{"/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/anton-chekhov/": {"t": "Anton Chekhov", "s": "Russian playwright and short story writer, physician by profession.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/anton-chekhov.webp", "c": "Brücke-Osteuropa · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878/": {"t": "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)", "s": "War that freed Balkan states and shifted Black Sea power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/heinrich-heine/": {"t": "Heinrich Heine", "s": "German poet, writer and literary critic known for his lyric poetry and satirical wit."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ivan-turgenev/": {"t": "Ivan Turgenev", "s": "Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, translator and popularizer of Russian literature in the West"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/rostov-on-don/": {"t": "Rostov-on-Don", "s": "Port city on the Don River, cultural and logistical centre of Southern Russia."}, "/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/leo-tolstoy/": {"t": "Leo Tolstoy", "s": "Russian writer and influential Christian anarchist and pacifist."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ivan-bunin/": {"t": "Ivan Bunin", "s": "First Russian Nobel laureate in literature, master of classical prose and poetry."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky/": {"t": "Maxim Gorky", "s": "Russian and Soviet writer, journalist, and socialist advocate."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/defamation/": {"t": "Defamation", "s": "Legal remedy for injury to reputation, honour, or dignity."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/gatchina/": {"t": "Gatchina", "s": "Imperial residence and UNESCO World Heritage site in Leningrad Oblast", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/img/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/gatchina.webp", "c": "Александров · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war/": {"t": "Russo-Japanese War", "s": "War between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Imperial Instituto Artistico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/science-fiction/": {"t": "Science fiction", "s": "Genre of speculative fiction about advanced technology and its consequences."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Russian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church tracing origins to 988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/marc-chagall/": {"t": "Marc Chagall", "s": "Russian and French artist of Jewish ancestry, early modernist, and creator of works in stained glass, painting, and more.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/marc-chagall.webp", "c": "Pierre Choumoff · via Wikipedia: Marc Chagall · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/valery-bryusov/": {"t": "Valery Bryusov", "s": "Russian Symbolist poet, editor, and translator.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/valery-bryusov.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian symbolism · see source"}, "/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/andrei-bely/": {"t": "Andrei Bely", "s": "Russian Symbolist novelist and poet, author of Petersburg.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/andrei-bely.webp", "c": "Otto Renard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/odesa/": {"t": "Odesa", "s": "Pearl by the Sea"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/russian-language/": {"t": "Russian language", "s": "An East Slavic language of the Indo-European family, native to Russia and widely spoken across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/stavropol-krai/": {"t": "Stavropol Krai", "s": "A multi-ethnic krai in the North Caucasus, home to the Kuban Cossacks and the birthplace of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/fyodor-dostoevsky/": {"t": "Fyodor Dostoevsky", "s": "Russian novelist and philosopher of the human condition"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/walter-scott/": {"t": "Walter Scott", "s": "Scottish novelist, poet, and historian; creator of the Waverley novels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/walter-scott.webp", "c": "Thomas Lawrence · via Wikipedia: Walter Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/don-quixote/": {"t": "Don Quixote", "s": "A novel about a man who becomes a knight-errant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/img/novels-and-epics/don-quixote.webp", "c": "Juan de la Cuesta · via Wikipedia: Don Quixote · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/moscow-state-university/": {"t": "Moscow State University", "s": "Russia's oldest university, a center of learning and controversy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/moscow-state-university.webp", "c": "Suicasmo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/jean-racine/": {"t": "Jean Racine", "s": "Master of neoclassical tragedy and the French alexandrine."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/voltaire/": {"t": "Voltaire", "s": "French Enlightenment writer and advocate of civil liberties"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/victor-hugo/": {"t": "Victor Hugo", "s": "French Romantic author, poet, and human rights activist."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/civil-service/": {"t": "Civil service", "s": "The backbone of government: impartial, professional, and permanent.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/civil-service.webp", "c": "Harry Mitchell · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-political-theorists-and-sociologi/e/modern-political-theorists-and-sociologists/aleksey-khomyakov/": {"t": "Aleksey Khomyakov", "s": "Russian theologian, philosopher, and co-founder of Slavophilism."}, "https://codexery.com/european-modernists/e/european-modernists/ivan-goncharov/": {"t": "Ivan Goncharov", "s": "Russian novelist of Oblomov and other major works."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/astrakhan/": {"t": "Astrakhan", "s": "The southernmost outpost of Russia and the Caspian capital."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/aleksey-nikolayevich-tolstoy/": {"t": "Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy", "s": "Russian and Soviet writer of science fiction and historical fiction."}, "/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/vladimir-nabokov/": {"t": "Vladimir Nabokov", "s": "Russian-American novelist, lepidopterist, and author of Lolita."}, "/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/yevgeny-zamyatin/": {"t": "Yevgeny Zamyatin", "s": "Russian author of the dystopian novel We."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/masters-of-the-macabre-and-fantasy/e/masters-of-the-macabre-and-fantasy/nicholas-roerich/": {"t": "Nicholas Roerich", "s": "Russian painter, theosophist, and advocate for cultural preservation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/masters-of-the-macabre-and-fantasy/img/masters-of-the-macabre-and-fantasy/nicholas-roerich.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nicholas Roerich · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/horror-fiction/": {"t": "Horror fiction", "s": "A genre intended to disturb, frighten, or scare its audience."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/e/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce/": {"t": "James Joyce", "s": "Modernist prose master whose works center on Dublin and revolutionized literary style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/img/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Joyce · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/feodosia/": {"t": "Feodosia", "s": "Ancient Greek colony turned major Genoese and Ottoman port."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andrei-tarkovsky/": {"t": "Andrei Tarkovsky", "s": "A Soviet film director known for spiritual, slow-paced cinema."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-ii-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexander II of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia who emancipated the serfs and pursued liberal reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/french-revolution-of-1848/": {"t": "French Revolution of 1848", "s": "Civil unrest in February 1848 ending the July Monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin/": {"t": "Mikhail Bakunin", "s": "Russian revolutionary anarchist and political philosopher", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin.webp", "c": "chrisaliv · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/karl-marx/": {"t": "Karl Marx", "s": "German philosopher and revolutionary socialist who developed Marxism."}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/henri-de-saint-simon/": {"t": "Henri de Saint-Simon", "s": "French theorist who proposed a society led by industrial and scientific merit."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/pierre-joseph-proudhon/": {"t": "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon", "s": "First to call himself an anarchist; founder of mutualism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/pierre-joseph-proudhon.webp", "c": "Frédéric Bastiat / Pierre-Joseph Proudhon · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/": {"t": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "s": "German philosopher and major figure in German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/tsar/": {"t": "Tsar", "s": "Slavic imperial title derived from Latin caesar, used in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism/": {"t": "Baptism", "s": "Christian rite of initiation using water, with varied modes and meanings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism.webp", "c": "Confidence24 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-washington/": {"t": "George Washington", "s": "First president of the United States and commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yekaterinburg/": {"t": "Yekaterinburg", "s": "The third capital of Russia, a cultural and industrial powerhouse on the Iset River."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/irkutsk/": {"t": "Irkutsk", "s": "The Paris of Siberia"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/materialism/": {"t": "Materialism", "s": "Matter is the fundamental substance of nature."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alexander-pushkin/": {"t": "Alexander Pushkin", "s": "The greatest Russian poet and founder of modern Russian literature."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/freedom-of-the-press/": {"t": "Freedom of the press", "s": "Principle of minimal government censorship over published expression."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/adam-smith/": {"t": "Adam Smith", "s": "Scottish economist and philosopher, father of modern economics"}, "/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/andrei-platonov/": {"t": "Andrei Platonov", "s": "Soviet writer whose major works were banned for decades.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/andrei-platonov.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/symbolism-movement/": {"t": "Symbolism (movement)", "s": "Late 19th-century movement seeking absolute truths through symbols."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/rudolf-steiner/": {"t": "Rudolf Steiner", "s": "Austrian founder of anthroposophy and spiritual science."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/entropy/": {"t": "Entropy", "s": "A measure of disorder and irreversibility in physical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/socialist-realism/": {"t": "Socialist realism", "s": "Official Soviet art doctrine depicting reality in revolutionary development."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/voronezh/": {"t": "Voronezh", "s": "Russian city founded as a fort, later a key shipbuilding center."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/gy-rgy-luk-cs/": {"t": "György Lukács", "s": "Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic."}, "/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/boris-pasternak/": {"t": "Boris Pasternak", "s": "Russian poet, novelist, and translator of Doctor Zhivago.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/boris-pasternak.webp", "c": "L.Pasternak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge/": {"t": "Great Purge", "s": "A Soviet political purge targeting dissenters and perceived enemies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge.webp", "c": "Stefanguzvica · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/mikhail-sholokhov/": {"t": "Mikhail Sholokhov", "s": "Russian novelist and Nobel laureate known for Cossack epics."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/joseph-brodsky/": {"t": "Joseph Brodsky", "s": "Russian and American poet and essayist, Nobel laureate and United States Poet Laureate."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/henrik-ibsen/": {"t": "Henrik Ibsen", "s": "Norwegian playwright considered father of modern drama."}, "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/e/playwrights-and-dramatists/august-strindberg/": {"t": "August Strindberg", "s": "Swedish playwright and novelist, father of modern Swedish literature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/img/playwrights-and-dramatists/august-strindberg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: August Strindberg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/modernism/": {"t": "Modernism", "s": "Early 20th-century movement emphasizing experimentation and subjective experience."}, "https://codexery.com/plays-drama/e/plays-and-drama/the-seagull/": {"t": "The Seagull", "s": "Chekhov's first major play, a comedy about love and art.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plays-drama/img/plays-and-drama/the-seagull.webp", "c": "JustAnotherCarDesigner · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-azov/": {"t": "Sea of Azov", "s": "The shallowest sea in the world, rich in fish and history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-azov.webp", "c": "Канопус Киля · via Wikipedia: Sea of Azov · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/miguel-de-cervantes/": {"t": "Miguel de Cervantes", "s": "Spanish writer, author of Don Quixote, first modern novel."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-schopenhauer/": {"t": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "s": "German philosopher known for pessimism and The World as Will and Representation."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language"}, "https://codexery.com/film-theater/e/film-and-theater/pedro-calder-n-de-la-barca/": {"t": "Pedro Calderón de la Barca", "s": "Spanish Golden Age dramatist and poet, author of La Vida es Sueño."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/sergei-rachmaninoff/": {"t": "Sergei Rachmaninoff", "s": "Russian composer and pianist, last great Romantic in Russian classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/sergei-rachmaninoff.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sergei Rachmaninoff · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin/": {"t": "Alexander Scriabin", "s": "Russian composer and pianist, innovator of dissonant musical language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Scriabin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/rainer-maria-rilke/": {"t": "Rainer Maria Rilke", "s": "Austrian poet known for Duino Elegies and Sonnets to Orpheus"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/immanuel-kant/": {"t": "Immanuel Kant", "s": "Central thinker of the Enlightenment, known for transcendental idealism and the categorical imperative."}, "https://codexery.com/poets-and-lyricists/e/poets-and-lyricists/marina-tsvetaeva/": {"t": "Marina Tsvetaeva", "s": "Russian poet of passion and linguistic daring", "i": "https://codexery.com/poets-and-lyricists/img/poets-and-lyricists/marina-tsvetaeva.webp", "c": "Vyacheslav Kirillin · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/vladimir-mayakovsky/": {"t": "Vladimir Mayakovsky", "s": "Russian Futurist poet and playwright who navigated revolution, censorship, and acclaim.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/vladimir-mayakovsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Mayakovsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/crimean-war/": {"t": "Crimean War", "s": "A mid-19th century conflict between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia, notable for modern technologies and "}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/war-and-peace/": {"t": "War and Peace", "s": "Epic novel of Napoleonic-era Russia blending fiction and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mahatma-gandhi/": {"t": "Mahatma Gandhi", "s": "Leader of India's nonviolent independence movement"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/martin-luther-king-jr/": {"t": "Martin Luther King Jr.", "s": "Civil rights leader who championed nonviolent resistance against racial discrimination."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/henry-george/": {"t": "Henry George", "s": "American political economist and journalist, author of Progress and Poverty"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/virginia-woolf/": {"t": "Virginia Woolf", "s": "English modernist writer, feminist essayist."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-sevastopol-1854-1855/": {"t": "Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)", "s": "The 1854–1855 siege of the tsar's Black Sea Fleet home port, culminating in the fall of Sevastopol."}, "/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/alexander-herzen/": {"t": "Alexander Herzen", "s": "Russian writer and precursor of socialism and agrarian populism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/alexander-herzen.webp", "c": "Stefan Kühn · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/peter-kropotkin/": {"t": "Peter Kropotkin", "s": "Russian anarchist philosopher and geographer who championed anarchist communism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/peter-kropotkin.webp", "c": "Foreign Bureau Communication Anarcho-Syndicalists · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/ahimsa/": {"t": "Ahimsa", "s": "Ancient Indian principle of nonviolence toward all living beings."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-dickens/": {"t": "Charles Dickens", "s": "The most famous celebrity of his era, Dickens pioneered serial publication and remains a literary giant."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-darwin/": {"t": "Charles Darwin", "s": "English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/smolensk-oblast/": {"t": "Smolensk Oblast", "s": "The land of the Dnieper and the first cosmonaut."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/diphtheria/": {"t": "Diphtheria", "s": "A bacterial infection causing a thick throat membrane; preventable by vaccine."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/grozny/": {"t": "Grozny", "s": "The fearsome fortress on the Sunzha, oil heart of the Caucasus."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vladikavkaz/": {"t": "Vladikavkaz", "s": "Capital of North Ossetia–Alania, at the foothills of the Caucasus."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/almanac/": {"t": "Almanac", "s": "A regularly published listing of current information arranged by calendar."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/chernihiv-oblast/": {"t": "Chernihiv Oblast", "s": "Northern Ukrainian oblast with deep historical and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river/": {"t": "Don (river)", "s": "Fifth-longest river in Europe, key Byzantine trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river.webp", "c": "High Contrast · via Wikipedia: Don (river) · CC BY-SA 2.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/pravda/": {"t": "Pravda", "s": "The official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aleksandr-solzhenitsyn/": {"t": "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn", "s": "Soviet and Russian author and dissident who exposed the Gulag."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/grotesque/": {"t": "Grotesque", "s": "A term for distorted forms evoking bizarreness and pity."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-folklore/e/ukrainian-folklore/ukrainian-folklore/": {"t": "Ukrainian folklore", "s": "Folk tradition of Ukraine and ethnic Ukrainians."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-i-of-russia/": {"t": "Nicholas I of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia known for autocratic rule, territorial expansion, and suppression of dissent."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/ry-nosuke-akutagawa/": {"t": "Ryūnosuke Akutagawa", "s": "Father of the Japanese short story", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/ry-nosuke-akutagawa.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ryūnosuke Akutagawa · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franz-kafka/": {"t": "Franz Kafka", "s": "German-language Jewish Czech writer of surreal bureaucratic predicaments."}, "/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/mikhail-bulgakov/": {"t": "Mikhail Bulgakov", "s": "Russian and Soviet novelist and playwright of lasting influence."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/lolita/": {"t": "Lolita", "s": "A controversial novel about obsession and its consequences."}, "https://codexery.com/british-literary-classics/e/british-literary-classics/pale-fire/": {"t": "Pale Fire", "s": "Nabokov's 1962 novel told through a 999-line poem and its unreliable commentary."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/ayn-rand/": {"t": "Ayn Rand", "s": "Russian-American writer and philosopher who created Objectivism."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/slavic-languages/": {"t": "Slavic languages", "s": "The Slavic languages are a major branch of the Indo-European family, spoken by over 315 million people across Eastern and Central Europe and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/romance-languages/": {"t": "Romance languages", "s": "The Romance languages, often called the Latin languages, are those that evolved directly from Vulgar Latin."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/ruth-bader-ginsburg/": {"t": "Ruth Bader Ginsburg", "s": "Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1993 to 2020.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/img/jurists-and-legal-scholars/ruth-bader-ginsburg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ruth Bader Ginsburg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/playboy/": {"t": "Playboy", "s": "American men's magazine that shaped the sexual revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/dushanbe/": {"t": "Dushanbe", "s": "Capital and largest city of Tajikistan, with a history as a market town."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andrei-sakharov/": {"t": "Andrei Sakharov", "s": "Soviet physicist, Nobel Peace laureate, and human rights advocate."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-infarction/": {"t": "Myocardial infarction", "s": "A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-infarction.webp", "c": "Authors of the study: Stefan Gustafsson, Erik Lampa, Karin Jensevik Eriksson, Ad · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/totalitarianism/": {"t": "Totalitarianism", "s": "A political system that completely controls public and private life through ideology, repression, and state terror."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/dystopia/": {"t": "Dystopia", "s": "Imagined society where life is wretched, dehumanized, and fearful."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-science-fiction-novels/e/russian-science-fiction-novels/we-novel/": {"t": "We (novel)", "s": "Dystopian novel by Yevgeny Zamyatin, written 1920–1921."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/strike-action/": {"t": "Strike action", "s": "A form of direct action in which employees collectively refuse to work, usually in response to grievances."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-finland/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "s": "Autonomous grand duchy that preceded modern Finland."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-romanov/": {"t": "House of Romanov", "s": "They achieved prominence after Anastasia Romanovna married Ivan the Terrible, the first crowned tsar of all Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}}