{"/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant/": {"t": "Gravitational constant", "s": "Fundamental constant quantifying gravitational force strength.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant.webp", "c": "National Institute of Standards and Technology · Public domain"}, "/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-field/": {"t": "Gravitational field", "s": "A vector field explaining gravitational influences around a body.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-field.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/spacetime/": {"t": "Spacetime", "s": "A four-dimensional continuum fusing space and time."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, 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"Janusz88pl · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/relativity-and-gravitation/geodesics-in-general-relativity/": {"t": "Geodesics in general relativity", "s": "Geodesics describe the paths of freely falling particles in curved spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/newton-s-law-of-universal-gravitation/": {"t": "Newton's law of universal gravitation", "s": "Gravity as a universal force between all masses."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/rotating-black-hole/": {"t": "Rotating black hole", "s": "A black hole that spins about its axis."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmological-constant/": {"t": "Cosmological constant", "s": "A coefficient in Einstein's equations explaining cosmic acceleration."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/accelerating-expansion-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Accelerating expansion of the universe", "s": "Discovery that the universe's expansion is speeding up, not slowing down."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electromagnetism/": {"t": "Electromagnetism", "s": "One of four fundamental forces governing atomic and molecular interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-field/": {"t": "Electric field", "s": "Electric fields arise from charges and exert forces on other charges."}, "/e/relativity-and-gravitation/einstein-field-equations/": {"t": "Einstein field equations", "s": "Tensor equations linking spacetime geometry to matter-energy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/einstein-field-equations.webp", "c": "Hendrik Lorentz · Public domain"}, "/e/relativity-and-gravitation/four-momentum/": {"t": "Four-momentum", "s": "Four-vector combining energy and momentum in special relativity."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/mass-energy-equivalence/": {"t": "Mass–energy equivalence", "s": "Mass and energy are equivalent, related by the speed of light squared."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/particle/": {"t": "Particle", "s": "A particle is a separate part of a larger system."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/max-planck/": {"t": "Max Planck", "s": "German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/paul-dirac/": {"t": "Paul Dirac", "s": "Founder of quantum mechanics and formulator of the Dirac equation"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/potential-energy/": {"t": "Potential energy", "s": "Energy stored in an object's position or configuration."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/lorentz-factor/": {"t": "Lorentz factor", "s": "Dimensionless factor quantifying relativistic time dilation and length contraction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/img/relativity-and-spacetime/lorentz-factor.webp", "c": "Jean Louis Van Belle - Ghent University / Vectorization: Mrmw · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/minkowski-spacetime/": {"t": "Minkowski spacetime", "s": "Four-dimensional model unifying space and time in special relativity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/img/relativity-and-spacetime/minkowski-spacetime.webp", "c": "Simon Tyran, Vienna (Yukterez) · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/relativity-and-gravitation/four-vector/": {"t": "Four-vector", "s": "A four-component vector transforming under Lorentz transformations in special relativity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/four-vector.webp", "c": "mapsproject · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/algebra/e/algebra/norm-mathematics/": {"t": "Norm (mathematics)", "s": "A function measuring vector length in a normed space."}, "/e/relativity-and-gravitation/invariant-physics/": {"t": "Invariant (physics)", "s": "An observable unchanged under a transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Frame of reference", "s": "Abstract coordinate system for describing physical space and motion."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/photon/": {"t": "Photon", "s": "Quantum of light and force carrier for electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/combinatorics/e/combinatorics/binomial-theorem/": {"t": "Binomial theorem", "s": "Describes the expansion of powers of a binomial.", "i": 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"Equations of motion", "s": "Mathematical laws describing motion as a function of time."}, "/e/relativity-and-gravitation/energy-momentum-relation/": {"t": "Energy–momentum relation", "s": "Relativistic equation linking energy, mass, and momentum.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/energy-momentum-relation.webp", "c": "Pietro Blaserna · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/lorentz-force/": {"t": "Lorentz force", "s": "Force on a charged particle by electric and magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/newton-s-laws-of-motion/": {"t": "Newton's laws of motion", "s": "Three laws describing motion and force relationships."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-charge/": {"t": "Electric charge", "s": "Electric charge is a quantized property causing electromagnetic force."}, 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vector space."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/proper-time/": {"t": "Proper time", "s": "Proper time is the time measured by a clock along its world line."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/international-system-of-units/": {"t": "International System of Units", "s": "The modern metric system used worldwide for measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/metrology/e/metrology/geometrized-unit-system/": {"t": "Geometrized unit system", "s": "A unit system setting c and G to unity for relativity."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/power-physics/": {"t": "Power (physics)", "s": "Power is the rate of energy transfer per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/coordinate-system/": {"t": "Coordinate system", "s": "A system using numbers to determine positions in space."}, "/e/relativity-and-gravitation/inertial-frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Inertial frame of reference", "s": "Frame where objects obey inertia and laws are simplest."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/principle-of-covariance/": {"t": "Principle of covariance", "s": "Principle requiring covariant formulation of physical laws."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/gravity/": {"t": "Gravity", "s": "Gravity is the fundamental attraction between objects with mass.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/gravity.webp", "c": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Nicoguaro · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/force/": {"t": "Force", "s": "A vector action causing change in motion, shape, or pressure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/force.webp", "c": "SpaceX · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/the-international-space-station/": {"t": "The International Space Station", "s": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a modular spacecraft in low Earth orbit, assembled and operated by five partner agencies: NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, a"}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/euler-lagrange-equation/": {"t": "Euler–Lagrange equation", "s": "Equations for stationary points of action functionals."}, "/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-singularity/": {"t": "Gravitational singularity", "s": "A point where spacetime breaks down catastrophically.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-singularity.webp", "c": "Yukterez (Simon Tyran, Vienna) . 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dimensions of quantities."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/unit-of-measurement/": {"t": "Unit of measurement", "s": "Standardized quantities enabling consistent measurement across time and place."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pierre-simon-laplace/": {"t": "Pierre-Simon Laplace", "s": "French polymath who advanced celestial mechanics, probability, and the nebular hypothesis."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation/": {"t": "Radiation", "s": "Energy emitted as waves or particles through space or matter."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/classical-mechanics/": {"t": "Classical mechanics", "s": "Theory of forces and motion for macroscopic objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/classical-mechanics.webp", "c": "David, but not Hilbert · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/fictitious-force/": {"t": "Fictitious force", "s": "A force arising from acceleration of the observer's reference frame."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-potential/": {"t": "Electric potential", "s": "Scalar field giving electric potential energy per unit charge."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies/e/spiral-galaxies/milky-way/": {"t": "Milky Way", "s": "The barred spiral galaxy containing the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity/": {"t": "Escape velocity", "s": "Minimum speed to escape a body's gravitational pull.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity.webp", "c": "Richard West · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/schwarzschild-radius/": {"t": "Schwarzschild radius", "s": "Radius defining the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/black-hole/": {"t": "Black hole", "s": "An astronomical body from which nothing, not even light, can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope, uploader cropped and converted TIF to JPG · via Wikipedia: Black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/event-horizon/": {"t": "Event horizon", "s": "A spacetime boundary beyond which no signal can reach an observer."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/ring-singularity/": {"t": "Ring singularity", "s": "The ring-shaped singularity of a rotating Kerr black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/tidal-force/": {"t": "Tidal force", "s": "Differential gravity stretches bodies and drives tides across the cosmos."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/spaghettification/": {"t": "Spaghettification", "s": "Extreme tidal forces stretch objects into long thin shapes."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/bkl-singularity/": {"t": "BKL singularity", "s": "An anisotropic, chaotic model of the universe near the singularity."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/wormhole/": {"t": "Wormhole", "s": "Hypothetical tunnel connecting distant points in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/mass-inflation/": {"t": "Mass inflation", "s": "Phenomenon of unbounded mass growth at a black hole's Cauchy horizon."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/fuzzball-string-theory/": {"t": "Fuzzball (string theory)", "s": "Hypothetical string-theory objects replacing black hole singularities."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/schwarzschild-metric/": {"t": "Schwarzschild metric", "s": "Exact solution to Einstein's equations for a spherical mass."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/tests-of-general-relativity/": {"t": "Tests of general relativity", "s": "Observational evidence confirming Einstein's theory of general relativity."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/altitude/": {"t": "Altitude", "s": "Vertical distance measurement with context-dependent definitions and critical aviation applications.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/img/physical-geography-and-elevation/altitude.webp", "c": "CVersteeg · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/mount-everest/": {"t": "Mount Everest", "s": "Earth's highest mountain above sea level, on the China–Nepal border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/img/notable-mountains-and-peaks/mount-everest.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1996 Mount Everest disaster · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/topographic-prominence/": {"t": "Topographic prominence", "s": "A measure of a summit's independence from higher terrain."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/mass/": {"t": "Mass", "s": "Intrinsic property measuring inertia and gravitational attraction."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/photon-sphere/": {"t": "Photon sphere", "s": "Region of unstable circular photon orbits around a black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-navigation-and-gps/e/satellite-navigation-and-gps/global-positioning-system/": {"t": "Global Positioning System", "s": "A satellite navigation system providing global positioning and timing."}, "https://codexery.com/satellites/e/satellites/satellite/": {"t": "Satellite", "s": "Artificial objects placed into orbit around a celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/white-dwarf/": {"t": "White dwarf", "s": "A compact star supported by electron degeneracy pressure."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-canis-major/e/stars-of-canis-major/sirius-b/": {"t": "Sirius B", "s": "White dwarf companion to Sirius A, closest example to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/viking-1/": {"t": "Viking 1", "s": "First successful Mars lander, operated over six years."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/motion/": {"t": "Motion", "s": "Motion is the continuous change of position in space."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-aquila/e/stars-of-aquila/hulse-taylor-pulsar/": {"t": "Hulse–Taylor pulsar", "s": "First binary pulsar discovered, used to test general relativity."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/astrometric-binary/": {"t": "Astrometric binary", "s": "Some stars appear to circle an invisible point."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/neutron-stars/": {"t": "Neutron stars", "s": "Gravitationally collapsed cores of massive stars, second only to black holes."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/henri-poincar/": {"t": "Henri Poincaré", "s": "French polymath and last universalist mathematician.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/img/mathematicians/henri-poincar.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Henri Poincaré · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arthur-eddington/": {"t": "Arthur Eddington", "s": "English astrophysicist who confirmed general relativity and studied stellar interiors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arthur-eddington.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arthur Eddington · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/astronomical-radio-sources/cosmic-microwave-background/": {"t": "Cosmic microwave background", "s": "Relic radiation from the early universe."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/polarization-waves/": {"t": "Polarization (waves)", "s": "Property of transverse waves specifying oscillation orientation."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/microwave/": {"t": "Microwave", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation between radio waves and infrared, used widely in technology."}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/binary-black-hole/": {"t": "Binary black hole", "s": "Two black holes in close orbit, confirmed by gravitational waves."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/stephen-hawking/": {"t": "Stephen Hawking", "s": "English theoretical astrophysicist who predicted Hawking radiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/stephen-hawking.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stephen Hawking · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic spectrum", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/telescope.webp", "c": "Pelligton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/micro-black-hole/": {"t": "Micro black hole", "s": "Hypothetical tiny black holes where quantum effects dominate."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/primordial-black-hole/": {"t": "Primordial black hole", "s": "Hypothetical black holes formed moments after the Big Bang."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/karl-schwarzschild/": {"t": "Karl Schwarzschild", "s": "German physicist and astronomer who provided the first exact solution to Einstein's field equations"}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/temperature/": {"t": "Temperature", "s": "Temperature measures average particle kinetic energy and thermal energy distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/luminosity/": {"t": "Luminosity", "s": "Absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic energy per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/frequency/": {"t": "Frequency", "s": "Frequency measures repeating events per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/net-force/": {"t": "Net force", "s": "Net force is the vector sum of all forces on an object."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/galilean-transformation/": {"t": "Galilean transformation", "s": "Transforms coordinates between frames in uniform relative motion."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/earth-s-rotation/": {"t": "Earth's rotation", "s": "Earth spins eastward, slowing over time but recently accelerating."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/newtonian-dynamics/": {"t": "Newtonian dynamics", "s": "Study of particle dynamics via Newton's laws."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/linear-motion/": {"t": "Linear motion", "s": "One-dimensional motion along a straight line."}, "https://codexery.com/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/e/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/observable/": {"t": "Observable", "s": "A measurable physical quantity represented by an operator in quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/kerr-metric/": {"t": "Kerr metric", "s": "Exact solution for rotating uncharged black holes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/kerr-metric.webp", "c": "Yukterez (Simon Tyran, Vienna) · via Wikipedia: Kerr metric · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/dark-matter/": {"t": "Dark matter", "s": "Invisible matter inferred from gravitational effects on cosmic scales."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/stellar-black-hole/": {"t": "Stellar black hole", "s": "Black hole formed by gravitational collapse of a star.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/stellar-black-hole.webp", "c": "ESO/L. Calçada/M.Kornmesser · via Wikipedia: Stellar black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/spherical-coordinate-system/": {"t": "Spherical coordinate system", "s": "A system using distance and two angles to locate points in space."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/boyer-lindquist-coordinates/": {"t": "Boyer–Lindquist coordinates", "s": "Coordinates generalizing Schwarzschild metric for Kerr black holes."}, "/e/relativity-and-gravitation/length-contraction/": {"t": "Length contraction", "s": "A moving object's length is measured shorter than its proper length."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/relativity-of-simultaneity/": {"t": "Relativity of simultaneity", "s": "Distant simultaneity depends on the observer's reference frame."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/spacetime-diagram/": {"t": "Spacetime diagram", "s": "Graphical tool illustrating spacetime geometry in special relativity."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/twin-paradox/": {"t": "Twin paradox", "s": "A thought experiment on relativistic time dilation and aging."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/hermann-minkowski/": {"t": "Hermann Minkowski", "s": "Creator of Minkowski spacetime and geometry of numbers", "i": "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/img/mathematicians/hermann-minkowski.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hermann Minkowski · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematics-and-cryptography/e/mathematics-and-cryptography/roger-penrose/": {"t": "Roger Penrose", "s": "Mathematician and physicist who revolutionized black hole theory."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andr-marie-amp-re/": {"t": "André-Marie Ampère", "s": "Founder of electrodynamics and namesake of the ampere"}, "/e/relativity-and-gravitation/ladder-paradox/": {"t": "Ladder paradox", "s": "A thought experiment on length contraction and simultaneity."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/poincar-group/": {"t": "Poincaré group", "s": "Isometry group of Minkowski spacetime, fundamental to special relativity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/img/relativity-and-spacetime/poincar-group.webp", "c": "Unknown author Unknown author or not provided · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/affine-transformation/": {"t": "Affine transformation", "s": "A transformation preserving lines and parallelism in affine spaces."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/metre/": {"t": "Metre", "s": "Base SI unit of length, defined by light in vacuum."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/causality/": {"t": "Causality", "s": "Causality is the influence by which a cause produces an effect."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-centaurus/e/stars-of-centaurus/proxima-centauri/": {"t": "Proxima Centauri", "s": "The closest star to the Sun, a faint red dwarf."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/light-year/": {"t": "Light-year", "s": "A unit of distance, not time, used for astronomical scales."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/phase-velocity/": {"t": "Phase velocity", "s": "Speed of a wave's constant-phase surface."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/group-velocity/": {"t": "Group velocity", "s": "Velocity of the envelope of a wave packet."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/hubble-s-law/": {"t": "Hubble's law", "s": "Galaxies recede faster the farther they are from Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/expansion-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Expansion of the universe", "s": "The increase in distance between gravitationally unbound parts of the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/comoving-and-proper-distances/": {"t": "Comoving and proper distances", "s": "Two distance measures used in standard cosmology."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/redshift/": {"t": "Redshift", "s": "Redshift measures the stretching of light from moving or distant sources."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/active-galactic-nucleus/": {"t": "Active galactic nucleus", "s": "Compact region at a galaxy's center emitting non-stellar radiation, powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/astronomical-radio-sources/microquasar/": {"t": "Microquasar", "s": "A stellar black hole system with relativistic jets and X-ray emission."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/quantum-field-theory/": {"t": "Quantum field theory", "s": "Framework combining field theory, relativity, and quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/dark-energy/": {"t": "Dark energy", "s": "The mysterious force accelerating the universe's expansion"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/very-long-baseline-interferometry/": {"t": "Very-long-baseline interferometry", "s": "VLBI combines radio telescopes to emulate a giant telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/string-theory/": {"t": "String theory", "s": "Theoretical framework replacing point particles with vibrating strings."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/cepheid-variable/": {"t": "Cepheid variable", "s": "Pulsating stars used as cosmic distance markers."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/proton/": {"t": "Proton", "s": "Proton: stable subatomic particle, building block of atomic nuclei."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/neutron/": {"t": "Neutron", "s": "The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n⁰, that carries no electric charge and has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton."}}