{"https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro", "s": "Brazilian city that was capital of a European colonial power."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin/": {"t": "Mikhail Bakunin", "s": "Russian revolutionary anarchist and political philosopher", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin.webp", "c": "chrisaliv · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/peter-kropotkin/": {"t": "Peter Kropotkin", "s": "Russian anarchist philosopher and geographer who championed anarchist communism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/peter-kropotkin.webp", "c": "Foreign Bureau Communication Anarcho-Syndicalists · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/spanish-flu/": {"t": "Spanish flu", "s": "A deadly global pandemic misnamed after Spain due to wartime censorship."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/state-of-emergency/": {"t": "State of emergency", "s": "Government empowerment to act beyond normal limits for citizen safety."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/sociologists-and-political-theorists/e/sociologists-and-political-theorists/antonio-gramsci/": {"t": "Antonio Gramsci", "s": "Italian Marxist philosopher and political theorist known for cultural hegemony"}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/fiat/": {"t": "Fiat", "s": "FIAT Automobiles S.p.A., the Italian carmaker commonly called FIAT, became a subsidiary of Stellantis in 2021 after its parent, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, merge", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/fiat.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fiat · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/e/italian-fascism/italian-fascism/": {"t": "Italian fascism", "s": "Original fascist ideology developed in Italy by Mussolini and Gentile."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/e/italian-fascism/fasci-italiani-di-combattimento/": {"t": "Fasci Italiani di Combattimento", "s": "Ultranationalist movement founded by Mussolini in 1919."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historiography/": {"t": "Historiography", "s": "The study of how history is written and interpreted.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historiography.webp", "c": "Riad Salih and Nursila · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/welfare-state/": {"t": "Welfare state", "s": "Government protecting economic and social well-being through equal opportunity and public responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/battle-of-annual/": {"t": "Battle of Annual", "s": "A catastrophic Spanish defeat that shook the monarchy and colonial policy."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/communist-party-of-germany/": {"t": "Communist Party of Germany", "s": "Major far-left party in Weimar Germany, banned in 1956."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-political-activists-and-theorists/e/modern-political-activists-and-theorists/rosa-luxemburg/": {"t": "Rosa Luxemburg", "s": "Polish and naturalised-German Marxist theorist and revolutionary, co-founder of the KPD."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/anton-pannekoek/": {"t": "Anton Pannekoek", "s": "Dutch astronomer, Marxist theorist, and founder of council communism", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/anton-pannekoek.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Anton Pannekoek · see source"}, "/e/revolutions-of/march-action/": {"t": "March Action", "s": "Failed communist uprising in central Germany, 1921."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin/": {"t": "Vladimir Lenin", "s": "First head of Soviet Russia and founder of Leninism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/e/italian-fascism/1922-turin-massacre/": {"t": "1922 Turin massacre", "s": "Fascist terror campaign against Turin's labour movement."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/e/italian-fascism/fascist-italy/": {"t": "Fascist Italy", "s": "Italian totalitarian regime under Mussolini, 1922–1945.", "i": "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/img/italian-fascism/fascist-italy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fascist Italy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/totalitarianism/": {"t": "Totalitarianism", "s": "A political system that completely controls public and private life through ideology, repression, and state terror."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-finland/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "s": "Autonomous grand duchy that preceded modern Finland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-finland.webp", "c": "Ориенталист · via Wikipedia: Grand Duchy of Finland · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/sphere-of-influence/": {"t": "Sphere of influence", "s": "A region where a powerful state exerts dominant influence."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/crimean-war/": {"t": "Crimean War", "s": "A mid-19th century conflict between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia, notable for modern technologies and "}, "https://codexery.com/national-churches/e/national-churches/evangelical-lutheran-church-of-finland/": {"t": "Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland", "s": "Finland's largest religious community, a Lutheran national church."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/democracy/": {"t": "Democracy", "s": "Government where power is vested in the people."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war/": {"t": "Russo-Japanese War", "s": "War between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Imperial Instituto Artistico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-russian-empire/russian-revolution-of-1905/": {"t": "Russian Revolution of 1905", "s": "A revolution that forced a constitution but failed to overthrow the tsar."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-romanov/": {"t": "House of Romanov", "s": "They achieved prominence after Anastasia Romanovna married Ivan the Terrible, the first crowned tsar of all Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Nicholas II", "s": "Last Emperor of Russia, abdicated in 1917, executed in 1918."}, "/e/revolutions-of/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/": {"t": "German revolution of 1918–1919", "s": "Revolution that ended the German Empire and founded the Weimar Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/arrest-warrant/": {"t": "Arrest warrant", "s": "A court-authorized order for arrest or search, with procedures varying by jurisdiction."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/deportation/": {"t": "Deportation", "s": "State-ordered expulsion of individuals or groups from sovereign territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/deportation.webp", "c": "Dgho · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/southern-europe/": {"t": "Southern Europe", "s": "Mediterranean Europe shaped by peninsulas, mountains, and ancient civilizations."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/federal-government-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Federal government of the United States", "s": "National government of the United States, established by the Constitution."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/emma-goldman/": {"t": "Emma Goldman", "s": "Anarchist revolutionary, writer, and lecturer on social issues."}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/chicago-tribune/": {"t": "Chicago Tribune", "s": "Founded 1847; long styled 'World's Greatest Newspaper'."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/karl-marx/": {"t": "Karl Marx", "s": "German philosopher and revolutionary socialist who developed Marxism."}, "https://codexery.com/journalists-broadcasters/e/journalists-and-broadcasters/john-reed-journalist/": {"t": "John Reed (journalist)", "s": "American journalist and communist activist known for covering the Mexican Revolution and the October Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "/e/revolutions-of/hamburg-uprising/": {"t": "Hamburg Uprising", "s": "A failed communist insurrection in Hamburg, October 1923."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/thuringia/": {"t": "Thuringia", "s": "Central German state, green heart, home to Bach, Goethe, Schiller."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/saxony/": {"t": "Saxony", "s": "A German state with a long history as duchy, electorate, and kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/rhineland/": {"t": "Rhineland", "s": "Loosely defined German region along the Rhine, industrial heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bavaria/": {"t": "Bavaria", "s": "Largest German state, with a history from Celts to kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-trotsky/": {"t": "Leon Trotsky", "s": "Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-activists-dissidents/e/miscellaneous-activists-and-dissidents/ernst-th-lmann/": {"t": "Ernst Thälmann", "s": "German communist leader who opposed both the SPD and the Nazis."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-ludendorff/": {"t": "Erich Ludendorff", "s": "German general and politician who dominated World War I strategy and later promoted nationalist myths.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-ludendorff.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Erich Ludendorff · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/kiel-mutiny/": {"t": "Kiel mutiny", "s": "Sailors' revolt that sparked the German Revolution of 1918–1919."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/german-workers-and-soldiers-councils-1918-1919/": {"t": "German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919", "s": "Revolutionary bodies that toppled the German monarchy in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/proclamation-of-the-republic-in-germany/": {"t": "Proclamation of the republic in Germany", "s": "Two rival proclamations ended the German Empire on 9 November 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/council-of-the-people-s-deputies/": {"t": "Council of the People's Deputies", "s": "Provisional government that shaped Germany's transition to the Weimar Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/freikorps/": {"t": "Freikorps", "s": "German paramilitary militias of the post-World War I era."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/bremen-soviet-republic/": {"t": "Bremen Soviet Republic", "s": "An unrecognised council republic in Bremen, suppressed in February 1919.", "i": "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/img/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/bremen-soviet-republic.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bremen Soviet Republic · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/w-rzburg-soviet-republic/": {"t": "Würzburg Soviet Republic", "s": "A short-lived council communist state in Würzburg, quickly crushed.", "i": "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/img/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/w-rzburg-soviet-republic.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Würzburg Soviet Republic · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/paul-von-hindenburg/": {"t": "Paul von Hindenburg", "s": "German military officer and statesman, President of Germany from 1925 to 1934."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/theobald-von-bethmann-hollweg/": {"t": "Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg", "s": "Imperial chancellor of Germany from 1909 to 1917, who oversaw German entry into World War I and sought a 'policy of the diagonal' between conservative and liber"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-prussia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Prussia", "s": "German state that unified Germany and dominated the German Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/self-determination/": {"t": "Self-determination", "s": "A people's right to form its own political entity."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/revanchism/": {"t": "Revanchism", "s": "A policy of revenge for territorial losses, often fueling nationalist movements and conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss/": {"t": "Anschluss", "s": "Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland/": {"t": "Invasion of Poland", "s": "Joint invasion that started World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland.webp", "c": "The National Archives UK · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/january-uprising/e/january-uprising/january-uprising/": {"t": "January Uprising", "s": "A Polish-Lithuanian insurrection against Russian rule that began in 1863.", "i": "https://codexery.com/january-uprising/img/january-uprising/january-uprising.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: January Uprising · see source"}, "/e/revolutions-of/german-october/": {"t": "German October", "s": "Failed 1923 communist revolution plan in Weimar Germany."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/gustav-stresemann/": {"t": "Gustav Stresemann", "s": "Weimar statesman who reconciled Germany with France."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "https://codexery.com/early-soviet-republics/e/early-soviet-republics/hungarian-soviet-republic/": {"t": "Hungarian Soviet Republic", "s": "Short-lived communist state led by Béla Kun in 1919.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-soviet-republics/img/early-soviet-republics/hungarian-soviet-republic.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hungarian Soviet Republic · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-revolution-of-1956/e/hungarian-revolution-of-1956/hungarian-working-people-s-party/": {"t": "Hungarian Working People's Party", "s": "Ruling communist party of Hungary from 1948 to 1956."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/shia-islam/": {"t": "Shia Islam", "s": "The second-largest branch of Islam, rooted in the belief that Ali was Muhammad's chosen successor."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/arab-revolt/": {"t": "Arab Revolt", "s": "Hashemite-led uprising against Ottoman rule in World War I.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/img/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/arab-revolt.webp", "c": "Maurice Bauche (1878–1956) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/irish-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Irish War of Independence", "s": "Guerrilla war between IRA and British forces, 1919–1921."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/easter-rising/": {"t": "Easter Rising", "s": "Armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week 1916."}, "https://codexery.com/irish-war-of-independence/e/irish-war-of-independence/irish-republican-army-and-the-anglo-irish-treaty/": {"t": "Irish Republican Army and the Anglo-Irish Treaty", "s": "The IRA split over the Anglo-Irish Treaty, leading to civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/republic-of-ireland/": {"t": "Republic of Ireland", "s": "The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Northwestern Europe, occupying 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/amon-de-valera/": {"t": "Éamon de Valera", "s": "Éamon de Valera (14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was an Irish political figure who served as president of Ireland from 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legislators under the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/michael-collins-irish-leader/": {"t": "Michael Collins (Irish leader)", "s": "Irish revolutionary, soldier, and politician in the independence struggle."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/david-lloyd-george/": {"t": "David Lloyd George", "s": "Liberal PM who led Britain through WWI and social reform."}, "https://codexery.com/insurgents-and-guerrilla-leaders/e/insurgents-and-guerrilla-leaders/cathal-brugha/": {"t": "Cathal Brugha", "s": "Irish republican politician, first president of Dáil Éireann (pro tempore), and Chief of Staff of the IRA"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/munster/": {"t": "Munster", "s": "The largest province of Ireland, rich in history, mythology, and sporting tradition."}, 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"https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy/": {"t": "Absolute monarchy", "s": "Sovereign power unchecked by constitution or legislature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy.webp", "c": "Nicolai Abildgaard · Public domain"}, "/e/revolutions-of/persian-socialist-soviet-republic/": {"t": "Persian Socialist Soviet Republic", "s": "A short-lived Soviet republic in north-west Persia, 1920–1921."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/krak-w/": {"t": "Kraków", "s": "Historic royal capital and UNESCO World Heritage city in southern Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partitions-of-poland/": {"t": "Partitions of Poland", "s": "Three partitions ended the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's existence."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/croatia/": {"t": "Croatia", "s": "A country in Central and Southeastern Europe on the Adriatic Sea, with a rich history and a modern high-income economy."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/italians/": {"t": "Italians", "s": "An ethnic group native to Italy with a global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/acquittal/": {"t": "Acquittal", "s": "Acquittal frees the accused from a criminal charge."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/italian-peninsula/": {"t": "Italian Peninsula", "s": "Boot-shaped peninsula comprising much of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/riot/": {"t": "Riot", "s": "A form of civil disorder involving public violence and property destruction."}, "/e/revolutions-of/communist-workers-party-of-germany/": {"t": "Communist Workers' Party of Germany", "s": "Anti-parliamentarian left communist party of the Weimar Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/e/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/eisleben/": {"t": "Eisleben", "s": "Town in Saxony-Anhalt, birthplace and death place of Martin Luther."}, "https://codexery.com/forbidden-city/e/forbidden-city/tiananmen/": {"t": "Tiananmen", "s": "Gate of Heavenly Peace, entrance to the Forbidden City."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was an early modern empire in East Asia ruled by the Manchu people."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution/": {"t": "1911 Revolution", "s": "The uprising that ended millennia of imperial rule in China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1911 Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai/": {"t": "Yuan Shikai", "s": "Chinese general and statesman who briefly declared himself emperor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yuan Shikai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/georges-clemenceau/": {"t": "Georges Clemenceau", "s": "French statesman and prime minister known as 'Father Victory' and 'The Tiger'."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/celibacy/": {"t": "Celibacy", "s": "The state of voluntarily being unmarried or sexually abstinent, often for religious reasons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/celibacy.webp", "c": "Henry C. Lea (1829-1909) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/fudan-university/": {"t": "Fudan University", "s": "Public university in Shanghai, founded 1905 by Ma Xiangbo.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/fudan-university.webp", "c": "中日韩越的汉字 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/tulkus/e/tulkus/jebtsundamba-khutuktu/": {"t": "Jebtsundamba Khutuktu", "s": "Spiritual head of Gelug Buddhism in Mongolia and Bogd Gegeen.", "i": "https://codexery.com/tulkus/img/tulkus/jebtsundamba-khutuktu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jebtsundamba Khutuktu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-qing-dynasty/e/rebellions-in-the-qing-dynasty/mongolian-revolution-of-1911/": {"t": "Mongolian Revolution of 1911", "s": "Outer Mongolia declared independence from Qing China in 1911."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/theocracy/": {"t": "Theocracy", "s": "Government by divine guidance or religious officials."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/ulaanbaatar/": {"t": "Ulaanbaatar", "s": "Coldest capital city; founded as a nomadic Buddhist monastery."}, "https://codexery.com/housing-furniture/e/housing-and-furniture/yurt/": {"t": "Yurt", "s": "Portable round tent of Inner Asian nomads"}, "https://codexery.com/african-and-asian-leaders/e/african-and-asian-leaders/khorloogiin-choibalsan/": {"t": "Khorloogiin Choibalsan", "s": "Mongolian revolutionary and Stalinist leader who organized purges."}, "/e/revolutions-of/greater-poland-uprising-1918-1919/": {"t": "Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)", "s": "Polish insurrection against German rule in Greater Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/treaty-of-brest-litovsk/": {"t": "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk", "s": "Separate peace ending Russia's role in World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/hans-von-seeckt/": {"t": "Hans von Seeckt", "s": "German military officer and architect of the Reichswehr"}, "/e/revolutions-of/jungle-movement-of-gilan/": {"t": "Jungle Movement of Gilan", "s": "Rebellion in Gilan against monarchy and foreign interference, later declaring a Soviet republic."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}}