{"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/mark-antony/": {"t": "Mark Antony", "s": "Roman politician and general who helped transform the Republic into the Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/mark-antony.webp", "c": "Byzantium565 · via Wikipedia: Mark Antony · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-actium/": {"t": "Battle of Actium", "s": "Naval battle that ended the Roman Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantius-ii/": {"t": "Constantius II", "s": "Roman emperor whose reign saw civil wars and religious strife."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-emperor-consuls/e/roman-emperor-consuls/julian-emperor/": {"t": "Julian (emperor)", "s": "Last non-Christian Roman emperor and Neoplatonic philosopher."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/constantine-the-great/": {"t": "Constantine the Great", "s": "First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-roman-emperors/e/sons-of-roman-emperors/gratian/": {"t": "Gratian", "s": "Western Roman emperor, eldest son of Valentinian I."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-roman-emperors/e/sons-of-roman-emperors/valentinian-ii/": {"t": "Valentinian II", "s": "Youngest Western Roman emperor, ruled as a figurehead under generals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/sons-of-roman-emperors/img/sons-of-roman-emperors/valentinian-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Valentinian II · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ambrose/": {"t": "Ambrose", "s": "Roman governor turned bishop, defender of Nicene Christianity, and one of the four Great Latin Church Fathers."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/theodosius-i/": {"t": "Theodosius I", "s": "Last emperor to rule the entire Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-emperor-consuls/e/roman-emperor-consuls/eugenius/": {"t": "Eugenius", "s": "Western Roman emperor elevated by Arbogast, defeated by Theodosius."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/marcus-furius-camillus/": {"t": "Marcus Furius Camillus", "s": "Roman statesman credited with capturing Veii and defending Rome from Gallic sack.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/img/ancient-roman-triumphators/marcus-furius-camillus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Marcus Furius Camillus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/tiberius/": {"t": "Tiberius", "s": "Second Roman emperor and successful general who expanded the northern frontier."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/patrician-ancient-rome/": {"t": "Patrician (ancient Rome)", "s": "Original ruling class of ancient Rome, distinguished from plebeians."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/livy/": {"t": "Livy", "s": "Roman historian who wrote Ab Urbe Condita, a monumental history of Rome from its founding through the reign of Augustus."}, "https://codexery.com/hannibal/e/characters/second-punic-war/": {"t": "Second Punic War", "s": "The 17-year struggle that decided Mediterranean dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/zeuxis-painter/": {"t": "Zeuxis (painter)", "s": "Late 5th-century BCE Greek painter famed for realistic illusion."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/executed-roman-emperors/e/executed-roman-emperors/pupienus/": {"t": "Pupienus", "s": "Co-emperor for 99 days during the Year of the Six Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/executed-roman-emperors/e/executed-roman-emperors/balbinus/": {"t": "Balbinus", "s": "Roman co-emperor for three months in the Year of the Six Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/constantine-the-great/e/constantine-the-great/persecution-of-pagans-in-the-late-roman-empire/": {"t": "Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire", "s": "Anti-pagan policies began under Constantine and intensified over centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-emperor-consuls/e/roman-emperor-consuls/elagabalus/": {"t": "Elagabalus", "s": "Teenage Roman emperor known for religious and sexual controversy."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-gods/e/solar-gods/elagabalus-deity/": {"t": "Elagabalus (deity)", "s": "Arab-Roman sun god from Emesa, venerated as Sol Invictus."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-colosseum/": {"t": "The Colosseum", "s": "Largest ancient amphitheatre, symbol of Imperial Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/domitian/": {"t": "Domitian", "s": "Last of the Flavians: Ruthless autocrat who expanded Rome's borders and rebuilt the city, but was assassinated and condemned by the Senate."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-rapists/e/mythological-rapists/jupiter-god/": {"t": "Jupiter (god)", "s": "King of the Roman gods, sky and thunder deity."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/severus-alexander/": {"t": "Severus Alexander", "s": "Last Severan emperor, assassinated after a 13-year reign."}, "https://codexery.com/true-cross/e/true-cross/santa-croce-in-gerusalemme/": {"t": "Santa Croce in Gerusalemme", "s": "Roman basilica housing Passion relics, built on an imperial villa."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/septimius-severus/": {"t": "Septimius Severus", "s": "Founder of the Severan dynasty and the first provincial emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural-healing/e/supernatural-healing/astarte/": {"t": "Astarte", "s": "Northwest Semitic goddess of war, sexuality, and healing."}, "https://codexery.com/textiles-in-folklore/e/textiles-in-folklore/minerva/": {"t": "Minerva", "s": "Roman goddess of wisdom, war, crafts, and the Capitoline Triad."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomy/e/ancient-greek-astronomy/urania/": {"t": "Urania", "s": "Muse of astronomy and astrology in Greek mythology."}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-progenitors/e/legendary-progenitors/cybele/": {"t": "Cybele", "s": "Anatolian mother goddess adopted by Greeks and Romans as Magna Mater."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/e/roman-mythology/ancile/": {"t": "Ancile", "s": "Sacred shield of ancient Rome, one of the pignora imperii.", "i": "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/img/roman-mythology/ancile.webp", "c": "Lascorz · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/e/roman-mythology/palladium-classical-antiquity/": {"t": "Palladium (classical antiquity)", "s": "Sacred wooden statue on which Troy's and Rome's safety depended."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/human-sacrifice/": {"t": "Human sacrifice", "s": "Ritual killing to appease gods or serve rulers."}, "https://codexery.com/society-of-ancient-rome/e/society-of-ancient-rome/novus-homo/": {"t": "Novus homo", "s": "A Roman man first in his family to reach the Senate or consulship."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/antiochus-iii-the-great/": {"t": "Antiochus III the Great", "s": "The Great King who restored the Seleucid Empire and clashed with Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/cato-the-elder/": {"t": "Cato the Elder", "s": "Roman soldier, senator, historian, and censor known for conservatism."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/embezzlement/": {"t": "Embezzlement", "s": "A financial crime involving deceitful secretion of entrusted assets."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/e/roman-mythology/roman-charity/": {"t": "Roman Charity", "s": "A daughter's breast saves her starving parent in a tale of piety."}, "https://codexery.com/general-health-and-wellness/e/general-health-and-wellness/breastfeeding/": {"t": "Breastfeeding", "s": "Breastfeeding provides essential nutrition and immune benefits to infants and mothers."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/rioni-of-rome/e/rioni-of-rome/ripa-rione-of-rome/": {"t": "Ripa (rione of Rome)", "s": "Rione XII of Rome, named for the ancient river port."}, "https://codexery.com/words-and-phrases-derived-from-greek/e/words-and-phrases-derived-from-greek-mythology/herculean/": {"t": "Herculean", "s": "Of or like Hercules; requiring great strength."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/parthenon/": {"t": "Parthenon", "s": "Former temple on the Athenian Acropolis dedicated to Athena."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/apollo/": {"t": "Apollo", "s": "God of light, healing, prophecy, music, poetry, and archery; twin brother of Artemis."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/artemis/": {"t": "Artemis", "s": "Greek goddess of hunting, wilderness, and childbirth."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "Hellenistic period", "s": "Era of Greek cultural expansion after Alexander the Great's conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/suetonius/": {"t": "Suetonius", "s": "Roman historian and biographer of the Twelve Caesars"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio/": {"t": "Cassius Dio", "s": "Roman historian and senator who wrote an 80-volume history of Rome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Cassius Dio · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/war-of-actium/": {"t": "War of Actium", "s": "The last civil war of the Roman Republic, ending with Octavian's victory and the rise of the Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/dionysus/": {"t": "Dionysus", "s": "God of wine, theatre, and ecstatic liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/antoninus-pius/": {"t": "Antoninus Pius", "s": "Roman emperor whose reign was the most peaceful of the Principate."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-legendary-creatures/e/greek-legendary-creatures/maenad/": {"t": "Maenad", "s": "Ecstatic female followers of Dionysus known for frenzied, supernatural rites."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/appius-claudius-caecus/": {"t": "Appius Claudius Caecus", "s": "First Roman public figure with historically traceable life."}, "https://codexery.com/architects/e/architects/carlo-maderno/": {"t": "Carlo Maderno", "s": "Italian architect, a father of Baroque architecture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architects/img/architects/carlo-maderno.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Carlo Maderno · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/marcus-aurelius/": {"t": "Marcus Aurelius", "s": "Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher, last of the Five Good Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/society-of-ancient-rome/e/society-of-ancient-rome/lustrum/": {"t": "Lustrum", "s": "A five-year Roman period marked by a census and purification."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/castor-and-pollux/e/castor-and-pollux/battle-of-lake-regillus/": {"t": "Battle of Lake Regillus", "s": "Legendary Roman victory over the Latin League."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-myths/e/astronomical-myths/castor-and-pollux/": {"t": "Castor and Pollux", "s": "Twin half-brothers, patrons of sailors, transformed into the constellation Gemini."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/zeus/": {"t": "Zeus", "s": "King of the gods, sky and thunder deity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edward-gibbon/": {"t": "Edward Gibbon", "s": "Historian of Rome's Decline"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cicero/": {"t": "Cicero", "s": "Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who shaped Latin rhetoric and thought."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/gordian-i/": {"t": "Gordian I", "s": "Roman emperor for 22 days in the Year of the Six Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/gordian-ii/": {"t": "Gordian II", "s": "Roman emperor for 22 days in the Year of the Six Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/nile-delta/e/nile-delta/naucratis/": {"t": "Naucratis", "s": "First permanent Greek settlement in ancient Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/valle-dei-templi/": {"t": "Valle dei Templi", "s": "Ancient Greek temples on a Sicilian ridge, a UNESCO World Heritage site."}, "https://codexery.com/aeneid/e/aeneid/servius-the-grammarian/": {"t": "Servius the Grammarian", "s": "Roman grammarian and commentator on Virgil's works."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/e/roman-mythology/pignora-imperii/": {"t": "Pignora imperii", "s": "Sacred tokens believed to guarantee Rome's eternal rule."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/lazio/": {"t": "Lazio", "s": "Central Italian region home to Rome, rich in history and culture."}, "/e/roman-temples-by-deity/temple-of-juturna/": {"t": "Temple of Juturna", "s": "Republican temple possibly dedicated to the goddess Juturna."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/water-goddesses/e/water-goddesses/juturna/": {"t": "Juturna", "s": "Roman goddess of fountains, wells, and springs."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/carthage/": {"t": "Carthage", "s": "Ancient Phoenician city on the coast of Tunisia, capital of a Punic empire."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/quintus-lutatius-catulus-consul-102-bc/": {"t": "Quintus Lutatius Catulus (consul 102 BC)", "s": "Roman consul, general, and poet of the Cimbrian War."}, "https://codexery.com/water-goddesses/e/water-goddesses/feronia-mythology/": {"t": "Feronia (mythology)", "s": "Goddess of wildlife, fertility, health, abundance, and liberty."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gioachino-rossini/": {"t": "Gioachino Rossini", "s": "Italian composer of 39 operas who retired from large-scale work in his thirties."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi/": {"t": "Giuseppe Verdi", "s": "Italian composer best known for his operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Giuseppe Verdi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/war-gods/e/war-gods/honos/": {"t": "Honos", "s": "Roman god personifying honor, often worshipped with Virtus."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/quintus-fabius-maximus-verrucosus/": {"t": "Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus", "s": "The Delayer Who Saved Rome", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/quintus-fabius-maximus-verrucosus.webp", "c": "schurl50 (User:schurl50) · via Wikipedia: Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/marcus-claudius-marcellus/": {"t": "Marcus Claudius Marcellus", "s": "Roman general who won the spolia opima and conquered Syracuse", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/marcus-claudius-marcellus.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Marcus Claudius Marcellus · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/vespasian/": {"t": "Vespasian", "s": "Founder of the Flavian dynasty and restorer of stability."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/allegory/": {"t": "Allegory", "s": "A narrative device using symbolism for moral or political meaning."}, "https://codexery.com/ground-robots-and-military-robots/e/ground-robots-and-military-robots/themis/": {"t": "THeMIS", "s": "Estonian multi-mission UGV for military support and combat."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/justice/": {"t": "Justice", "s": "Justice is the constant will to render each his due."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/e/roman-mythology/roman-mythology/": {"t": "Roman mythology", "s": "Roman myths blend history, politics, and divine destiny.", "i": "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/img/roman-mythology/roman-mythology.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/weighing-scale/": {"t": "Weighing scale", "s": "A device for measuring mass or weight using equilibrium."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/anubis/": {"t": "Anubis", "s": "God of funerary rites, protector of graves, and guide to the underworld."}, "https://codexery.com/book-of-the-dead/e/book-of-the-dead/maat/": {"t": "Maat", "s": "Ancient Egyptian principle of truth, justice, and cosmic order."}, "https://codexery.com/book-of-the-dead/e/book-of-the-dead/ammit/": {"t": "Ammit", "s": "Ancient Egyptian goddess who devoured impure hearts in the afterlife."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-myths/e/astronomical-myths/dike-mythology/": {"t": "Dike (mythology)", "s": "Greek goddess of justice and moral order."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "Roman Londinium and medieval England's largest town."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-court-of-india/": {"t": "Supreme Court of India", "s": "Highest appellate court and constitutional guardian of India.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/img/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-court-of-india.webp", "c": "MildGovernor · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/clothing-types/e/clothing-types/blouse/": {"t": "Blouse", "s": "A loose-fitting upper garment, historically for workmen and women."}, "https://codexery.com/victor-emmanuel-iii/e/victor-emmanuel-iii/palace-of-justice-rome/": {"t": "Palace of Justice, Rome", "s": "Seat of Italy's Supreme Court of Cassation, opened by King Victor Emmanuel III."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/ottawa/": {"t": "Ottawa", "s": "Canada's capital at the confluence of the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/ontario/": {"t": "Ontario", "s": "Canada's most populous province, home to Ottawa and Toronto."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/brisbane/": {"t": "Brisbane", "s": "Brisbane, known in the local Turrbal and Yagara languages as Meanjin, serves as Queensland’s capital and largest city, and is Australia’s third most populous ur"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-kingdom/": {"t": "Roman Kingdom", "s": "Earliest period of Roman history, ruled by kings."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/spirituality/": {"t": "Spirituality", "s": "A term evolving from religious re-formation to subjective sacred experience."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/plutarch/": {"t": "Plutarch", "s": "Greek and Roman philosopher, historian, and priest of Apollo"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/northern-italy/": {"t": "Northern Italy", "s": "Northern Italy: economic core and cultural heart of the country."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/marcus-vipsanius-agrippa/": {"t": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa", "s": "Roman general, statesman, and right-hand man of Augustus", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/marcus-vipsanius-agrippa.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen (User:Jastrow), 2009 · via Wikipedia: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/gordian-iii/": {"t": "Gordian III", "s": "Teenaged emperor whose reign saw Persian war and earthquake response."}, "https://codexery.com/aeneid/e/aeneid/aeneid/": {"t": "Aeneid", "s": "Virgil's epic of Aeneas, founder of the Roman people."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-rome/e/history-of-rome/latins-italic-tribe/": {"t": "Latins (Italic tribe)", "s": "Italic tribe whose early members founded Rome and unified under it in 338 BC."}, "/e/roman-temples-by-deity/elagabalium/": {"t": "Elagabalium", "s": "Temple of the sun god Elagabal on the Palatine Hill."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/ovid/": {"t": "Ovid", "s": "Roman poet exiled for a poem and a mistake."}, "https://codexery.com/culture-of-ancient-rome/e/culture-of-ancient-rome/roman-calendar/": {"t": "Roman calendar", "s": "Ancient Roman timekeeping system evolving from lunar to solar alignment."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/caligula/": {"t": "Caligula", "s": "Third Roman emperor, ruling from AD 37 until his assassination."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-emperor-consuls/e/roman-emperor-consuls/claudius/": {"t": "Claudius", "s": "Fourth Julio-Claudian emperor, conquered Britain, expanded bureaucracy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/late-antiquity/": {"t": "Late antiquity", "s": "Period of transformation from classical antiquity to medieval worlds."}, "https://codexery.com/birds-in-art/e/birds-in-art/hebe-mythology/": {"t": "Hebe (mythology)", "s": "Goddess of youth and cup-bearer to the Olympians."}, "https://codexery.com/clothing-types/e/clothing-types/toga/": {"t": "Toga", "s": "Ancient Rome's semicircular wool garment, symbol of citizenship."}, "https://codexery.com/diana/e/diana/lectisternium/": {"t": "Lectisternium", "s": "Roman propitiatory meal with deities represented on draped couches."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-lake-trasimene/": {"t": "Battle of Lake Trasimene", "s": "Hannibal ambushed and destroyed a Roman army at Lake Trasimene."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-the-metaurus/": {"t": "Battle of the Metaurus", "s": "Roman victory that ended Carthaginian hopes in Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/caesar-title/": {"t": "Caesar (title)", "s": "From cognomen to imperial title: the evolution of Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/caesar-title.webp", "c": "Justus van Egmont · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/appian-way/": {"t": "Appian Way", "s": "The queen of long roads, built for military conquest."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-rapists/e/mythological-rapists/mars-mythology/": {"t": "Mars (mythology)", "s": "Roman god of war and father of Romulus and Remus."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/e/roman-mythology/etruscan-religion/": {"t": "Etruscan religion", "s": "Polytheistic religion of the Etruscan civilization, revealed by seers."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-athletics-venues/e/olympic-athletics-venues/arch-of-constantine/": {"t": "Arch of Constantine", "s": "Largest Roman triumphal arch, dedicated to Constantine's victory."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/gaius-cassius-longinus/": {"t": "Gaius Cassius Longinus", "s": "Roman senator and general who led the plot to kill Julius Caesar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/gaius-cassius-longinus.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen (User:Jastrow) 2009 · via Wikipedia: Gaius Cassius Longinus · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/marcus-licinius-crassus/": {"t": "Marcus Licinius Crassus", "s": "The richest man in Rome and a key figure in the First Triumvirate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/marcus-licinius-crassus.webp", "c": "Rijksmuseum · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/aphrodite/e/aphrodite/venus-mythology/": {"t": "Venus (mythology)", "s": "Roman goddess of love, beauty, desire, and ancestral mother of Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/named-comets/e/named-comets/caesar-s-comet/": {"t": "Caesar's Comet", "s": "A seven-day cometary outburst interpreted as the deification of Julius Caesar."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-rapists/e/mythological-rapists/neptune-mythology/": {"t": "Neptune (mythology)", "s": "Roman god of freshwater and the sea."}, "https://codexery.com/mausoleum-at-halicarnassus/e/mausoleum-at-halicarnassus/scopas/": {"t": "Scopas", "s": "Ancient Greek sculptor and architect of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/thetis/": {"t": "Thetis", "s": "Sea nymph and mother of Achilles in Greek myth."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-rituals/e/religious-rituals/lustratio/": {"t": "Lustratio", "s": "Ancient Greek and Roman purification ritual with procession and sacrifice."}, "https://codexery.com/colosseum/e/colosseum/via-sacra/": {"t": "Via Sacra", "s": "Main street of ancient Rome, route of triumphs and ceremonies."}, "https://codexery.com/book-of-exodus/e/book-of-exodus/showbread/": {"t": "Showbread", "s": "Bread perpetually offered in the Temple as a divine presence offering."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/phidias/": {"t": "Phidias", "s": "Ancient Greek sculptor of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-kidnapped-people/e/mythological-kidnapped-people/ganymede-mythology/": {"t": "Ganymede (mythology)", "s": "Divine hero abducted by Zeus to serve as cup-bearer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mythological-kidnapped-people/img/mythological-kidnapped-people/ganymede-mythology.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/characters/alaric-i/": {"t": "Alaric I", "s": "First king of the Visigoths and the man who sacked Rome in 410."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/procopius/": {"t": "Procopius", "s": "Principal historian of the 6th century, chronicler of Justinian's wars and scandals."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/column/": {"t": "Column", "s": "The structural and decorative backbone of architecture through the ages."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/marble/": {"t": "Marble", "s": "Metamorphic rock prized for sculpture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/santa-claus/e/santa-claus/saint-nicholas/": {"t": "Saint Nicholas", "s": "Early Christian bishop whose secret gift-giving inspired Santa Claus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/santa-claus/img/santa-claus/saint-nicholas.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saint Nicholas · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/colosseum/e/colosseum/via-dei-fori-imperiali/": {"t": "Via dei Fori Imperiali", "s": "A road built to reveal ancient Roman Imperial fora."}, "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/e/tetrarchy/maxentius/": {"t": "Maxentius", "s": "Roman emperor from 306 to 312, last to reside permanently in Rome."}, "/e/roman-temples-by-deity/temple-of-peace-rome/": {"t": "Temple of Peace, Rome", "s": "A temple and monument to peace, housing Jerusalem's spoils."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/ostrogoths/": {"t": "Ostrogoths", "s": "Germanic people who founded a kingdom in Italy under Theodoric."}, "/e/roman-temples-by-deity/temple-of-castor-and-pollux/": {"t": "Temple of Castor and Pollux", "s": "Ancient Roman temple honoring the twin gods Castor and Pollux."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-gregory-xiii/": {"t": "Pope Gregory XIII", "s": "The pope who gave us the calendar"}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-urban-viii/": {"t": "Pope Urban VIII", "s": "Pope who expanded papal territory, opposed Copernicanism, and left a legacy of debt."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/pantheon-rome/": {"t": "Pantheon, Rome", "s": "Ancient Roman temple, now a Catholic church, with the largest unreinforced concrete dome."}, "https://codexery.com/people-executed-by-crucifixion/e/people-executed-by-crucifixion/saint-peter/": {"t": "Saint Peter", "s": "Apostle of Jesus, crucified in Rome under Nero.", "i": "https://codexery.com/people-executed-by-crucifixion/img/people-executed-by-crucifixion/saint-peter.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saint Peter · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/paul-the-apostle/": {"t": "Paul the Apostle", "s": "Apostle to the Gentiles and author of many New Testament epistles."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/mythography/e/mythography/golden-age/": {"t": "Golden Age", "s": "Mythical era of primordial peace, harmony, and effortless abundance."}, "https://codexery.com/culture-of-ancient-rome/e/culture-of-ancient-rome/ancient-roman-architecture/": {"t": "Ancient Roman architecture", "s": "Roman architecture blended Greek forms with concrete, arches, and domes."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/spurius-cassius-vecellinus/": {"t": "Spurius Cassius Vecellinus", "s": "Three-time consul, twice triumphed, author of Rome's first agrarian law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/img/ancient-roman-triumphators/spurius-cassius-vecellinus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Spurius Cassius Vecellinus · see source"}}