/": {"t": "Estradiol", "s": "Major female sex hormone with roles in reproduction, bone, and brain."}, "https://codexery.com/teratogens/e/teratogens/diethylstilbestrol/": {"t": "Diethylstilbestrol", "s": "Synthetic estrogen linked to in utero carcinogenic and reproductive harm."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrochloric-acid/": {"t": "Hydrochloric acid", "s": "A strong acid essential in digestion, industry, and laboratory chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moscow-oblast/": {"t": "Moscow Oblast", "s": "A densely populated, highly industrialized federal subject of Russia, surrounding but not including the federal city of Moscow."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/flowering-plant/": {"t": "Flowering plant", "s": "Flowering plants dominate land habitats and sustain human agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/eudicots/": {"t": "Eudicots", "s": "Eudicots are flowering plants with tricolpate pollen and two cotyledons."}, "https://codexery.com/flowering-plant-families/e/flowering-plant-families/brassicaceae/": {"t": "Brassicaceae", "s": "A family of flowering plants including mustards, cabbages, and Arabidopsis."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/chromosome/": {"t": "Chromosome", "s": "A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism."}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/painters-and-visual-artists/viktor-vasnetsov/": {"t": "Viktor Vasnetsov", "s": "Russian painter of folklore, myth and history, a founding figure of the Russian Revivalist style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/img/painters-and-visual-artists/viktor-vasnetsov.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Viktor Vasnetsov · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/revolvers/e/revolvers/nagant-m1895/": {"t": "Nagant M1895", "s": "A seven-shot gas-seal revolver designed for the Russian Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/fn-heckler-koch-sig-and-mauser-firearms/e/fn-heckler-and-koch-sig-and-mauser-firearms/mauser-c96/": {"t": "Mauser C96", "s": "A distinctive semi-automatic pistol with a box magazine and broomhandle grip."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-clothing/e/iranian-clothing/bashlyk/": {"t": "Bashlyk", "s": "Cone-shaped hooded headdress of Turkic and Cossack tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-variants/e/chess-variants/chess-variant/": {"t": "Chess variant", "s": "A board game derived from or inspired by orthodox chess."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/natural-selection/": {"t": "Natural selection", "s": "The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in fitness."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/cognitive-psychology/": {"t": "Cognitive psychology", "s": "Scientific study of human mental processes, emerging from the cognitive revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/cognitive-psychology.webp", "c": "Jtneill · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/comprehensive-school/": {"t": "Comprehensive school", "s": "Non-selective secondary school for all pupils."}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/blood-transfusion/": {"t": "Blood transfusion", "s": "Intravenous transfer of blood components to treat medical conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/polish-inventors/e/polish-inventors/stanis-aw-olszewski/": {"t": "Stanisław Olszewski", "s": "Polish engineer and co-inventor of arc welding."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/particle-detector/": {"t": "Particle detector", "s": "Device that detects, tracks, and identifies ionizing particles."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nuclear-physics/": {"t": "Nuclear physics", "s": "Study of atomic nuclei and their interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmic-ray/": {"t": "Cosmic ray", "s": "High-energy particles from space, discovered via balloon flights in 1912.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/cosmic-ray.webp", "c": "Vahram Mekhitarian · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/particle-physics/": {"t": "Particle physics", "s": "Study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refractive-index/": {"t": "Refractive index", "s": "Ratio of light speed in vacuum to that in a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/polarization-waves/": {"t": "Polarization (waves)", "s": "Property of transverse waves specifying oscillation orientation."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/muon/": {"t": "Muon", "s": "A heavy electron that reshaped particle physics."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/rail-transport/": {"t": "Rail transport", "s": "Wheeled vehicles on steel rails for efficient land transport."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/e/psychologists-and-education-theorists/ivan-pavlov/": {"t": "Ivan Pavlov", "s": "Russian physiologist known for classical conditioning and Nobel Prize-winning digestion research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/img/psychologists-and-education-theorists/ivan-pavlov.webp", "c": "Vibha C Kashyap · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/behaviorism/": {"t": "Behaviorism", "s": "Systematic approach focusing on observable behavior and environmental events.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/behaviorism.webp", "c": "Tekks · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/psychoactive-drug/": {"t": "Psychoactive drug", "s": "Substances that alter brain function and consciousness across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-behavior/e/animal-behavior/animal-cognition/": {"t": "Animal cognition", "s": "Study of mental capacities in non-human animals."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/central-nervous-system/": {"t": "Central nervous system", "s": "Central nervous system integrates and coordinates body activity."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/machine-learning/": {"t": "Machine learning", "s": "Statistical algorithms that learn from data without explicit programming."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cerebellum/": {"t": "Cerebellum", "s": "The cerebellum fine-tunes movement and supports cognitive functions."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/brainstem/": {"t": "Brainstem", "s": "Posterior brain part connecting cerebrum to spinal cord.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/brainstem.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mind-control/e/mind-control/aversion-therapy/": {"t": "Aversion therapy", "s": "Pairs unwanted behavior with unpleasant stimuli to reduce it."}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/humanistic-psychology/": {"t": "Humanistic psychology", "s": "A psychological perspective emphasizing human potential and holistic understanding."}, "https://codexery.com/coffee/e/coffee/coffee/": {"t": "Coffee", "s": "A dark, bitter beverage with a global history and stimulating effects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/coffee/img/coffee/coffee.webp", "c": "Bex Walton · via Wikipedia: Coffee · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/games-and-recreation/e/games-and-recreation/puzzle/": {"t": "Puzzle", "s": "A puzzle tests ingenuity through logical assembly or disassembly."}, "https://codexery.com/puzzle-video-games/e/puzzle-video-games/puzzle-video-game/": {"t": "Puzzle video game", "s": "Puzzle video games emphasize logic, pattern recognition, and problem-solving.", "i": "https://codexery.com/puzzle-video-games/img/puzzle-video-games/puzzle-video-game.webp", "c": "Mobigame · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/casual-games/e/casual-games/cut-the-rope-video-game/": {"t": "Cut the Rope (video game)", "s": "A physics-based puzzle game about feeding candy to a monster."}, "https://codexery.com/casual-games/e/casual-games/cut-the-rope-time-travel/": {"t": "Cut the Rope: Time Travel", "s": "Om Nom travels through time to feed his ancestors."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/nintendo-3ds/": {"t": "Nintendo 3DS", "s": "A handheld console introducing glasses-free 3D gaming."}, "https://codexery.com/bandai-namco-entertainment-franchises/e/bandai-namco-entertainment-franchises/tamagotchi/": {"t": "Tamagotchi", "s": "Egg-shaped virtual pet that became a global toy phenomenon."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/fictional-universe/": {"t": "Fictional universe", "s": "Internally consistent setting for narratives and art."}, "https://codexery.com/animated-television-series-without-speec/e/animated-television-series-without-speech/om-nom-stories/": {"t": "Om Nom Stories", "s": "An animated web series following Om Nom's daily adventures."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/nintendo-switch/": {"t": "Nintendo Switch", "s": "A hybrid console that switches between home and portable play."}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/design-and-digital-arts/3d-computer-graphics/": {"t": "3D computer graphics", "s": "3D computer graphics use geometric data to render digital images."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/compass/": {"t": "Compass", "s": "Instrument indicating direction relative to geographic cardinal points."}, "https://codexery.com/gaming-mechanics-design/e/gaming-mechanics-and-design/game-mechanics/": {"t": "Game mechanics", "s": "Rules and ludemes that guide player actions and game responses."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/mcdonald-s/": {"t": "McDonald's", "s": "The company has faced criticism concerning the nutritional content of its food, treatment of animals, environmental impact, and employee wages and working condi", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations/img/corporations/mcdonald-s.webp", "c": "Dinkun Chen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/metric-system/": {"t": "Metric system", "s": "A decimal-based system of measurement standardising base units and prefixes."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/currencies-of-the-british-empire/e/currencies-of-the-british-empire/cypriot-pound/": {"t": "Cypriot pound", "s": "It was introduced at par with the pound sterling and remained pegged to sterling until 1972."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/republic-of-ireland/": {"t": "Republic of Ireland", "s": "The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Northwestern Europe, occupying 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland."}, "https://codexery.com/currencies-of-the-british-empire/e/currencies-of-the-british-empire/irish-pound/": {"t": "Irish pound", "s": "Its ISO 4217 code was IEP, and its symbol was £ (or IR£ for distinction)."}, "https://codexery.com/currencies-of-the-british-empire/e/currencies-of-the-british-empire/maltese-lira/": {"t": "Maltese lira", "s": "Currency of Malta from 1972 to 2007, replaced by the euro."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution/": {"t": "American Revolution", "s": "Political movement that created the sovereign United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: American Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/currencies-of-the-british-empire/e/currencies-of-the-british-empire/canadian-dollar/": {"t": "Canadian dollar", "s": "Fifth-most held reserve currency, used in Canada."}, "https://codexery.com/currencies-of-the-british-empire/e/currencies-of-the-british-empire/australian-pound/": {"t": "Australian pound", "s": "It split into 20 shillings (s), each worth 12 pence (d), with a slash dividing the units."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/x-ray-diffraction/": {"t": "X-ray diffraction", "s": "Elastic scattering of X-rays by electrons produces diffraction patterns."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/diamond-cubic/": {"t": "Diamond cubic", "s": "A crystal structure of 8 atoms adopted by diamond and group 14 elements."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystal-twinning/": {"t": "Crystal twinning", "s": "Symmetrical intergrowth of crystals sharing lattice points."}}