Indonesian National Revolution
Armed and diplomatic struggle for Indonesian independence from Dutch rule.
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Between 1945 and 1949, the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire engaged in both armed conflict and diplomatic negotiations, a period known as the Indonesian National Revolution.[1][2]
Key facts and history
Dutch military forces controlled major towns and industrial assets but could not control the countryside.[3] By 1949, international pressure and a partial military stalemate led the Netherlands to transfer sovereignty to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia.[3] Indonesia's declaration of independence occurred on 17 August 1945, which was two days after Japan had surrendered.[2][4] The revolution altered ethnic hierarchies and diminished the authority of numerous local rulers, known as raja.[5]
For most Indonesians, the revolution did not bring substantial economic improvements.[5] The Battle of Surabaya, the conflict's most intense engagement, came to symbolize Indonesian defiance.[6]
What the research sources say
Pham's 2013 study notes that Indonesian leaders were mostly pragmatic nationalist politicians inclined to adopt a liberal approach to economic policy.[7] According to Pham, economic development and national sovereignty were given higher priority than economic nationalism.[7]
References
- Wikipedia, "Indonesian National Revolution" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: ( , ) (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Indonesian National Revolution" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: van der Kroef, "The Indonesian Revolution in Retrospect", World Politics, 1951, p. 369–398 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Indonesian National Revolution" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Friend 2003, p. 35 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Indonesian National Revolution" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ricklefs 1991, p. 207; Taylor 2003, p. 325; Reid 1974, p. 170–171 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Indonesian National Revolution" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Reid 1974, p. 170–171 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Indonesian National Revolution" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ricklefs 1991, p. 207 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Pham, "The Political Framework of Economic Decision-making in Indonesia and Vietnam, 1945-1950", Lembaran Sejarah, 2013, p. 31–44. facts only, no text reused. jurnal.ugm.ac.id
Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Indonesian National Revolution (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.
More in Revolutions And Conflicts
Sources
Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.
- Wikipedia: Indonesian National Revolution (CC BY-SA 4.0).
- Word definitions: the Codexery glossary, each quoted from its Wikipedia article.
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