{"https://codexery.com/space-program-of-the-united-states/e/space-program-of-the-united-states/project-mercury/": {"t": "Project Mercury", "s": "First US crewed space program, six astronauts flew."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/low-earth-orbit/": {"t": "Low Earth orbit", "s": "Low Earth orbit hosts most artificial satellites and space stations."}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united-states/redstone-rocket-family/": {"t": "Redstone (rocket family)", "s": "American rocket family that launched first U.S. satellite and astronauts."}, "https://codexery.com/project-mercury/e/project-mercury/pgm-11-redstone/": {"t": "PGM-11 Redstone", "s": "First large U.S. ballistic missile; launched first American astronaut."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/e/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/ballistic-missile/": {"t": "Ballistic missile", "s": "A rocket-powered projectile following a ballistic trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united-states/jupiter-c/": {"t": "Jupiter-C", "s": "American sub-orbital test vehicle for re-entry nosecone development."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-the-united-states/e/space-program-of-the-united-states/army-ballistic-missile-agency/": {"t": "Army Ballistic Missile Agency", "s": "Developed the Redstone missile and launched Explorer 1."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrogen-peroxide/": {"t": "Hydrogen peroxide", "s": "A reactive oxygen species used as an oxidizer and antiseptic."}, "https://codexery.com/project-mercury/e/project-mercury/mercury-redstone-2/": {"t": "Mercury-Redstone 2", "s": "Test flight carrying chimpanzee Ham before first crewed Mercury mission."}, "https://codexery.com/project-mercury/e/project-mercury/ham-chimpanzee/": {"t": "Ham (chimpanzee)", "s": "First chimpanzee launched into space on a suborbital flight."}, "https://codexery.com/project-mercury/e/project-mercury/mercury-redstone-bd/": {"t": "Mercury-Redstone BD", "s": "Uncrewed booster development flight that cleared the Redstone for human flight.", "i": "https://codexery.com/project-mercury/img/project-mercury/mercury-redstone-bd.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mercury-Redstone BD · see source"}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/rocketdyne-j-2/": {"t": "Rocketdyne J-2", "s": "Cryogenic rocket engine for Saturn IB and Saturn V."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/aerojet-m-1/": {"t": "Aerojet M-1", "s": "Large hydrogen-fueled engine designed for Air Force launch needs."}, "https://codexery.com/military-space-program-of-the-united/e/military-space-program-of-the-united-states/titan-rocket-family/": {"t": "Titan (rocket family)", "s": "American ICBM and launch vehicle family, 1959–2005."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrazine/": {"t": "Hydrazine", "s": "A versatile inorganic compound used in propellants, foams, and pharmaceuticals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrazine.webp", "c": "Ben Mills · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/project-gemini/e/project-gemini/lgm-25c-titan-ii/": {"t": "LGM-25C Titan II", "s": "American ICBM adapted for space launches."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/project-gemini/": {"t": "Project Gemini", "s": "Second U.S. human spaceflight program, bridging Mercury and Apollo."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/boeing-starliner/": {"t": "Boeing Starliner", "s": "Boeing's reusable crew capsule for NASA's Commercial Crew Program."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/new-horizons/": {"t": "New Horizons", "s": "The first spacecraft to explore Pluto and the Kuiper belt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/space-missions/img/space-missions/new-horizons.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Horizons · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cuisine-of-new-york-city/e/cuisine-of-new-york-city/lox/": {"t": "Lox", "s": "Brined salmon fillet, often smoked, served on a bagel."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/be-4/": {"t": "BE-4", "s": "Methane-fueled staged combustion engine for Vulcan and New Glenn."}, "https://codexery.com/john-glenn/e/john-glenn/new-glenn/": {"t": "New Glenn", "s": "Blue Origin's heavy-lift reusable rocket named for John Glenn.", "i": "https://codexery.com/john-glenn/img/john-glenn/new-glenn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Glenn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/jeff-bezos/": {"t": "Jeff Bezos", "s": "Founder of Amazon, Blue Origin, and owner of The Washington Post.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/jeff-bezos.webp", "c": "SECWAR · via Wikipedia: Jeff Bezos · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/military-space-program-of-the-united/e/military-space-program-of-the-united-states/delta-iv/": {"t": "Delta IV", "s": "Expendable launch system for U.S. military and government payloads.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-space-program-of-the-united/img/military-space-program-of-the-united-states/delta-iv.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Delta IV · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/heat-transfer/": {"t": "Heat transfer", "s": "Discipline of thermal engineering concerning exchange of thermal energy."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/be-3/": {"t": "BE-3", "s": "Cryogenic engine for New Shepard and New Glenn."}, "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-program/e/space-shuttle-program/rs-25/": {"t": "RS-25", "s": "Liquid-fuel cryogenic rocket engine for Space Shuttle and SLS."}, "https://codexery.com/french-inventions/e/french-inventions/ball-bearing/": {"t": "Ball bearing", "s": "A rolling-element bearing that reduces friction using balls between races."}, "https://codexery.com/aerospace/e/aerospace/aerospace/": {"t": "Aerospace", "s": "Aerospace covers atmospheric and space flight technology and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/3d-printing/e/3d-printing/3d-printing/": {"t": "3D printing", "s": "Additive manufacturing builds objects layer by layer from digital models."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/artemis-program/": {"t": "Artemis program", "s": "Returning humans to the Moon and building a permanent lunar base."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-mars/e/exploration-of-mars/in-situ-resource-utilization/": {"t": "In situ resource utilization", "s": "Using local materials on other worlds to reduce Earth launches."}, "https://codexery.com/uav-manufacturers/e/uav-manufacturers/lockheed-martin/": {"t": "Lockheed Martin", "s": "Top U.S. federal contractor since at least 2008."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/crew-dragon/": {"t": "Crew Dragon", "s": "SpaceX's reusable capsule for crew transport to orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/newton-unit/": {"t": "Newton (unit)", "s": "SI unit of force, named after Isaac Newton."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/development-of-the-commercial-crew-program/": {"t": "Development of the Commercial Crew Program", "s": "NASA program to develop commercial crew transport to ISS."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/spacex-raptor/": {"t": "SpaceX Raptor", "s": "First full-flow staged combustion engine to fly."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/spacex-merlin/": {"t": "SpaceX Merlin", "s": "SpaceX's Merlin engine family powers Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/apollo-program/": {"t": "Apollo program", "s": "The United States human spaceflight program that landed the first humans on the Moon."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/rocketdyne-e-1/": {"t": "Rocketdyne E-1", "s": "Backup engine for Titan I, precursor to Saturn I."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/gunpowder/": {"t": "Gunpowder", "s": "Earliest chemical explosive, used as propellant and blasting agent."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/kerosene/": {"t": "Kerosene", "s": "Combustible hydrocarbon liquid derived from petroleum, used as fuel."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/fluid-dynamics/": {"t": "Fluid dynamics", "s": "Study of fluid flow, including liquids and gases."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrocarbon/": {"t": "Hydrocarbon", "s": "Organic compounds of hydrogen and carbon, key to global energy."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-8/": {"t": "Apollo 8", "s": "First crewed mission to reach the Moon", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-8.webp", "c": "Unknown author Unknown author or not provided · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-17/": {"t": "Apollo 17", "s": "Final Apollo Moon landing, with the only geologist to walk on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-17.webp", "c": "NASA on The Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-15/": {"t": "Apollo 15", "s": "First J mission with rover, deep-space spacewalk, and Genesis Rock.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-15.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united-states/comet-hllv/": {"t": "Comet HLLV", "s": "Saturn V-derived super heavy-lift vehicle for lunar and Mars missions."}, "https://codexery.com/artemis-program/e/artemis-program/space-launch-system/": {"t": "Space Launch System", "s": "NASA's super heavy-lift rocket for the Artemis program.", "i": "https://codexery.com/artemis-program/img/artemis-program/space-launch-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Space Launch System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/selective-laser-melting/": {"t": "Selective laser melting", "s": "A metal additive manufacturing technology that uses a high-power laser to fully melt metallic powders into dense parts."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/azimuth/": {"t": "Azimuth", "s": "Horizontal angle from north used in navigation and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/skylab/": {"t": "Skylab", "s": "America's first space station, built from a repurposed Saturn V stage."}, "https://codexery.com/beyonce/e/world/houston/": {"t": "Houston", "s": "Beyoncé's hometown, where Destiny's Child was formed."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/sydney/": {"t": "Sydney", "s": "The Harbour City, capital of New South Wales and Australia's largest city."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/neil-armstrong/": {"t": "Neil Armstrong", "s": "First human to walk on the Moon, Apollo 11 commander.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/neil-armstrong.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Neil Armstrong · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/apollo-11/": {"t": "Apollo 11", "s": "First crewed mission to land humans on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/apollo-11.webp", "c": "Neil A. Armstrong · via Wikipedia: Apollo 11 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/space-shuttle/": {"t": "Space Shuttle", "s": "Partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/rocketdyne-f-1/": {"t": "Rocketdyne F-1", "s": "Most powerful single-chamber liquid rocket engine ever flown."}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymer/": {"t": "Carbon fiber reinforced polymer", "s": "Composite material with carbon fiber reinforcement for high strength and stiffness."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/composite-material/": {"t": "Composite material", "s": "Composite materials merge dissimilar constituents for enhanced properties."}, "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-challenger-disaster/e/space-shuttle-challenger-disaster/thiokol/": {"t": "Thiokol", "s": "From synthetic rubber to solid rocket boosters."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/northrop-grumman/": {"t": "Northrop Grumman", "s": "American aerospace and defense contractor formed by 1994 merger.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations/img/corporations/northrop-grumman.webp", "c": "Clearfieldcity · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/federal-government-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Federal government of the United States", "s": "National government of the United States, established by the Constitution."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/j-2x/": {"t": "J-2X", "s": "Cryogenic upper-stage engine for Constellation and SLS."}, "https://codexery.com/swedish-inventions/e/swedish-inventions/de-laval-nozzle/": {"t": "De Laval nozzle", "s": "A tube that accelerates gas flow to supersonic speeds."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/rl10/": {"t": "RL10", "s": "First US liquid hydrogen rocket engine, used on Centaur and Delta upper stages."}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/constellation-program/": {"t": "Constellation program", "s": "NASA program aiming for Moon and Mars, cancelled in 2010."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/rs-68/": {"t": "RS-68", "s": "Largest hydrogen-fueled rocket engine ever flown."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/j-2s/": {"t": "J-2S", "s": "Upgraded J-2 variant cancelled after Apollo."}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united-states/space-launching-system/": {"t": "Space Launching System", "s": "US Air Force 1960s launch vehicle family, not built."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/boeing-x-20-dyna-soar/": {"t": "Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar", "s": "USAF spaceplane program for military missions, cancelled in 1963."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/aerojet-lr87/": {"t": "Aerojet LR87", "s": "Twin-chamber rocket engine for Titan missiles and launch vehicles."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/lunex-project/": {"t": "Lunex Project", "s": "USAF plan for a crewed lunar landing and Moon base."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-program/e/apollo-program/direct-ascent/": {"t": "Direct ascent", "s": "First proposed Apollo landing method, rejected for requiring a huge rocket."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dwight-d-eisenhower/": {"t": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "s": "34th president of the United States and Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/fastrac-rocket-engine/": {"t": "Fastrac (rocket engine)", "s": "NASA's low-cost turbopump-fed liquid rocket engine for the X-34."}, "https://codexery.com/moon-missions/e/moon-missions/apollo-lunar-module/": {"t": "Apollo Lunar Module", "s": "First crewed spacecraft to land beyond Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/spacex-payloads-contracted-by-nasa/e/spacex-payloads-contracted-by-nasa/spacex-crs-1/": {"t": "SpaceX CRS-1", "s": "First operational SpaceX cargo mission to the International Space Station."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/rocketdyne-h-1/": {"t": "Rocketdyne H-1", "s": "Liquid-propellant engine used on Saturn I and Saturn IB first stages."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/rs-27/": {"t": "RS-27", "s": "A modernized H-1 derivative for Delta first stages."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/niobium/": {"t": "Niobium", "s": "A transition metal with superconducting and alloy-strengthening properties."}, "https://codexery.com/business-tycoons-and-industrialists/e/business-tycoons-and-industrialists/elon-musk/": {"t": "Elon Musk", "s": "Business magnate, entrepreneur, and investor."}, "/e/rocket-engines-of-the-united-states/integrated-powerhead-demonstrator/": {"t": "Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator", "s": "Demonstrator of a full flow staged combustion rocket engine powerhead."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/methane/": {"t": "Methane", "s": "Simplest alkane, main component of natural gas, potent greenhouse gas."}, "https://codexery.com/moon-missions/e/moon-missions/starship-hls/": {"t": "Starship HLS", "s": "SpaceX's lunar lander for NASA's Artemis program."}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/spacex-mars-colonization-program/": {"t": "SpaceX Mars colonization program", "s": "SpaceX's plan for a self-sustaining Martian colony."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/atmosphere-of-mars/": {"t": "Atmosphere of Mars", "s": "A thin, cold, carbon-dioxide-rich envelope with seasonal dust storms."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/gimbal/": {"t": "Gimbal", "s": "A pivoted support allowing rotation independent of its base."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/rate-of-return/": {"t": "Rate of return", "s": "A measure of investment gain or loss over time."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/mississippi/": {"t": "Mississippi", "s": "State in the Southeastern and Deep South regions of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/mississippi.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united-states/direct-jupiter-rocket-family/": {"t": "DIRECT & Jupiter Rocket Family", "s": "Late-2000s Shuttle-derived alternative to Ares I and Ares V."}, "https://codexery.com/military-space-program-of-the-united/e/military-space-program-of-the-united-states/boeing-x-37/": {"t": "Boeing X-37", "s": "Reusable robotic spaceplane for orbital technology demonstrations."}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-united-states/pgm-19-jupiter/": {"t": "PGM-19 Jupiter", "s": "First USAF nuclear-armed MRBM, deployed in Italy and Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/sputnik-1/": {"t": "Sputnik 1", "s": "Sputnik 1, meaning \"Satellite-One\" in Russian, was the first artificial Earth satellite."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/space-race/": {"t": "Space Race", "s": "Cold War competition for spaceflight supremacy between the US and USSR."}, "https://codexery.com/terminator/e/terminator/delta-2000/": {"t": "Delta 2000", "s": "American expendable launch system with forty-three successful flights."}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-inventions/e/hungarian-inventions/ramjet/": {"t": "Ramjet", "s": "Airbreathing jet engine that relies on forward motion for combustion, efficient at supersonic speeds."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity/": {"t": "Escape velocity", "s": "Minimum speed to escape a body's gravitational pull.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity.webp", "c": "Richard West · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/spacecraft-that-broke-apart-in-space/e/spacecraft-that-broke-apart-in-space/delta-rocket-family/": {"t": "Delta (rocket family)", "s": "American expendable launch system family, 1960–2024."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/trajectory/": {"t": "Trajectory", "s": "Path of an object through motion over time."}, "https://codexery.com/scale-models-and-railroads/e/scale-models-and-railroads/amateur-rocketry/": {"t": "Amateur rocketry", "s": "A hobby involving experimentation with fuels and homemade rocket motors."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/virgin-galactic/": {"t": "Virgin Galactic", "s": "Commercial spaceflight company offering suborbital tourist flights."}, "https://codexery.com/british-television-news-shows/e/british-television-news-shows/60-seconds/": {"t": "60 Seconds", "s": "A 60-second BBC news bulletin for a young audience."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-fatalities/e/space-program-fatalities/spaceshiptwo/": {"t": "SpaceShipTwo", "s": "Retired suborbital spaceplane for tourism and scientific payloads."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitrous-oxide/": {"t": "Nitrous oxide", "s": "A gas with medical, recreational, and industrial uses."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-fatalities/e/space-program-fatalities/vss-enterprise/": {"t": "VSS Enterprise", "s": "First SpaceShipTwo spaceplane, destroyed in a 2014 test flight accident."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nylon/": {"t": "Nylon", "s": "First commercially successful synthetic thermoplastic polymer."}, "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/e/aircraft-components/airframe/": {"t": "Airframe", "s": "The mechanical structure of an aircraft, excluding propulsion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/img/aircraft-components/airframe.webp", "c": "San Diego Air & Space Museum Archives · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/helium/": {"t": "Helium", "s": "A noble gas essential for cryogenics and cosmology."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-the-moon/e/exploration-of-the-moon/exploration-systems-architecture-study/": {"t": "Exploration Systems Architecture Study", "s": "NASA study that shaped the Constellation program."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-mars/e/exploration-of-mars/vision-for-space-exploration/": {"t": "Vision for Space Exploration", "s": "A plan to return humans to the Moon and explore Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/moon-missions/e/moon-missions/altair-spacecraft/": {"t": "Altair (spacecraft)", "s": "Planned lunar lander of the cancelled Constellation program."}}