{"https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/republic/": {"t": "Republic", "s": "A state where political power rests with the people."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/kalmykia/": {"t": "Kalmykia", "s": "The Buddhist heart of Europe on the Caspian steppe."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/chechnya/": {"t": "Chechnya", "s": "A republic of Russia in the North Caucasus, home to the Chechen people."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/stavropol-krai/": {"t": "Stavropol Krai", "s": "A multi-ethnic krai in the North Caucasus, home to the Kuban Cossacks and the birthplace of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/derbent/": {"t": "Derbent", "s": "The southernmost city in Russia, a historic gateway between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkic-languages/": {"t": "Turkic languages", "s": "The Turkic languages form a family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast stretch of Eurasia—from Southeastern and Eastern Euro"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/russian-language/": {"t": "Russian language", "s": "An East Slavic language of the Indo-European family, native to Russia and widely spoken across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/coast/": {"t": "Coast", "s": "Coasts are dynamic boundaries between land and sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/coast.webp", "c": "Syced · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/caucasus-mountains/": {"t": "Caucasus Mountains", "s": "Mountain range at the Asia-Europe border, home to Europe's highest peak."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/petroleum/": {"t": "Petroleum", "s": "A fossil fuel central to modern industry and climate change."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire/": {"t": "Sasanian Empire", "s": "Iranian empire lasting from 224 to 651 AD.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aztec Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/safavid-dynasty/": {"t": "Safavid dynasty", "s": "Iranian dynasty that established Twelver Shi'ism as state religion."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878/": {"t": "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)", "s": "War that freed Balkan states and shifted Black Sea power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/ingushetia/": {"t": "Ingushetia", "s": "The smallest republic of Russia, home to the Ingush people, with a complex history and the highest life expectancy in the country."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/parliament/": {"t": "Parliament", "s": "A legislature representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing government."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/kumyks/": {"t": "Kumyks", "s": "Largest Turkic people of the North Caucasus"}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/life-expectancy/": {"t": "Life expectancy", "s": "A statistical measure of average remaining years of life at a given age, most commonly at birth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/img/human-variation-and-health/life-expectancy.webp", "c": "Lady3mlnm · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Russian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church tracing origins to 988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/atheism/": {"t": "Atheism", "s": "Atheism is the absence or rejection of belief in deities."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/north-ossetia/": {"t": "North Ossetia", "s": "A republic in the North Caucasus, home to the Ossetian people and the capital Vladikavkaz."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/georgian-language/": {"t": "Georgian language", "s": "The official language of Georgia, spoken by about 3.8 million people."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/dagestan/": {"t": "Dagestan", "s": "Land of the Mountains"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vladikavkaz/": {"t": "Vladikavkaz", "s": "Capital of North Ossetia–Alania, at the foothills of the Caucasus."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/kabardino-balkaria/": {"t": "Kabardino-Balkaria", "s": "Home of Mount Elbrus, Europe's highest peak, in the North Caucasus."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/jihad/": {"t": "Jihad", "s": "Islamic concept of striving in God's path, with spiritual and martial dimensions."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/genocide/": {"t": "Genocide", "s": "The intentional destruction of a human group, in whole or in part.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/genocide.webp", "c": "Aleksey Chalabyan (a.k.a. Xelgen) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/grozny/": {"t": "Grozny", "s": "The fearsome fortress on the Sunzha, oil heart of the Caucasus."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/elbrus/": {"t": "Elbrus", "s": "Highest peak in Russia and Europe, a dormant stratovolcano."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/molybdenum/": {"t": "Molybdenum", "s": "Molybdenum is a transition metal essential for life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/procopius/": {"t": "Procopius", "s": "Principal historian of the 6th century, chronicler of Justinian's wars and scandals."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/ecumenical-patriarchate-of-constantinople/": {"t": "Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople", "s": "First among equals in Eastern Orthodox Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/diocese/": {"t": "Diocese", "s": "Ecclesiastical district under a bishop's jurisdiction."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/romani-people/": {"t": "Romani people", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnic group with nomadic traditions and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/jehovah-s-witnesses/": {"t": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "s": "A nontrinitarian, millenarian Christian denomination known for evangelism, refusal of military service and blood transfusions, and shunning of former members."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/vajrayana/": {"t": "Vajrayana", "s": "A Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition emphasizing esoteric practices for rapid enlightenment."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tibetan-buddhism/": {"t": "Tibetan Buddhism", "s": "Tibetan Buddhism: A Mahayana tradition preserving Indian tantric practices and native developments, with four major schools and a non-sectarian Rimé movement."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/gelug/": {"t": "Gelug", "s": "Youngest major school of Tibetan Buddhism, founded by Je Tsongkhapa."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/e/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/kagyu/": {"t": "Kagyu", "s": "One of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/img/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/kagyu.webp", "c": "Michael Eisenriegler · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/yamnaya-culture/": {"t": "Yamnaya culture", "s": "Steppe herders of the late Copper Age and early Bronze Age, widely linked to the first Indo-European speakers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/yamnaya-culture.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yamnaya culture · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-scythians/": {"t": "The Scythians", "s": "Ancient Iranic nomads who dominated the Pontic Steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sarmatians/": {"t": "Sarmatians", "s": "Iranian equestrian nomads who dominated the Pontic steppe for nearly a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs/": {"t": "East Slavs", "s": "East Slavs formed Kievan Rus' and modern Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East Slavs · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/irtysh/": {"t": "Irtysh", "s": "Longest tributary river in the world, flowing through three countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/irtysh.webp", "c": "Sibom · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/astrakhan/": {"t": "Astrakhan", "s": "The southernmost outpost of Russia and the Caspian capital."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river/": {"t": "Don (river)", "s": "Fifth-longest river in Europe, key Byzantine trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river.webp", "c": "High Contrast · via Wikipedia: Don (river) · CC BY-SA 2.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/ural-river/": {"t": "Ural (river)", "s": "River forming the Europe-Asia boundary, third-longest in Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/ural-river.webp", "c": "Deniska000 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/dalai-lama/": {"t": "Dalai Lama", "s": "Spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and historical symbol of Tibetan unity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin/": {"t": "Vladimir Lenin", "s": "First head of Soviet Russia and founder of Leninism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin · see source"}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/karelia/": {"t": "Karelia", "s": "A historical region divided between Russia and Finland, known for its lakes, cultural heritage, and contested past."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-partisans/": {"t": "Soviet partisans", "s": "Guerrilla fighters coordinated by the Soviet government against Axis forces in WWII.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-partisans.webp", "c": "Galvm · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/kremlin/": {"t": "Kremlin", "s": "Fortified complex in Moscow, seat of Russian government."}, "https://codexery.com/turkic-mythology/e/turkic-mythology/tengrism/": {"t": "Tengrism", "s": "Steppe belief system centered on the sky god Tengri."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/boris-yeltsin/": {"t": "Boris Yeltsin", "s": "Soviet politician and reform leader who visited the US in 1989.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/boris-yeltsin.webp", "c": "Presidential Press and Information Office · via Wikipedia: Boris Yeltsin · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/bta-6/": {"t": "BTA-6", "s": "World's largest telescope from 1975 to 1990, pioneering altazimuth mount."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/special-astrophysical-observatory-of-the-russian-academy-of-science/": {"t": "Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science", "s": "Russian observatory with the BTA-6 optical and RATAN-600 radio telescopes."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/northern-europe/": {"t": "Northern Europe", "s": "A diverse region of northern Europe defined by geography, climate, and multiple classification systems."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/republic-of-karelia/": {"t": "Republic of Karelia", "s": "A republic of Russia in the northwest, between Lake Ladoga and the White Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/lutheranism/": {"t": "Lutheranism", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism arising from Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/white-sea/": {"t": "White Sea", "s": "Southern inlet of the Barents Sea, key to Russian maritime trade."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-ladoga/": {"t": "Lake Ladoga", "s": "Europe's largest lake, rich in history and wildlife.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-ladoga.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Ladoga · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-onega/": {"t": "Lake Onega", "s": "Second-largest lake in Europe, rich in islands, petroglyphs, and wooden architecture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-onega.webp", "c": "Antonio Bonanno from Milan (Italy), Italy · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/ingria/": {"t": "Ingria", "s": "Historical region on the Gulf of Finland, never a separate state."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/neva/": {"t": "Neva", "s": "River in northwestern Russia, fourth-largest in Europe by discharge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/neva.webp", "c": "Deror_avi · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/karelians/": {"t": "Karelians", "s": "Baltic Finnic people indigenous to Karelia, split between Finland and Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/vyborg/": {"t": "Vyborg", "s": "Medieval fortress town on the Karelian Isthmus with a contested history."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-finland/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "s": "Autonomous grand duchy that preceded modern Finland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-finland.webp", "c": "Ориенталист · via Wikipedia: Grand Duchy of Finland · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/finnish-language/": {"t": "Finnish language", "s": "A Finnic language of the Uralic family, spoken by millions in Finland and diaspora communities."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/kizhi-pogost/": {"t": "Kizhi Pogost", "s": "A wooden architectural ensemble on Kizhi Island, Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-inventions/e/russian-inventions/banya-sauna/": {"t": "Banya (sauna)", "s": "Traditional Russian steam bath with wood stove and venik ritual."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/jean-sibelius/": {"t": "Jean Sibelius", "s": "Finnish composer of the late Romantic and early modern periods, known for his seven symphonies and works like Finlandia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/jean-sibelius.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jean Sibelius · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/national-park/": {"t": "National park", "s": "Preserving wild nature for posterity and national pride."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/abakan/": {"t": "Abakan", "s": "Capital of Khakassia at the confluence of the Yenisei and Abakan Rivers."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/krasnoyarsk-krai/": {"t": "Krasnoyarsk Krai", "s": "Largest krai in Russia, spanning Siberia from Arctic to mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yenisei/": {"t": "Yenisei", "s": "Fifth-longest river system, largest Arctic Ocean tributary."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/trains/e/legendary-trains/the-trans-siberian-railway/": {"t": "The Trans-Siberian Railway", "s": "The longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to Vladivostok across eight time zones.", "i": "https://codexery.com/trains/img/legendary-trains/the-trans-siberian-railway.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/perm-krai/": {"t": "Perm Krai", "s": "A krai in Eastern Europe, formed in 2005 from the merger of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/east-european-plain/": {"t": "East European Plain", "s": "Vast interior plain spanning much of Eastern Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/east-european-plain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East European Plain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/pechora-river/": {"t": "Pechora (river)", "s": "Sixth-longest European river, third by discharge, with no dams."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/tatarstan/": {"t": "Tatarstan", "s": "A republic of Russia in Eastern Europe, rich in oil and history."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/chuvashia/": {"t": "Chuvashia", "s": "A republic in Eastern Europe, homeland of the Chuvash people, known for its Volga rivers, hop-growing, and high rate of osteopetrosis."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/khanate-of-kazan/": {"t": "Khanate of Kazan", "s": "Tatar successor state of the Golden Horde, conquered by Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/khanate-of-kazan.webp", "c": "Anonymous Russian manuscript illuminators, 1560-1570s Facial Chronicle (Illustra · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/voronezh-oblast/": {"t": "Voronezh Oblast", "s": "Central Russian oblast with rich agricultural and industrial heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/persecution/": {"t": "Persecution", "s": "Persecution is mistreatment directed at individuals or groups."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/cyrillic-script/": {"t": "Cyrillic script", "s": "Third official script of the European Union.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/cyrillic-script.webp", "c": "Crissov , Gojdo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cuisine/e/russian-cuisine/mordovian-cuisine/": {"t": "Mordovian cuisine", "s": "Traditional cuisine of the Mordovians, featuring fish and grains."}, "https://codexery.com/gymnastics/e/gymnastics/alexei-nemov/": {"t": "Alexei Nemov", "s": "Russian artistic gymnast with five world championships, three European championships, and twelve Olympic medals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gymnastics/img/gymnastics/alexei-nemov.webp", "c": "Рустем Кадыров · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/uralic-languages/": {"t": "Uralic 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{"t": "Ethnic religion", "s": "Religion tied to a specific ethnic group."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/al-masudi/": {"t": "Al-Masudi", "s": "Polymath historian and geographer of the Abbasid world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/al-masudi.webp", "c": "Hubertl · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/genghis-khan/": {"t": "Genghis Khan", "s": "Temüjin, the steppe chieftain's son who united the Mongols and founded their empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/lore/genghis-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Genghis Khan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/drainage-basin/": {"t": "Drainage basin", "s": "A land area where surface water converges to a single outlet."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/zinc/": {"t": "Zinc", "s": "The essential trace element with a shiny blue whitish appearance."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lead/": {"t": "Lead", "s": "Heavy metal with stable isotopes and historical industrial use."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-and-alpine-reserves/e/mountain-and-alpine-reserves/dolomites/": {"t": "Dolomites", "s": "The Dolomites, also known as the Pale Mountains, are a mountain range in northeastern Italy, forming part of the Southern Limestone Alps."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/marble/": {"t": "Marble", "s": "Metamorphic rock prized for sculpture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/gravel/": {"t": "Gravel", "s": "Loose rock fragments from nature and industry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/gravel.webp", "c": "Mnalis · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/mari-el/": {"t": "Mari El", "s": "A Russian republic for the indigenous Mari people."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/udmurtia/": {"t": "Udmurtia", "s": "A republic of Russia in Eastern Europe, part of the Volga Federal District, with capital Izhevsk."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/ulyanovsk-oblast/": {"t": "Ulyanovsk Oblast", "s": "A Volga region oblast with rich history, diverse landscapes, and a continental climate."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/oak/": {"t": "Oak", "s": "Hardwood trees and shrubs of the genus Quercus, keystone species across the Northern Hemisphere."}, "https://codexery.com/conifers-and-gymnosperms/e/conifers-and-gymnosperms/pinus-sylvestris/": {"t": "Pinus sylvestris", "s": "A resilient Eurasian pine with distinctive orange-red bark."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eurasia/": {"t": "Eurasia", "s": "The largest continental area on Earth, spanning Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/batu-khan/": {"t": "Batu Khan", "s": "Founder of the Golden Horde and conqueror of Eastern Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-russia/": {"t": "Government of Russia", "s": "Highest federal executive body of the Russian Federation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-russia.webp", "c": "The Government Bank of the Russian Republic. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/eid-al-fitr/": {"t": "Eid al-Fitr", "s": "First of Islam's two main festivals, ending Ramadan fasting."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/salafi-movement/": {"t": "Salafi movement", "s": "A late 19th-century Islamic renewal movement emphasizing the salaf."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/wahhabism/": {"t": "Wahhabism", "s": "Salafi revivalist movement from 18th-century Najd."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution/": {"t": "Constitution", "s": "The fundamental principles that govern a polity."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/izhevsk/": {"t": "Izhevsk", "s": "Armory Capital of Russia and City of Labor Glory"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/e/military-conflicts-and-wars/first-chechen-war/": {"t": "First Chechen War", "s": "The conflict resulted in massive civilian casualties and displacement, and it highlighted the fragility of post-Soviet federal relations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/img/military-conflicts-and-wars/first-chechen-war.webp", "c": "Metallist-99 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/emperor-of-russia/": {"t": "Emperor of Russia", "s": "Autocratic monarch of the Russian Empire 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"https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/sarai-city/": {"t": "Sarai (city)", "s": "Capital of the Golden Horde on the lower Volga.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/sarai-city.webp", "c": "Faqscl · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/turkic-mythology/e/turkic-mythology/vattisen-yaly/": {"t": "Vattisen Yaly", "s": "Contemporary revival of Chuvash ancestral religion."}, "https://codexery.com/herbs-spices/e/herbs-and-spices/hops/": {"t": "Hops", "s": "Flowers of Humulus lupulus used to bitter and preserve beer."}, "https://codexery.com/brewing-processes/e/brewing-processes/beer/": {"t": "Beer", "s": "One of the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic drinks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brewing-processes/img/brewing-processes/beer.webp", "c": "Calebhsimone · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/brewing-processes/e/brewing-processes/brewing/": {"t": "Brewing", "s": "Brewing is the production of beer by steeping starch and fermenting with yeast.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brewing-processes/img/brewing-processes/brewing.webp", "c": "Amandine André · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-engineering/": {"t": "Electrical engineering", "s": "Discipline studying and applying electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metalworking/": {"t": "Metalworking", "s": "Shaping metals from prehistory to modern precision industry."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/electricity-generation/": {"t": "Electricity generation", "s": "Conversion of primary energy into electric power for end use.", "i": "https://codexery.com/power-generation/img/power-generation/electricity-generation.webp", "c": "RCraig09 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/volgograd/": {"t": "Volgograd", "s": "City on the Volga, hero of Stalingrad."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/barnaul/": {"t": "Barnaul", "s": "The silver capital of Siberia, where history and industry meet the Ob River."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/novosibirsk-oblast/": {"t": "Novosibirsk Oblast", "s": "The third-largest city in Russia, Novosibirsk, is the heart of this Siberian oblast."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/altai-mountains/": {"t": "Altai Mountains", "s": "Central Asian mountain range where four nations converge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/altai-mountains.webp", "c": "Rudyologist · via Wikipedia: Altai Mountains · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/human-evolution/e/human-evolution/denisovan/": {"t": "Denisovan", "s": "Archaic humans known mainly from DNA, spanning Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/nomad/": {"t": "Nomad", "s": "Mobile communities moving for food, pasture, or trade."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/dzungar-khanate/": {"t": "Dzungar Khanate", "s": "Last nomadic empire of the Oirat Mongols, spanning Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/population-transfer-in-the-soviet-union/": {"t": "Population transfer in the Soviet Union", "s": "Forced relocations of millions under Stalin and Beria."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/manganese/": {"t": "Manganese", "s": "Hard, brittle metal essential in alloys and human nutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/bigcats/e/big-cats/snow-leopard/": {"t": "Snow leopard", "s": "A solitary, high-altitude carnivore of Asian mountain ranges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bigcats/img/big-cats/snow-leopard.webp", "c": "Gregory Moine · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/legislature/": {"t": "Legislature", "s": "A deliberative assembly with authority to make law."}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/coke-fuel/": {"t": "Coke (fuel)", "s": "A smokeless coal-based fuel essential for iron smelting."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/novosibirsk/": {"t": "Novosibirsk", "s": "The largest city in Siberia, on the banks of the Ob River."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/sakha-republic/": {"t": "Sakha Republic", "s": "The world's largest subnational entity, a land of extreme cold and diamond wealth."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/taymyr-peninsula/": {"t": "Taymyr Peninsula", "s": "Northernmost mainland Eurasia, rich in indigenous cultures and ecology."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/tomsk-oblast/": {"t": "Tomsk Oblast", "s": "Siberian Athens at the heart of the taiga"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/tyumen-oblast/": {"t": "Tyumen Oblast", "s": "Russia's oil and gas heartland in Western Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/kara-sea/": {"t": "Kara Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, named for the Kara River, with a name possibly meaning 'hummocked ice' or 'black'."}, "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/e/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-taymyr/": {"t": "Lake Taymyr", "s": "Large Arctic lake with irregular shape and cold-water fish."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/putorana-plateau/": {"t": "Putorana Plateau", "s": "A remote Russian plateau with vast nickel deposits and deep lakes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/putorana-plateau.webp", "c": "Matroskin24 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost/": {"t": "Permafrost", "s": "Frozen ground that stores carbon and threatens infrastructure when thawed.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost.webp", "c": "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - KBR Wyle Services, LLC/Kathryn Mersmann · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/severnaya-zemlya/": {"t": "Severnaya Zemlya", "s": "The last sizeable archipelago on Earth to be discovered and mapped."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/tsar/": {"t": "Tsar", "s": "Slavic imperial title derived from Latin caesar, used in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/disasters/e/historic-disasters/the-tunguska-event/": {"t": "The Tunguska event", "s": "Largest recorded impact event in history, flattening Siberian forest."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/comet/": {"t": "Comet", "s": "Icy wanderers that bloom when near the Sun."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/khakassia/": {"t": "Khakassia", "s": "A republic of southern Siberia, rich in natural resources and traditional culture."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/komi-republic/": {"t": "Komi Republic", "s": "A republic of Russia in northeast European Russia, known for its vast forests, mineral wealth, and the Manpupuner rock formations."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/referendum/": {"t": "Referendum", "s": "A direct vote by the electorate on a proposal or law."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/sverdlovsk-oblast/": {"t": "Sverdlovsk Oblast", "s": "The industrial heartland of the Urals, rich in metals and minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "/e/russian-federal-subjects/karachay-cherkessia/": {"t": "Karachay-Cherkessia", "s": "A republic of Russia in the North Caucasus, home to diverse ethnic groups and Europe's highest peak."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/ethnic-group/": {"t": "Ethnic group", "s": "A human group sharing perceived common attributes and identity."}}