{"/e/rules-of-chess/castling/": {"t": "Castling", "s": "A two-piece move that moves the king to safety and activates a rook."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/check-chess/": {"t": "Check (chess)", "s": "A king under immediate threat of capture on the next turn."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/draw-chess/": {"t": "Draw (chess)", "s": "A draw is a game result where neither player wins."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/en-passant/": {"t": "En passant", "s": "A special pawn capture that prevents skipping past an enemy pawn."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/promotion-chess/": {"t": "Promotion (chess)", "s": "A pawn reaching the last rank becomes any other piece."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/stalemate/": {"t": "Stalemate", "s": "A draw when a player has no legal move and is not in check."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/time-control/": {"t": "Time control", "s": "Time controls regulate game duration via clocks and penalties."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/touch-move-rule/": {"t": "Touch-move rule", "s": "A player must move a deliberately touched piece if legal."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-recreation/e/sports-and-recreation/board-game/": {"t": "Board game", "s": "Tabletop game using pieces on a patterned board."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/fast-chess/": {"t": "Fast chess", "s": "Fast chess reduces time controls, creating rapid, blitz, and bullet variants."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-variants/e/chess-variants/chess480/": {"t": "Chess480", "s": "A Chess960 variant with alternative castling rules."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-theory/e/chess-theory/zugzwang/": {"t": "Zugzwang", "s": "A position where any legal move worsens the player's situation."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/perpetual-check/": {"t": "Perpetual check", "s": "A series of checks forcing a draw when checkmate is impossible."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-russia/e/chess-in-russia/women-s-world-chess-championship-2008/": {"t": "Women's World Chess Championship 2008", "s": "Kosteniuk beats Hou Yifan in Nalchik final."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/bare-king/": {"t": "Bare king", "s": "A king alone on the board."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/white-and-black-in-chess/": {"t": "White and Black in chess", "s": "White moves first; colors are light and dark."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/fran-ois-andr-danican-philidor/": {"t": "François-André Danican Philidor", "s": "French composer and chess master of the 18th century."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-chess/e/history-of-chess/london-1851-chess-tournament/": {"t": "London 1851 chess tournament", "s": "First international chess tournament, won by Adolf Anderssen."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/howard-staunton/": {"t": "Howard Staunton", "s": "English chess master who organised the first international tournament.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/img/chess-and-mind-sports/howard-staunton.webp", "c": "R. & E. Taylor (Firm) / After Thomas Dewell Scott · via Wikipedia: Howard Staunton · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/boardgames/e/board-games/shogi/": {"t": "Shogi", "s": "Japanese chess with a unique drop rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/boardgames/img/board-games/shogi.webp", "c": "Yevrowl · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/boardgames/e/board-games/xiangqi/": {"t": "Xiangqi", "s": "A two-player strategy game from China, related to Western chess.", "i": "https://codexery.com/boardgames/img/board-games/xiangqi.webp", "c": "Yevrowl · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/games-related-to-chaturanga/e/games-related-to-chaturanga/janggi/": {"t": "Janggi", "s": "Korean chess with no river, jumping cannons, and a palace for the general."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-variants/e/chess-variants/chess-variant/": {"t": "Chess variant", "s": "A board game derived from or inspired by orthodox chess."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-variant-inventors/e/chess-variant-inventors/yasser-seirawan/": {"t": "Yasser Seirawan", "s": "Syrian-American grandmaster and four-time U.S. champion."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/alexander-alekhine/": {"t": "Alexander Alekhine", "s": "Fourth World Chess Champion, known for his fierce and imaginative attacking style."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/threefold-repetition/": {"t": "Threefold repetition", "s": "A draw claim when a position repeats three times."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/anatoly-karpov/": {"t": "Anatoly Karpov", "s": "12th World Chess Champion and longtime dominant grandmaster."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/draw-by-agreement/": {"t": "Draw by agreement", "s": "A draw by agreement ends the game when both players consent."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-chess/e/history-of-chess/chess-in-europe/": {"t": "Chess in Europe", "s": "Chess reached Europe via Iberia in the 9th or 10th century."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-chess/e/history-of-chess/g-ttingen-manuscript/": {"t": "Göttingen manuscript", "s": "Earliest surviving manuscript devoted entirely to modern chess."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-germany/e/chess-in-germany/handbuch-des-schachspiels/": {"t": "Handbuch des Schachspiels", "s": "A comprehensive chess reference first published in 1843."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/rules-of-chess/": {"t": "Rules of chess", "s": "The standard rules governing the game of chess."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/north-sea-empire/": {"t": "North Sea Empire", "s": "A short-lived Norse thalassocracy uniting three kingdoms."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-by-desilu/e/television-series-by-desilu/mission-impossible-1966-tv-series/": {"t": "Mission: Impossible (1966 TV series)", "s": "Your mission, should you choose to accept it."}, "https://codexery.com/nielsen-ratings-winners/e/nielsen-ratings-winners/cheers/": {"t": "Cheers", "s": "A sitcom set in a Boston bar where everyone knows your name."}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-inventions/e/hungarian-inventions/mechanical-turk/": {"t": "Mechanical Turk", "s": "A chess-playing automaton secretly operated by a hidden human."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-chess/e/history-of-chess/ajeeb/": {"t": "Ajeeb", "s": "A 19th-century chess automaton that concealed a human player."}, "https://codexery.com/hoaxes-in-science/e/hoaxes-in-science/mephisto-automaton/": {"t": "Mephisto (automaton)", "s": "A remotely operated 19th-century pseudo-automaton chess player."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-the-united-states/e/chess-in-the-united-states/american-chess-congress/": {"t": "American Chess Congress", "s": "Predecessor to the U.S. Chess Championship, nine editions from 1857 to 1923."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-russia/e/chess-in-russia/world-chess-championship-1963/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1963", "s": "Petrosian defeated Botvinnik to become the ninth world champion."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/bobby-fischer/": {"t": "Bobby Fischer", "s": "American chess grandmaster and eleventh World Chess Champion."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/garry-kasparov/": {"t": "Garry Kasparov", "s": "World Chess Champion, political activist, and writer."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/judit-polg-r/": {"t": "Judit Polgár", "s": "Hungarian chess grandmaster, strongest female player in history."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/magnus-carlsen/": {"t": "Magnus Carlsen", "s": "Norwegian chess grandmaster and five-time World Chess Champion."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/block-chess/": {"t": "Block (chess)", "s": "Interposing a piece to defend against a linear attack."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/double-check/": {"t": "Double check", "s": "A check delivered by two pieces simultaneously, forcing a king move."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/discovered-attack/": {"t": "Discovered attack", "s": "A tactic where moving a piece reveals an attack."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/combination-chess/": {"t": "Combination (chess)", "s": "A forced sequence of moves using tactical means for gain."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/fifty-move-rule/": {"t": "Fifty-move rule", "s": "A draw claim after fifty moves without capture or pawn move."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-theory/e/chess-theory/first-move-advantage-in-chess/": {"t": "First-move advantage in chess", "s": "White's first-move advantage is small but statistically persistent."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/emanuel-lasker/": {"t": "Emanuel Lasker", "s": "Second World Chess Champion, held title for 27 years; won the championship once and defended it six times."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/jos-ra-l-capablanca/": {"t": "José Raúl Capablanca", "s": "Cuban chess prodigy and third world champion, 1921–1927."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/vladimir-kramnik/": {"t": "Vladimir Kramnik", "s": "The 14th undisputed World Chess Champion who unified the classical and FIDE titles."}, "https://codexery.com/boardgames/e/board-games/go/": {"t": "Go", "s": "Ancient abstract strategy game of territory capture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/boardgames/img/board-games/go.webp", "c": "Torii, Kiyonaga, 1752-1815, artist · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/chess-theory/": {"t": "Chess theory", "s": "The study of chess openings, middlegame, and endgame."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/tigran-petrosian/": {"t": "Tigran Petrosian", "s": "Ninth World Chess Champion known for his almost-impenetrable defensive style."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-theory/e/chess-theory/queen-versus-pawn-endgame/": {"t": "Queen versus pawn endgame", "s": "Queen versus pawn endgame: attacker usually wins, but draws exist."}, "https://codexery.com/world-chess-championships/e/world-chess-championships/world-chess-championship/": {"t": "World Chess Championship", "s": "The competition for the title of world chess champion."}, "https://codexery.com/world-chess-championships/e/world-chess-championships/world-chess-championship-1978/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1978", "s": "Karpov defeats Korchnoi amid bizarre off‑board controversies."}, "/e/rules-of-chess/time-trouble/": {"t": "Time trouble", "s": "Time pressure increases blunder risk and requires special handling."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/mikhail-botvinnik/": {"t": "Mikhail Botvinnik", "s": "Sixth World Chess Champion and pioneer in computer chess."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-the-united-states/e/chess-in-the-united-states/piatigorsky-cup/": {"t": "Piatigorsky Cup", "s": "Two elite grandmaster tournaments in 1960s America."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-russia/e/chess-in-russia/world-chess-championship-1984-1985/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1984–1985", "s": "A marathon match ended prematurely after 48 games."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/cura-ao/": {"t": "Curaçao", "s": "A Dutch Caribbean island with a Spanish colonial past."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-the-soviet-union/e/chess-in-the-soviet-union/world-chess-championship-1960/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1960", "s": "Tal defeated Botvinnik by a 4-point margin in Moscow."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/mikhail-tal/": {"t": "Mikhail Tal", "s": "Soviet and Russian grandmaster and sixth World Chess Champion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/img/chess-and-mind-sports/mikhail-tal.webp", "c": "Harry Pot for Anefo ]] · via Wikipedia: Mikhail Tal · CC BY-SA 3.0 nl"}, "https://codexery.com/world-chess-championships/e/world-chess-championships/world-chess-championship-1986/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1986", "s": "Kasparov defended his title against Karpov in a 24-game rematch."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/chess-opening/": {"t": "Chess opening", "s": "The opening is the initial phase of a chess game."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/wilhelm-steinitz/": {"t": "Wilhelm Steinitz", "s": "First World Chess Champion and founder of modern positional play."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/blunder-chess/": {"t": "Blunder (chess)", "s": "A critically bad mistake that severely worsens a player's position."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/cross-check-chess/": {"t": "Cross-check (chess)", "s": "A check played in response to a check."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/chess-endgame/": {"t": "Chess endgame", "s": "The final stage of chess, where pawns and king become decisive."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/endgame-tablebase/": {"t": "Endgame tablebase", "s": "A precomputed oracle for perfect endgame play."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-theory/e/chess-theory/two-knights-endgame/": {"t": "Two knights endgame", "s": "Two knights cannot force checkmate alone, but a pawn can change that."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-russia/e/chess-in-russia/aeroflot-open/": {"t": "Aeroflot Open", "s": "Annual Moscow open with rapid/blitz format since 2013."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/ken-thompson/": {"t": "Ken Thompson", "s": "American computer scientist who created Unix and co-developed Go.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/ken-thompson.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ken Thompson · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-chess/e/history-of-chess/belle-chess-machine/": {"t": "Belle (chess machine)", "s": "First chess computer to achieve master-level play."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-theory/e/chess-theory/pawn-structure/": {"t": "Pawn structure", "s": "Pawn structure shapes strategy through static pawn configurations."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-germany/e/chess-in-germany/14th-chess-olympiad/": {"t": "14th Chess Olympiad", "s": "Soviet Union wins fifth straight gold in Leipzig."}, "https://codexery.com/games-related-to-chaturanga/e/games-related-to-chaturanga/chaturanga/": {"t": "Chaturanga", "s": "Ancient Indian board game, ancestor of chess and many variants."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/liechtenstein/": {"t": "Liechtenstein", "s": "A doubly landlocked Alpine principality with no debt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/liechtenstein.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/middle-english/": {"t": "Middle English", "s": "Middle English was the language of England after the Norman Conquest.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/middle-english.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle English · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/politics/": {"t": "Politics", "s": "Activity of settling affairs in an organized society via government."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-theory/e/chess-theory/king-and-pawn-versus-king-endgame/": {"t": "King and pawn versus king endgame", "s": "Master this endgame to exchange confidently from complex positions."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/viswanathan-anand/": {"t": "Viswanathan Anand", "s": "Indian chess grandmaster and five-time world champion."}, "https://codexery.com/world-chess-championships/e/world-chess-championships/world-chess-championship-2007/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 2007", "s": "Anand won the 2007 world championship in an eight-player tournament."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-theory/e/chess-theory/wrong-rook-pawn/": {"t": "Wrong rook pawn", "s": "A rook pawn whose promotion square is opposite the bishop's color."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-terminology/e/chess-terminology/fortress-chess/": {"t": "Fortress (chess)", "s": "A drawing technique where the defender creates an impenetrable zone."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-games/e/chess-games/carlsen-versus-nepomniachtchi-world-chess-championship-2021-game-6/": {"t": "Carlsen versus Nepomniachtchi, World Chess Championship 2021, Game 6", "s": "Carlsen wins longest world championship game in history."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/vasily-smyslov/": {"t": "Vasily Smyslov", "s": "Seventh World Chess Champion and record Olympiad medalist."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-theory/e/chess-theory/rook-and-pawn-versus-rook-endgame/": {"t": "Rook and pawn versus rook endgame", "s": "A critical endgame where precise play decides promotion or draw."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-the-united-states/e/chess-in-the-united-states/chess-com/": {"t": "Chess.com", "s": "The world's largest online chess platform."}, "https://codexery.com/world-chess-championships/e/world-chess-championships/world-chess-championship-1972/": {"t": "World Chess Championship 1972", "s": "Fischer defeated Spassky to become the first US-born world champion."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-in-india/e/chess-in-india/chess-world-cup-2025/": {"t": "Chess World Cup 2025", "s": "Javokhir Sindarov won the 11th Chess World Cup in Goa."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/contract-bridge/": {"t": "Contract bridge", "s": "A trick-taking card game of bidding and partnership."}, "https://codexery.com/boardgames/e/board-games/scrabble/": {"t": "Scrabble", "s": "Every man dies; not every man truly Scrabbles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/boardgames/img/board-games/scrabble.webp", "c": "Zintosch7 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/japanese-language/": {"t": "Japanese language", "s": "The principal language of the Japonic family, spoken by over 123 million people, primarily in Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/benjamin-franklin/": {"t": "Benjamin Franklin", "s": "Founding Father, scientist, inventor, and diplomat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/benjamin-franklin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Benjamin Franklin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-chess/e/history-of-chess/the-morals-of-chess/": {"t": "The Morals of Chess", "s": "Benjamin Franklin's essay linking chess to moral virtues."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-organizations/e/chess-organizations/english-chess-federation/": {"t": "English Chess Federation", "s": "Governing body for chess in England."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-games/e/chess-games/immortal-game/": {"t": "Immortal Game", "s": "A Romantic-era game famous for bold sacrifices and aesthetic mating attack."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-mind-sports/e/chess-and-mind-sports/paul-morphy/": {"t": "Paul Morphy", "s": "American chess prodigy who dominated the game in the late 1850s."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}}