{"https://codexery.com/bigcats/e/big-cats/liger/": {"t": "Liger", "s": "Largest extant felid, a lion-tiger hybrid.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bigcats/img/big-cats/liger.webp", "c": "Asm sultan · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nantes/": {"t": "Nantes", "s": "City of the Dukes of Brittany on the Loire"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bay-of-biscay/": {"t": "Bay of Biscay", "s": "A gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean known for its fierce storms, deep abyssal plain, and rich maritime history."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/pays-de-la-loire/": {"t": "Pays de la Loire", "s": "A postwar region on France's Atlantic coast, blending historical provinces and modern metropolises."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/centre-val-de-loire/": {"t": "Centre-Val de Loire", "s": "An inland French region straddling the middle Loire Valley in north-central France."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/stone-age/": {"t": "Stone Age", "s": "The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make tools."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/iron-age/": {"t": "Iron Age", "s": "Final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/iron-age.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Iron Age · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia/": {"t": "Phoenicia", "s": "Ancient Semitic maritime traders who spread the alphabet across the Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia.webp", "c": "Kordas, based on Alvaro's work · via Wikipedia: Phoenicia · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/height-above-mean-sea-level/": {"t": "Height above mean sea level", "s": "Vertical distance referenced to historic mean sea level.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/img/physical-geography-and-elevation/height-above-mean-sea-level.webp", "c": "NASA/JPL-Caltech · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/english-channel/": {"t": "English Channel", "s": "The busiest shipping area in the world, separating Southern England from northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/estuary/": {"t": "Estuary", "s": "Transitional coastal ecosystems where freshwater meets saltwater."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/oak/": {"t": "Oak", "s": "Hardwood trees and shrubs of the genus Quercus, keystone species across the Northern Hemisphere."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/pine/": {"t": "Pine", "s": "Pines are evergreen conifers with needles in bundles and woody cones."}, "https://codexery.com/plants-fungi/e/plants-and-fungi/alder/": {"t": "Alder", "s": "Alders are nitrogen-fixing pioneer trees and shrubs of the birch family."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/hundred-years-war/": {"t": "Hundred Years' War", "s": "The Hundred Years' War was not a single continuous battle but a long, stop-start series of conflicts between England and France, lasting from 1337 to 1453."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/joan-of-arc/": {"t": "Joan of Arc", "s": "Patron saint of France and military leader who helped turn the tide of the Hundred Years' War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/joan-of-arc.webp", "c": "Derived from original commons upload at which is now in the history version: 01:39, 13. 8. 2005\n\nColour-graded to reveal more detail using GIMP software \"curves · via Wikipedia: Joan of Arc · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/north-sea/": {"t": "North Sea", "s": "A shallow European shelf sea, rich in history, fisheries, and energy resources."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/henry-ii-of-france/": {"t": "Henry II of France", "s": "King of France who died from a jousting wound."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xiii/": {"t": "Louis XIII", "s": "King of France and Navarre, known for ending noble revolts and establishing the Académie française with Cardinal Richelieu."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/wallonia/": {"t": "Wallonia", "s": "A region of Belgium with a rich industrial history and a diversified modern economy."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/dutch-language/": {"t": "Dutch language", "s": "A West Germanic language spoken by millions across Europe, the Americas, and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/namur/": {"t": "Namur", "s": "Capital of Wallonia at the confluence of Sambre and Meuse."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rhine/": {"t": "Rhine", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, flowing from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rhine.webp", "c": "Sdkb · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dinosaurs/e/dinosaurs/mosasaurus/": {"t": "Mosasaurus", "s": "The type genus of Mosasauridae, a giant marine lizard from the Late Cretaceous."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Tom Lemmens · via Wikipedia: Flanders · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation/": {"t": "German Confederation", "s": "An association of 39 German states from 1815 to 1866, created by the Congress of Vienna.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Confederation · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/drainage-basin/": {"t": "Drainage basin", "s": "A land area where surface water converges to a single outlet."}, "https://codexery.com/white-wine-grape-varieties/e/white-wine-grape-varieties/riesling/": {"t": "Riesling", "s": "An aromatic, high-acid white grape expressive of its terroir."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/art-nouveau/": {"t": "Art Nouveau", "s": "Whiplash curves, plant forms and iron and glass: the international style of the Belle Époque.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/img/art-movements-and-styles/art-nouveau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Art Nouveau · see source"}, "/e/rivers-of-europe/meuse/": {"t": "Meuse", "s": "Major European river flowing through France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/meuse.webp", "c": "MOSSOT · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/late-antiquity/": {"t": "Late antiquity", "s": "Period of transformation from classical antiquity to medieval worlds."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/meander/": {"t": "Meander", "s": "Sinuous stream-channel curves built by bank erosion and sediment deposition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/img/geomorphology/meander.webp", "c": "USDA & Mysid · via Wikipedia: Meander · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/rhineland-palatinate/": {"t": "Rhineland-Palatinate", "s": "A post-war German state formed from historic regions."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/saarland/": {"t": "Saarland", "s": "Small German state with a contested Franco-German history."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/north-rhine-westphalia/": {"t": "North Rhine-Westphalia", "s": "The most populous state in Germany, home to the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/lotharingia/": {"t": "Lotharingia", "s": "Early medieval kingdom and duchy named after King Lothair II."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/croatia/": {"t": "Croatia", "s": "A country in Central and Southeastern Europe on the Adriatic Sea, with a rich history and a modern high-income economy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/ljubljana/": {"t": "Ljubljana", "s": "Capital of Slovenia, with a dragon symbol and Roman origins."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/discharge-hydrology/": {"t": "Discharge (hydrology)", "s": "Volumetric flow rate of a stream, measured as volume per time."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/reservoir/": {"t": "Reservoir", "s": "Artificial lake created by a dam to store fresh water."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/vojvodina/": {"t": "Vojvodina", "s": "An autonomous province in northern Serbia, encompassing Bačka, Banat, Syrmia, and northernmost Mačva."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/lower-austria/": {"t": "Lower Austria", "s": "Largest Austrian state by area, second-most-populous, capital Sankt Pölten since 1986.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/lower-austria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lower Austria · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moravia/": {"t": "Moravia", "s": "A historical land in the east of the Czech Republic, named after the Morava river."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/carolingian-empire/": {"t": "Carolingian Empire", "s": "Frankish empire that revived the Roman imperial title in the West."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-slovakia/e/castles-in-slovakia/dev-n-castle/": {"t": "Devín Castle", "s": "Slovak castle at the Danube-Morava confluence, Iron Curtain site."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bratislava/": {"t": "Bratislava", "s": "Capital of Slovakia, historic coronation city of Hungarian kings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bratislava.webp", "c": "Lukáš Perný · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/plain/": {"t": "Plain", "s": "Flat expanse of land covering over one-third of Earth's land area.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/plain.webp", "c": "Kevstan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/northern-europe/": {"t": "Northern Europe", "s": "A diverse region of northern Europe defined by geography, climate, and multiple classification systems."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/floodplain/": {"t": "Floodplain", "s": "Floodplains are fertile, flood-prone river-adjacent lands."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/adriatic-sea/": {"t": "Adriatic Sea", "s": "Northernmost arm of the Mediterranean, separating Italy from the Balkans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/adriatic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Adriatic Sea · see source"}, "/e/rivers-of-europe/sava/": {"t": "Sava", "s": "Longest tributary of the Danube, flowing through four countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/sava.webp", "c": "Petar Milošević · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/hydroelectricity/": {"t": "Hydroelectricity", "s": "Electricity generated from hydropower, a key low-carbon energy source."}, "https://codexery.com/food-and-drink/e/food-and-drink/drinking-water/": {"t": "Drinking water", "s": "Water safe for ingestion, essential for health, scarce for billions."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/alluvial-fan/": {"t": "Alluvial fan", "s": "Fan-shaped sediment deposits formed where confined channels widen.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/alluvial-fan.webp", "c": "Page Quinton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-behavior/e/animal-behavior/fish-migration/": {"t": "Fish migration", "s": "Fish migrate for feeding or spawning, often over vast distances."}, "https://codexery.com/seafood/e/seafood/trout/": {"t": "Trout", "s": "Trout are carnivorous freshwater fish, closely related to salmon, and include species like rainbow, brown, and brook trout, with some anadromous forms like stee"}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/habitat-destruction/": {"t": "Habitat destruction", "s": "Leading cause of biodiversity loss and species extinction worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/hybrid-biology/": {"t": "Hybrid (biology)", "s": "Offspring from combining two different organisms through sexual reproduction."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/ruins/": {"t": "Ruins", "s": "Remains of architecture fallen into partial or total disrepair.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/img/architectural-styles-and-elements/ruins.webp", "c": "Chris Adams · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/bridges/e/great-bridges/stari-most/": {"t": "Stari Most", "s": "A rebuilt 16th-century Ottoman bridge spanning the Neretva in Mostar."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/suleiman-the-magnificent/": {"t": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "s": "Ottoman sultan who expanded the empire and reformed its laws."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/kaliningrad-oblast/": {"t": "Kaliningrad Oblast", "s": "Russia's westernmost exclave on the Baltic, with a Prussian and Soviet past.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/kaliningrad-oblast.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nesterovsky District · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/minsk/": {"t": "Minsk", "s": "Minsk is the capital and largest city of Belarus, situated along the Svislach River and the now-underground Nyamiha River."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/river-delta/": {"t": "River delta", "s": "Landform formed by sediment deposition at a river mouth."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/polder/": {"t": "Polder", "s": "Low-lying land enclosed by dikes, reclaimed from water.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/polder.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/distributary/": {"t": "Distributary", "s": "A stream channel that branches away from a main river."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/tsar/": {"t": "Tsar", "s": "Slavic imperial title derived from Latin caesar, used in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/war-and-peace/": {"t": "War and Peace", "s": "Epic novel of Napoleonic-era Russia blending fiction and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/vistula/": {"t": "Vistula", "s": "Poland's longest river and a national symbol of cultural identity."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/czech-language/": {"t": "Czech language", "s": "A West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, official in the Czech Republic, with a rich morphology and a raised alveolar trill."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/opole-voivodeship/": {"t": "Opole Voivodeship", "s": "The smallest voivodeship of Poland, rich in German heritage and warm climate."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/brandenburg/": {"t": "Brandenburg", "s": "Landlocked German state surrounding Berlin, core of historic Prussia."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/mecklenburg-vorpommern/": {"t": "Mecklenburg-Vorpommern", "s": "Coastal German state formed from Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/wroc-aw/": {"t": "Wrocław", "s": "Historical capital of Silesia on the Oder River."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/oder-havel-canal/": {"t": "Oder–Havel Canal", "s": "German canal linking Oder and Havel rivers, built 1908–1914.", "i": "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/img/canals-and-waterways/oder-havel-canal.webp", "c": "Dellex · via Wikipedia: Oder–Havel Canal · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mieszko-i/": {"t": "Mieszko I", "s": "First Christian ruler of Poland, founder of the unified Polish state."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/elbe/": {"t": "Elbe", "s": "One of the major rivers of Central Europe, flowing from the Giant Mountains to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/elbe.webp", "c": "Roy Zuo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/west-slavs/": {"t": "West Slavs", "s": "West Slavs: Slavic peoples speaking West Slavic languages, with a history of early medieval states and cultural ties to Latin Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/pomerania/": {"t": "Pomerania", "s": "A historical Baltic region split between Poland and Germany, known for its coastal lowlands, lakes, and islands."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-bohemia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "s": "A medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of the modern Czech Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-ladoga/": {"t": "Lake Ladoga", "s": "Europe's largest lake, rich in history and wildlife.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-ladoga.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Ladoga · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/ingria/": {"t": "Ingria", "s": "Historical region on the Gulf of Finland, never a separate state."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/shlisselburg/": {"t": "Shlisselburg", "s": "Historic fortress town at the head of the Neva River."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/white-sea-baltic-canal/": {"t": "White Sea–Baltic Canal", "s": "Soviet canal built by gulag forced labor, opened 1933."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-nevsky/": {"t": "Alexander Nevsky", "s": "Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir, saint, and military leader."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-leningrad/": {"t": "Siege of Leningrad", "s": "The 872-day blockade that starved a city."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/finnish-language/": {"t": "Finnish language", "s": "A Finnic language of the Uralic family, spoken by millions in Finland and diaspora communities."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/estonian-language/": {"t": "Estonian language", "s": "Estonian: a Finnic language of Estonia, one of the EU's non-Indo-European tongues."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs/": {"t": "East Slavs", "s": "East Slavs formed Kievan Rus' and modern Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East Slavs · see source"}, "/e/rivers-of-europe/pechora-river/": {"t": "Pechora (river)", "s": "Sixth-longest European river, third by discharge, with no dams."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/vologda-oblast/": {"t": "Vologda Oblast", "s": "A land of ancient monasteries, historic towns, and vast natural resources."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/white-sea/": {"t": "White Sea", "s": "Southern inlet of the Barents Sea, key to Russian maritime trade."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/komi-republic/": {"t": "Komi Republic", "s": "A republic of Russia in northeast European Russia, known for its vast forests, mineral wealth, and the Manpupuner rock formations."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/yaroslavl-oblast/": {"t": "Yaroslavl Oblast", "s": "A historic region in Central Russia, home to ancient Rostov and the Volga River."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/arkhangelsk/": {"t": "Arkhangelsk", "s": "Gateway to the Arctic and historic White Sea port."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vologda/": {"t": "Vologda", "s": "Historic Russian city and major transport hub."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/nenets-autonomous-okrug/": {"t": "Nenets Autonomous Okrug", "s": "The least populous federal subject of Russia, an autonomous okrug of Arkhangelsk Oblast, known for its arctic ecology and oil and gas dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/columbia-river/": {"t": "Columbia River", "s": "Largest river in the Pacific Northwest, vital for culture and economy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/columbia-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Columbia River · see source"}, "/e/rivers-of-europe/northern-dvina/": {"t": "Northern Dvina", "s": "Major Arctic-bound river of northwestern Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/northern-dvina.webp", "c": "Alexxx1979 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea/": {"t": "New Guinea", "s": "The world's second-largest island, rich in biodiversity and cultural history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German New Guinea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/mikhail-lermontov/": {"t": "Mikhail Lermontov", "s": "Russian Romantic poet and prose writer, key figure after Pushkin."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "/e/rivers-of-europe/river-severn/": {"t": "River Severn", "s": "Great Britain's longest river, rising in mid Wales and reaching the sea through the Severn Estuary."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/gloucestershire/": {"t": "Gloucestershire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South West England, bisected by the River Severn and home to the Cotswolds, Forest of Dean, and Wye Valley."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/lock-water-navigation/": {"t": "Lock (water navigation)", "s": "A waterway chamber that raises or lowers boats between different water levels."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/middle-english/": {"t": "Middle English", "s": "Middle English was the language of England after the Norman Conquest.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/middle-english.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle English · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/devon/": {"t": "Devon", "s": "Ceremonial county in South West England with two coastlines."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/cornwall/": {"t": "Cornwall", "s": "A Celtic nation and ceremonial county in South West England."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/north-yorkshire/": {"t": "North Yorkshire", "s": "The largest ceremonial county in England, spanning from the Yorkshire Dales to the North York Moors."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/wales/": {"t": "Wales", "s": "A country of mountains, coast, and ancient culture, part of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/rowing-sport/": {"t": "Rowing (sport)", "s": "Sport of racing boats using oars attached to rowlocks."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/shropshire/": {"t": "Shropshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in the West Midlands of England, on the border with Wales."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/worcestershire/": {"t": "Worcestershire", "s": "Historic county in the West Midlands of England."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/welsh-language/": {"t": "Welsh language", "s": "A Brittonic Celtic language native to Wales with official status."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/old-english/": {"t": "Old English", "s": "Earliest attested form of the English language."}, "/e/rivers-of-europe/river-thames/": {"t": "River Thames", "s": "Longest river entirely in England, flowing through London."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/ice-age/": {"t": "Ice age", "s": "A period of prolonged cooling leading to expansion of glaciers and ice caps.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/ice-age.webp", "c": "Druyts.t · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/cheshire/": {"t": "Cheshire", "s": "Ceremonial county in North West England with diverse economy."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/confluence/": {"t": "Confluence", "s": "Where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/herefordshire/": {"t": "Herefordshire", "s": "A rural county in the Welsh Marches, known for cider and the River Wye."}, "https://codexery.com/bridges/e/great-bridges/the-iron-bridge/": {"t": "The Iron Bridge", "s": "The world's first major cast iron bridge, a symbol of the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/e/inventors-and-engineers/thomas-telford/": {"t": "Thomas Telford", "s": "Scottish civil engineer dubbed the 'Colossus of Roads'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/img/inventors-and-engineers/thomas-telford.webp", "c": "Henry Hoppner Meyer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/northumberland/": {"t": "Northumberland", "s": "The northernmost county in England, rich in border history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/cumbria/": {"t": "Cumbria", "s": "Ceremonial county in North West England, home to the Lake District."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/habitat/": {"t": "Habitat", "s": "Habitat is the species-specific physical manifestation of its ecological niche."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/e/construction-and-engineering/shipbuilding/": {"t": "Shipbuilding", "s": "The construction of ships and other floating vessels, from ancient rafts to modern steel vessels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/img/construction-and-engineering/shipbuilding.webp", "c": "Fengyun Shi/ FBI · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/galicia-spain/": {"t": "Galicia (Spain)", "s": "Northwest Spanish region with Celtic roots and self-government."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/lagoon/": {"t": "Lagoon", "s": "Shallow coastal water body separated from open sea by a barrier."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/river-source/": {"t": "River source", "s": "Geographic point where a river's flow begins."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/smolensk-oblast/": {"t": "Smolensk Oblast", "s": "The land of the Dnieper and the first cosmonaut."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moscow-oblast/": {"t": "Moscow Oblast", "s": "A densely populated, highly industrialized federal subject of Russia, surrounding but not including the federal city of Moscow."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/iranian-languages/": {"t": "Iranian languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-Iranian languages spoken by Iranian peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/moscow-canal/": {"t": "Moscow Canal", "s": "Canal linking Moscow to five seas via the Volga River.", "i": "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/img/canals-and-waterways/moscow-canal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Moscow Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/robert-louis-stevenson/": {"t": "Robert Louis Stevenson", "s": "Scottish novelist, poet, and travel writer, author of Treasure Island and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/robert-louis-stevenson.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Moral Emblems · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}}