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Wikipedia: Sasanian Empire · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/numerian/": {"t": "Numerian", "s": "Roman emperor who died mysteriously during a retreat from Persia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/probus-emperor/": {"t": "Probus (emperor)", "s": "Roman emperor who restored frontier defenses and respected the Senate."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/diocletian/": {"t": "Diocletian", "s": "Roman emperor who stabilized the empire, initiated the Tetrarchy, and abdicated voluntarily."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/caesar-title/": {"t": "Caesar (title)", "s": "From cognomen to imperial title: the evolution of Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/caesar-title.webp", "c": "Justus van Egmont · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/augustus-title/": {"t": "Augustus (title)", "s": "Imperial title of Roman emperors, first held by Octavian.", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/augustus-title.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/tigris/": {"t": "Tigris", "s": "Eastern great river of Mesopotamia, flowing through history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/tigris.webp", "c": "Hamza Al Mosuly · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/e/shahnameh-characters/bahram-ii/": {"t": "Bahram II", "s": "Fifth Sasanian king who faced rebellions and a Roman invasion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/img/shahnameh-characters/bahram-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bahram II · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/caligula/": {"t": "Caligula", "s": "Third Roman emperor, ruling from AD 37 until his assassination."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-roman-emperors/antonia-minor/": {"t": "Antonia Minor", "s": "Mother of Emperor Claudius and grandmother of Caligula."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/tiberius/": {"t": "Tiberius", "s": "Second Roman emperor and successful general who expanded the northern frontier."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/roman-law/": {"t": "Roman law", "s": "The legal system of ancient Rome, spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence and influencing much of Western and Eastern European law."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-roman-emperors/agrippina-the-younger/": {"t": "Agrippina the Younger", "s": "Mother of Nero and fourth wife of Claudius."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/germanicus/": {"t": "Germanicus", "s": "Roman general who avenged Teutoburg Forest and recovered legionary eagles."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/mark-antony/": {"t": "Mark Antony", "s": "Roman politician and general who helped transform the Republic into the Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/mark-antony.webp", "c": "Byzantium565 · via Wikipedia: Mark Antony · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/livy/": {"t": "Livy", "s": "Roman historian who wrote Ab Urbe Condita, a monumental history of Rome from its founding through the reign of Augustus."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-government/e/ancient-roman-government/cursus-honorum/": {"t": "Cursus honorum", "s": "The sequential order of Roman political offices for senatorial rank."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio/": {"t": "Cassius Dio", "s": "Roman historian and senator who wrote an 80-volume history of Rome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Cassius Dio · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-government/e/ancient-roman-government/princeps/": {"t": "Princeps", "s": "Latin title for 'first citizen', used by Roman emperors until Diocletian."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/josephus/": {"t": "Josephus", "s": "Roman–Jewish historian and military leader, author of The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/seneca-the-younger/": {"t": "Seneca the Younger", "s": "Stoic philosopher, dramatist, and advisor to Emperor Nero."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/patrician-ancient-rome/": {"t": "Patrician (ancient Rome)", "s": "Original ruling class of ancient Rome, distinguished from plebeians."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-government/e/ancient-roman-government/lyon-tablet/": {"t": "Lyon Tablet", "s": "Bronze tablet recording Emperor Claudius's 48 AD speech to the Senate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-government/img/ancient-roman-government/lyon-tablet.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lyon Tablet · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-government/e/ancient-roman-government/promagistrate/": {"t": "Promagistrate", "s": "A Roman empowered by prorogation to act in place of a magistrate."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-rituals/e/religious-rituals/feriale-duranum/": {"t": "Feriale Duranum", "s": "Roman military calendar of religious observances from Dura-Europos."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/heraclius/": {"t": "Heraclius", "s": "Byzantine emperor who defeated the Persians but lost newly regained lands to the Arab conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constans-ii/": {"t": "Constans II", "s": "Byzantine emperor who visited Rome and faced Arab invasions."}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/constantine-iv/": {"t": "Constantine IV", "s": "Byzantine emperor who halted Arab expansion and convened the Sixth Ecumenical Council."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/incest/": {"t": "Incest", "s": "Sexual relations between close relatives, widely taboo across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/pannonian-avars/": {"t": "Pannonian Avars", "s": "Eurasian nomads who ruled the Carpathian Basin for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/pannonian-avars.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pannonian Avars · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/castrated-people/e/castrated-people/martinus-son-of-heraclius/": {"t": "Martinus (son of Heraclius)", "s": "Byzantine caesar mutilated and exiled after a coup."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edward-gibbon/": {"t": "Edward Gibbon", "s": "Historian of Rome's Decline"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-fall-of-the-western-roman-empire/": {"t": "The Fall of the Western Roman Empire", "s": "Loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-constantinople-674-678/": {"t": "Siege of Constantinople (674–678)", "s": "The first major Arab defeat in 50 years of expansion"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate/": {"t": "Caliphate", "s": "Islamic political-religious institution led by a caliph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate.webp", "c": "أبو العباس · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mu-awiya-i/": {"t": "Mu'awiya I", "s": "Founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/carthage/": {"t": "Carthage", "s": "Ancient Phoenician city on the coast of Tunisia, capital of a Punic empire."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/smyrna/": {"t": "Smyrna", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the Aegean coast, now İzmir.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/smyrna.webp", "c": "Johann Andreas Thelot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-abbas/": {"t": "Ibn Abbas", "s": "The Ocean of Knowledge: Cousin of the Prophet and greatest Qur'anic exegete."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-allah-ibn-al-zubayr/": {"t": "Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr", "s": "Leader of a Meccan caliphate opposing Umayyad rule during the Second Fitna.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/img/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-allah-ibn-al-zubayr.webp", "c": "Smile & Shoot - Marianne Meyer · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/justinian-i/": {"t": "Justinian I", "s": "Roman emperor who codified Roman law and reconquered lost territories."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/lombards/": {"t": "Lombards", "s": "Germanic conquerors of Italy, from the Elbe to the Po."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/asparuh-of-bulgaria/": {"t": "Asparuh of Bulgaria", "s": "Bulgar khan who founded the First Bulgarian Empire in 681."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/dobruja/": {"t": "Dobruja", "s": "A Balkan region divided between Bulgaria and Romania since the 19th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/dobruja.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/first-bulgarian-empire/": {"t": "First Bulgarian Empire", "s": "Medieval Balkan power that rivaled Byzantium and shaped Slavic culture."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/dysentery/": {"t": "Dysentery", "s": "A diarrheal disease causing bloody stools, often from poor sanitation."}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/macrinus/": {"t": "Macrinus", "s": "First Roman emperor from the equestrian class and of Berber origin."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/severus-alexander/": {"t": "Severus Alexander", "s": "Last Severan emperor, assassinated after a 13-year reign."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/caracalla/": {"t": "Caracalla", "s": "Roman emperor who granted citizenship to all free inhabitants."}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/claudius/": {"t": "Claudius", "s": "Fourth Julio-Claudian emperor, conquered Britain, expanded bureaucracy."}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/maurice-emperor/": {"t": "Maurice (emperor)", "s": "Eastern Roman emperor and last of the Justinian dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-gods/e/solar-gods/solar-deity/": {"t": "Solar deity", "s": "A deity representing the Sun, often associated with power and strength."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-gods/e/solar-gods/elagabalus-deity/": {"t": "Elagabalus (deity)", "s": "Arab-Roman sun god from Emesa, venerated as Sol Invictus."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-mythology/e/greek-mythology/baetyl/": {"t": "Baetyl", "s": "Sacred stone thought to house a deity, often a meteorite."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-roman-emperors/julia-soaemias/": {"t": "Julia Soaemias", "s": "Syrian noblewoman, mother and chief advisor of emperor Elagabalus."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-roman-emperors/julia-domna/": {"t": "Julia Domna", "s": "Syrian-born empress, mother of Caracalla and Geta."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/septimius-severus/": {"t": "Septimius Severus", "s": "Founder of the Severan dynasty and the first provincial emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-roman-emperors/julia-avita-mamaea/": {"t": "Julia Avita Mamaea", "s": "Mother of Roman emperor Alexander Severus and his chief advisor."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/helios/": {"t": "Helios", "s": "Greek god personifying the Sun, guardian of oaths and sight."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia/": {"t": "Cappadocia", "s": "Historical region in central Turkey with unique rock formations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/img/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia.webp", "c": "Peretz Partensky from San Francisco, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/nicomedia/": {"t": "Nicomedia", "s": "Ancient Greek city, Roman eastern capital, center of Christian persecution."}, "https://codexery.com/constantine-the-great/e/constantine-the-great/horti-spei-veteris/": {"t": "Horti Spei Veteris", "s": "Imperial palace-estate on the Esquiline Hill in ancient Rome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constantine-the-great/img/constantine-the-great/horti-spei-veteris.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Horti Spei Veteris · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-rapists/e/mythological-rapists/jupiter-god/": {"t": "Jupiter (god)", "s": "King of the Roman gods, sky and thunder deity."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural-healing/e/supernatural-healing/astarte/": {"t": "Astarte", "s": "Northwest Semitic goddess of war, sexuality, and healing."}, "https://codexery.com/textiles-in-folklore/e/textiles-in-folklore/minerva/": {"t": "Minerva", "s": "Roman goddess of wisdom, war, crafts, and the Capitoline Triad."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomy/e/ancient-greek-astronomy/urania/": {"t": "Urania", "s": "Muse of astronomy and astrology in Greek mythology."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/solstice/": {"t": "Solstice", "s": "Twice-yearly event when the Sun's declination appears to stand still."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/marcus-aurelius/": {"t": "Marcus Aurelius", "s": "Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher, last of the Five Good Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/theodosius-i/": {"t": "Theodosius I", "s": "Last emperor to rule the entire Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ambrose/": {"t": "Ambrose", "s": "Roman governor turned bishop, defender of Nicene Christianity, and one of the four Great Latin Church Fathers."}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/otho/": {"t": "Otho", "s": "Second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/suetonius/": {"t": "Suetonius", "s": "Roman historian and biographer of the Twelve Caesars"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/lucius-mummius-achaicus/": {"t": "Lucius Mummius Achaicus", "s": "Destroyer of Corinth and conqueror of the Achaean League."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/genealogy/": {"t": "Genealogy", "s": "Study of families, lineages, and kinship through records and genetics."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-goddesses/e/lunar-goddesses/pasipha/": {"t": "Pasiphaë", "s": "Daughter of Helios, queen of Crete, mother of the Minotaur."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-government/e/ancient-roman-government/spqr/": {"t": "SPQR", "s": "Emblematic acronym for the Roman Senate and People."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-legionary-equipment/e/ancient-roman-legionary-equipment/pugio/": {"t": "Pugio", "s": "Roman legionary sidearm used for close combat and assassination."}, "https://codexery.com/roman-mythology/e/roman-mythology/lacus-curtius/": {"t": "Lacus Curtius", "s": "Ancient pit in the Forum Romanum with uncertain origins."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/valentinian-i/": {"t": "Valentinian I", "s": "Roman emperor who strengthened the Rhine and Danube frontiers."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantius-ii/": {"t": "Constantius II", "s": "Roman emperor whose reign saw civil wars and religious strife."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/ankara/": {"t": "Ankara", "s": "Capital of Turkey, ancient Galatian and Roman center."}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/john-chrysostom/": {"t": "John Chrysostom", "s": "Church Father and Archbishop of Constantinople known for eloquent preaching.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/john-chrysostom.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Chrysostom · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/athanasius-of-alexandria/": {"t": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "s": "Trinitarian theologian, patriarch of Alexandria, exiled five times."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/nicene-creed/": {"t": "Nicene Creed", "s": "A creed distinguishing orthodox belief from heresy in Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/arianism/": {"t": "Arianism", "s": "A nontrinitarian doctrine named after Arius, condemned as heresy."}, "https://codexery.com/divination/e/divination/divination/": {"t": "Divination", "s": "Divination seeks insight through ritual interpretation of signs and omens."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/constantine-the-great/": {"t": "Constantine the Great", "s": "First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rhine/": {"t": "Rhine", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, flowing from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rhine.webp", "c": "Sdkb · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/lutetia/": {"t": "Lutetia", "s": "Gallo–Roman town that became the predecessor of modern Paris."}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/jovian-emperor/": {"t": "Jovian (emperor)", "s": "Roman emperor who restored Christianity and made peace with Persia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/e/tetrarchy/licinius/": {"t": "Licinius", "s": "Roman emperor who co-authored the Edict of Milan."}, "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/e/tetrarchy/constantine-ii-emperor/": {"t": "Constantine II (emperor)", "s": "Roman emperor who died invading his brother's territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/img/tetrarchy/constantine-ii-emperor.webp", "c": "ANS · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/constantine-the-great/e/constantine-the-great/constans/": {"t": "Constans", "s": "Youngest son of Constantine the Great, emperor from 337."}, "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/e/tetrarchy/constantius-gallus/": {"t": "Constantius Gallus", "s": "Caesar of the East under Constantius II, executed for disloyalty."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rome/e/ancient-rome/imperial-estate-roman/": {"t": "Imperial estate (Roman)", "s": "Personal property of the imperial family, distinct from state land."}, "https://codexery.com/maximian/e/maximian/mediolanum/": {"t": "Mediolanum", "s": "Celtic settlement turned Roman capital of the Western Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hadrian/": {"t": "Hadrian", "s": "Roman emperor from 117 to 138, builder of Hadrian's Wall and a promoter of philhellenism."}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-progenitors/e/legendary-progenitors/cybele/": {"t": "Cybele", "s": "Anatolian mother goddess adopted by Greeks and Romans as Magna Mater."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-magic/e/history-of-magic/iamblichus/": {"t": "Iamblichus", "s": "Syrian Neoplatonist who systematized theurgy and Pythagorean number theory."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/plotinus/": {"t": "Plotinus", "s": "Founder of Neoplatonism and philosopher of the One."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-gods/e/solar-gods/mithraism/": {"t": "Mithraism", "s": "Roman mystery religion centered on the god Mithras."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/socrates-of-constantinople/": {"t": "Socrates of Constantinople", "s": "5th-century Greek church historian, author of Historia Ecclesiastica."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/reincarnation/e/reincarnation/reincarnation/": {"t": "Reincarnation", "s": "Belief in the soul's rebirth after death."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/justin-ii/": {"t": "Justin II", "s": "Eastern Roman emperor who ended tribute payments and fought Persia."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/anastasius-i-dicorus/": {"t": "Anastasius I Dicorus", "s": "Eastern Roman emperor who reformed finances and built lasting defenses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/anastasius-i-dicorus.webp", "c": "Miguel Hermoso Cuesta · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/procopius/": {"t": "Procopius", "s": "Principal historian of the 6th century, chronicler of Justinian's wars and scandals."}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/concubinage/": {"t": "Concubinage", "s": "A historical practice of cohabitation without full marriage."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/hippodrome-of-constantinople/": {"t": "Hippodrome of Constantinople", "s": "Ancient chariot-racing arena turned public square in Istanbul."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/ostrogoths/": {"t": "Ostrogoths", "s": "Germanic people who founded a kingdom in Italy under Theodoric."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-kingdom-of-aksum/": {"t": "The Kingdom of Aksum", "s": "Aksum was a major ancient empire in the Horn of Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/khosrow-i/": {"t": "Khosrow I", "s": "Sasanian King of Kings from 531 to 579, known for reforms, wars, and cultural flourishing."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/dementia/": {"t": "Dementia", "s": "A progressive syndrome of cognitive decline affecting daily life."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/performing-arts-and-crafts/mime-artist/": {"t": "Mime artist", "s": "Performer who uses body motions without speech."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/anazarbus/": {"t": "Anazarbus", "s": "Ancient Cilician capital rebuilt by Justinian I after earthquake."}, "https://codexery.com/hagia-sophia/e/hagia-sophia/coronation-of-the-byzantine-emperor/": {"t": "Coronation of the Byzantine emperor", "s": "The Byzantine emperor's coronation blended Roman election with Christian ritual."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/alboin/": {"t": "Alboin", "s": "Lombard king who led his people into Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/italian-peninsula/": {"t": "Italian Peninsula", "s": "Boot-shaped peninsula comprising much of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/first-turkic-khaganate/": {"t": "First Turkic Khaganate", "s": "The first Central Asian transcontinental empire from Manchuria to the Black Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/first-turkic-khaganate.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/northern-and-southern-dynasties/": {"t": "Northern and Southern dynasties", "s": "Period of division, cultural growth, and technological advance."}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/marcian/": {"t": "Marcian", "s": "Eastern Roman emperor who ended tribute to Attila and convened Chalcedon."}, "https://codexery.com/hagia-sophia/e/hagia-sophia/patria-of-constantinople/": {"t": "Patria of Constantinople", "s": "Byzantine collection on Constantinople's history and monuments."}, "https://codexery.com/economy-of-ancient-rome/e/economy-of-ancient-rome/comes/": {"t": "Comes", "s": "Roman title for imperial companions, later medieval counts."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/hagia-sophia/": {"t": "Hagia Sophia", "s": "Justinian's great domed church in Istanbul: cathedral, mosque, museum and mosque again.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/hagia-sophia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hagia Sophia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ceremonies/e/ceremonies/adventus-ceremony/": {"t": "Adventus (ceremony)", "s": "Roman ceremony celebrating the arrival of an emperor or dignitary."}, "https://codexery.com/superstitions/e/superstitions/horoscope/": {"t": "Horoscope", "s": "An astrological chart mapping celestial positions at a given time."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/antoninus-pius/": {"t": "Antoninus Pius", "s": "Roman emperor whose reign was the most peaceful of the Principate."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/nerva-antonine-dynasty/": {"t": "Nerva–Antonine dynasty", "s": "The Nerva–Antonine dynasty consisted of seven Roman emperors ruling from 96 to 192 AD: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, an"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-roman-emperors/avidia-mother-of-lucius-verus/": {"t": "Avidia (mother of Lucius Verus)", "s": "Mother of co-emperor Lucius Verus, from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/constantine-the-great/e/constantine-the-great/cirta/": {"t": "Cirta", "s": "Ancient Berber capital later refounded as Constantine."}, "https://codexery.com/miracle-workers/e/miracle-workers/alexander-of-abonoteichus/": {"t": "Alexander of Abonoteichus", "s": "Greek mystic and oracle who founded the Glycon cult."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-lost-ninth-legion/": {"t": "The Lost Ninth Legion", "s": "Legio IX Hispana, also known as Legio VIIII Hispana, was a unit of the Imperial Roman army active from the 1st century BC until at least AD 120."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pompey/": {"t": "Pompey", "s": "Roman general and statesman, rival of Julius Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pompey.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · via Wikipedia: Pompey · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-cannae/": {"t": "Battle of Cannae", "s": "Hannibal encircled and destroyed a larger Roman army at Cannae."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/apulia/": {"t": "Apulia", "s": "Region forming the heel of Italy's boot, with ancient Greek and Roman heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/ephesus/": {"t": "Ephesus", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the Ionian coast, home to the Temple of Artemis and a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/elagabalus/": {"t": "Elagabalus", "s": "Teenage Roman emperor known for religious and sexual controversy."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/breast-cancer/": {"t": "Breast cancer", "s": "A cancer from breast tissue; leading cancer in women."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia/": {"t": "Phoenicia", "s": "Ancient Semitic maritime traders who spread the alphabet across the Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia.webp", "c": "Kordas, based on Alvaro's work · via Wikipedia: Phoenicia · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/screen-legends/e/screen-legends/denzel-washington/": {"t": "Denzel Washington", "s": "A screen legend with two Oscars, a Tony, and a legacy of powerful performances."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historical-revisionism/": {"t": "Historical revisionism", "s": "Reinterpreting history through new evidence and perspectives."}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/leo-i-emperor/": {"t": "Leo I (emperor)", "s": "Eastern Roman emperor who broke free from Aspar's control."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/attila/": {"t": "Attila", "s": "Ruler of the Huns from 434 to 453, known as the Scourge of God."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/great-hungarian-plain/": {"t": "Great Hungarian Plain", "s": "Plain occupying most of Hungary, largest part of the wider Pannonian Plain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/great-hungarian-plain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Great Hungarian Plain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sexual-practices-identities/e/sexual-practices-and-identities/virginity/": {"t": "Virginity", "s": "A social construct with varying definitions and cultural significance."}, "https://codexery.com/castrated-people/e/castrated-people/eunuch/": {"t": "Eunuch", "s": "Castrated men serving in royal courts and religious roles across history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/flavius-aetius/": {"t": "Flavius Aetius", "s": "Roman general and statesman, dominant figure in the Western Empire for two decades (433–454), victor at the Catalaunian Plains.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/flavius-aetius.webp", "c": "Giovanni Dall'Orto · via Wikipedia: Flavius Aetius · Attribution"}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-the-catalaunian-plains/": {"t": "Battle of the Catalaunian Plains", "s": "A disputed battle that halted Attila's advance into Gaul."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/aquileia/": {"t": "Aquileia", "s": "Roman colony, early Christian hub, sacked by Attila."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/pope-leo-i/": {"t": "Pope Leo I", "s": "Bishop of Rome who shaped papal authority and met Attila.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/pope-leo-i.webp", "c": "Starscream · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/theodoret/": {"t": "Theodoret", "s": "Antiochene theologian, bishop, and commentator in Christological disputes."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/paul-the-apostle/": {"t": "Paul the Apostle", "s": "Apostle to the Gentiles and author of many New Testament epistles."}, "https://codexery.com/bible/e/gospels/david/": {"t": "David", "s": "Second king of the united Kingdom of Israel."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/inflammation/": {"t": "Inflammation", "s": "Biological defence response of body tissues to harmful stimuli."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii/": {"t": "Constantine VII", "s": "Byzantine emperor and scholar who compiled key historical and agronomic works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii.webp", "c": "Classical Numismatic Group · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/ceremonies/e/ceremonies/de-ceremoniis/": {"t": "De Ceremoniis", "s": "A 10th-century Byzantine court ceremonial manual.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ceremonies/img/ceremonies/de-ceremoniis.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: De Ceremoniis · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/arcadius/": {"t": "Arcadius", "s": "Weak emperor dominated by ministers and his wife."}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/phocas/": {"t": "Phocas", "s": "Eastern Roman emperor who overthrew Maurice and was overthrown by Heraclius."}, "https://codexery.com/constantine-the-great/e/constantine-the-great/constantina/": {"t": "Constantina", "s": "Eldest daughter of Constantine the Great and later a saint."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/late-antiquity/": {"t": "Late antiquity", "s": "Period of transformation from classical antiquity to medieval worlds."}, "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/e/shahnameh-characters/hormizd-iv/": {"t": "Hormizd IV", "s": "Sasanian king whose reign ended in civil war and deposition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/img/shahnameh-characters/hormizd-iv.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hormizd IV · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/one-thousand-and-one-nights-characters/e/one-thousand-and-one-nights-characters/khosrow-ii/": {"t": "Khosrow II", "s": "Last great monarch of pre-Islamic Iran.", "i": "https://codexery.com/one-thousand-and-one-nights-characters/img/one-thousand-and-one-nights-characters/khosrow-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Khosrow II · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/bahram-chobin/": {"t": "Bahram Chobin", "s": "Rebel general who briefly ruled as Bahram VI"}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-van/": {"t": "Lake Van", "s": "Turkey's largest lake, a saline endorheic body in the Armenian highlands."}, "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/e/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-sevan/": {"t": "Lake Sevan", "s": "Largest lake in Armenia, vital for irrigation, power, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/ani/": {"t": "Ani", "s": "The ruined medieval Armenian capital, once a bustling hub of trade and faith, now a UNESCO World Heritage site on Turkey's eastern border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/img/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/ani.webp", "c": "Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/peloponnese/": {"t": "Peloponnese", "s": "Southernmost peninsula of mainland Greece, cradle of Mycenaean civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/church-of-the-east/": {"t": "Church of the East", "s": "Major Eastern Christian branch, once spanning Asia from Mesopotamia to China."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/heresy/": {"t": "Heresy", "s": "A belief or theory strongly at variance with established religious doctrines, often met with censure."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-religion/e/ancient-greek-religion/magic-in-the-greco-roman-world/": {"t": "Magic in the Greco-Roman world", "s": "Private supernatural practices outside official cults in ancient Greece and Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/welsh-folklore/e/welsh-folklore/vortigern/": {"t": "Vortigern", "s": "5th-century British warlord who invited Saxons to Britain."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-showmen-occultists-and-hoaxers/e/legendary-showmen-occultists-and-hoaxers/geoffrey-of-monmouth/": {"t": "Geoffrey of Monmouth", "s": "The cleric who forged the Arthurian legend"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-legends/e/medieval-legends/coel-hen/": {"t": "Coel Hen", "s": "Legendary founder of northern British royal lines.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-legends/img/medieval-legends/coel-hen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Coel Hen · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/welsh-language/": {"t": "Welsh language", "s": "A Brittonic Celtic language native to Wales with official status."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/caernarfon-castle/": {"t": "Caernarfon Castle", "s": "Medieval fortress and administrative centre of north Wales.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castles/img/castles/caernarfon-castle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Caernarfon Castle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-of-modern-arthurian-fiction/e/writers-of-modern-arthurian-fiction/stephen-r-lawhead/": {"t": "Stephen R. Lawhead", "s": "American author of Celtic-infused Arthurian fantasy."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-of-modern-arthurian-fiction/e/writers-of-modern-arthurian-fiction/nancy-mckenzie/": {"t": "Nancy McKenzie", "s": "American author of Arthurian historical fiction."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/rudyard-kipling/": {"t": "Rudyard Kipling", "s": "English writer, Nobel laureate — best known for tales of empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/rudyard-kipling.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Literary nonsense · see source"}, "/e/roman-emperor-consuls/galba/": {"t": "Galba", "s": "First emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-etruscans/": {"t": "The Etruscans", "s": "Ancient Italian civilization of city-states with a distinct language and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/boudica/": {"t": "Boudica", "s": "Queen of the Iceni who led a failed revolt against Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/cremona/": {"t": "Cremona", "s": "City in Lombardy known for its luthiers and medieval history."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/pertinax/": {"t": "Pertinax", "s": "Roman emperor for 87 days in 193."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/domitian/": {"t": "Domitian", "s": "Last of the Flavians: Ruthless autocrat who expanded Rome's borders and rebuilt the city, but was assassinated and condemned by the Senate."}, "https://codexery.com/cappadocia/e/cappadocia/cappadocian-greeks/": {"t": "Cappadocian Greeks", "s": "Ethnic Greek community native to central-eastern Anatolia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cappadocia/img/cappadocia/cappadocian-greeks.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cappadocian Greeks · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-the-baptist/": {"t": "John the Baptist", "s": "First-century preacher and baptizer revered as a prophet in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/ecumenical-patriarchate-of-constantinople/": {"t": "Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople", "s": "First among equals in Eastern Orthodox Christianity."}}