{"https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy/": {"t": "Absolute monarchy", "s": "Sovereign power unchecked by constitution or legislature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy.webp", "c": "Nicolai Abildgaard · Public domain"}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/1913-ottoman-coup-d-tat/": {"t": "1913 Ottoman coup d'état", "s": "CUP raid on Sublime Porte forced government change.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/img/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/1913-ottoman-coup-d-tat.webp", "c": "Collectif · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/hafiz-quran/": {"t": "Hafiz (Quran)", "s": "A person who has memorized the entire Qur'an."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/hagia-sophia/": {"t": "Hagia Sophia", "s": "Justinian's great domed church in Istanbul: cathedral, mosque, museum and mosque again.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/hagia-sophia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hagia Sophia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/seminary/": {"t": "Seminary", "s": "Educational institutions for training clergy and ministers in theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/seminary.webp", "c": "Aren Noronha · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/blue-mosque-istanbul/": {"t": "Blue Mosque, Istanbul", "s": "Ottoman imperial mosque known for its blue Iznik tile interior.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/img/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/blue-mosque-istanbul.webp", "c": "Slyronit · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sharia/": {"t": "Sharia", "s": "Islamic divine law based on the Qur'an and hadith, distinct from fiqh."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/enver-pasha/": {"t": "Enver Pasha", "s": "Ottoman war minister, revolutionary, and convicted war criminal."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/fatwa/": {"t": "Fatwa", "s": "A legal ruling on Islamic law issued by a qualified jurist."}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/armenian-resistance-during-the-armenian-genocide/": {"t": "Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide", "s": "Armenian resistance combined humanitarian aid and rare armed uprisings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/img/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/armenian-resistance-during-the-armenian-genocide.webp", "c": "This is an Archival document which individual author is not published. · Public domain"}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/1894-sasun-rebellion/": {"t": "1894 Sasun rebellion", "s": "Armenian resistance in Sasun against Hamidiye forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/img/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/1894-sasun-rebellion.webp", "c": "Yerevanci · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/tigris/": {"t": "Tigris", "s": "Eastern great river of Mesopotamia, flowing through history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/tigris.webp", "c": "Hamza Al Mosuly · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/jihad/": {"t": "Jihad", "s": "Islamic concept of striving in God's path, with spiritual and martial dimensions."}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/1916-uprising-in-hilla/": {"t": "1916 uprising in Hilla", "s": "Arab uprising against Ottoman rule in Hilla, November 1916."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/iraqi-revolt/": {"t": "Iraqi Revolt", "s": "A 1920 uprising for Iraqi independence from British rule."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/e/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/talaat-pasha/": {"t": "Talaat Pasha", "s": "Ottoman leader and architect of the Armenian genocide", "i": "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/img/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/talaat-pasha.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Talaat Pasha · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/electoral-fraud/": {"t": "Electoral fraud", "s": "Illegal interference with election processes to alter outcomes."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/cabinet-government/": {"t": "Cabinet (government)", "s": "Executive body advising head of state and managing government.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/cabinet-government.webp", "c": "Neoclassicism Enthusiast · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/treaty-of-berlin-1878/": {"t": "Treaty of Berlin (1878)", "s": "Congress of Berlin settlement reversing extreme Russian gains in the Balkans."}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/khedivate-of-egypt/": {"t": "Khedivate of Egypt", "s": "Autonomous Ottoman tributary state modernized under Muhammad Ali's dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-mental-disorders/e/people-with-mental-disorders/mustafa-i/": {"t": "Mustafa I", "s": "Ottoman sultan whose reigns were marked by mental instability and political turmoil."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/cappadocia/e/cappadocia/kayseri/": {"t": "Kayseri", "s": "Ancient capital of Cappadocia at the foot of Mount Erciyes."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/hejaz/": {"t": "Hejaz", "s": "Historical region of western Arabia containing Islam's holiest cities."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mecca/": {"t": "Mecca", "s": "Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world/": {"t": "Arab world", "s": "A region of diverse peoples united by Arabic language and culture, spanning West Asia and North Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world.webp", "c": "Qbox673 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/aleppo/": {"t": "Aleppo", "s": "Ancient Syrian city, historic Silk Road hub, site of major conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/league-of-nations-mandate/": {"t": "League of Nations mandate", "s": "Post-WWI territories administered under League of Nations supervision."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/levant/": {"t": "Levant", "s": "A historical and cultural subregion of West Asia along the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/levant.webp", "c": "Bassem Fleifel · CC BY-SA 1.0"}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/31-march-incident/": {"t": "31 March incident", "s": "An uprising against the CUP in Constantinople, suppressed by the Action Army.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/img/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/31-march-incident.webp", "c": "MiNe · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/captains-of-deal-castle/e/captains-of-deal-castle/edmund-allenby-1st-viscount-allenby/": {"t": "Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby", "s": "British field marshal who conquered Palestine and governed Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/t-e-lawrence/": {"t": "T. E. Lawrence", "s": "British officer, archaeologist, and writer known as Lawrence of Arabia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/pound-sterling/": {"t": "Pound sterling", "s": "The world's oldest currency in continuous use.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/pound-sterling.webp", "c": "Colonial Bank of Australasia (note), Heritage Auctions (image) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/medina/": {"t": "Medina", "s": "Second holiest city in Islam, cradle of Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/palestinian-cuisine/e/palestinian-cuisine/harees/": {"t": "Harees", "s": "A porridge-like dish of wheat and meat across many cultures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/palestinian-cuisine/img/palestinian-cuisine/harees.webp", "c": "Miansari66 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mahmud-ii/": {"t": "Mahmud II", "s": "Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 to 1839, known for extensive reforms and the abolition of the Janissary Corps.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mahmud-ii.webp", "c": "Henry Guillaume Schlesinger · via Wikipedia: Mahmud II · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/hippodrome-of-constantinople/": {"t": "Hippodrome of Constantinople", "s": "Ancient chariot-racing arena turned public square in Istanbul."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-mental-disorders/e/people-with-mental-disorders/ibrahim-of-the-ottoman-empire/": {"t": "Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire", "s": "Ottoman sultan known as Ibrahim the Mad."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mehmed-iv/": {"t": "Mehmed IV", "s": "The Hunter Sultan who oversaw the Köprülü era and the height of Ottoman expansion in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/crete/": {"t": "Crete", "s": "Largest Greek island, centre of Minoan civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/topkap-palace/": {"t": "Topkapı Palace", "s": "Ottoman administrative center and sultan's residence from the 1460s to 1853.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/topkap-palace.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Topkapı Palace · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/slavery/": {"t": "Slavery", "s": "Slavery is the ownership of a person as property."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/prophets-and-messengers-in-islam/": {"t": "Prophets and messengers in Islam", "s": "Individuals believed to spread God's message and exemplify ideal human behaviour."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sufism/": {"t": "Sufism", "s": "The inward dimension of Islam, focusing on purification and direct experience of the divine."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldavia/": {"t": "Moldavia", "s": "Historical principality that united with Wallachia to form Romania."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/propaganda/": {"t": "Propaganda", "s": "Communication used to influence audiences and further an agenda."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bucharest/": {"t": "Bucharest", "s": "Capital and largest city of Romania, historically called 'Paris of the East'."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/nbc-western-dramas/e/nbc-western-dramas/wagon-train/": {"t": "Wagon Train", "s": "A wagon train's journey across the American frontier."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/16th-century-in-iran/e/16th-century-in-iran/ottoman-safavid-war-1578-1590/": {"t": "Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)", "s": "A war between Safavid Iran and the Ottoman Empire from 1578 to 1590."}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/celali-rebellions/": {"t": "Celali rebellions", "s": "Anatolian bandit-led uprisings against Ottoman rule."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/theocracy/": {"t": "Theocracy", "s": "Government by divine guidance or religious officials."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/bey/": {"t": "Bey", "s": "A Turkic title for chieftains and aristocrats, used across Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Europe, and the Middle East.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/bey.webp", "c": "Bernard Gagnon · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/banja-luka/": {"t": "Banja Luka", "s": "Second largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the political heart of Republika Srpska, on the Vrbas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/img/miscellaneous-cities/banja-luka.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Banja Luka · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/kosovo/": {"t": "Kosovo", "s": "Landlocked Southeast European country with partial diplomatic recognition."}, "https://codexery.com/people-from-herat/e/people-from-herat/abbas-the-great/": {"t": "Abbas the Great", "s": "Fifth Safavid shah who restored Iran's power and built Isfahan."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/suleiman-the-magnificent/": {"t": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "s": "Ottoman sultan who expanded the empire and reformed its laws."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bursa/": {"t": "Bursa", "s": "Historic Ottoman capital and modern industrial hub in northwestern Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/ankara/": {"t": "Ankara", "s": "Capital of Turkey, ancient Galatian and Roman center."}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/abaza-rebellion/": {"t": "Abaza rebellion", "s": "A 17th-century Ottoman uprising against the janissary corps."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-danger/e/world-heritage-sites-in-danger/dubrovnik/": {"t": "Dubrovnik", "s": "Medieval walled city on the Adriatic coast."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Catholic emperor whose policies intensified the Thirty Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/balkan-mountains/": {"t": "Balkan Mountains", "s": "Mountain range forming a natural barrier across Bulgaria."}, "https://codexery.com/trees-in-mythology/e/trees-in-mythology/al-wakwak/": {"t": "Al-Wakwak", "s": "A legendary island or islands in medieval Arabic lore."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/kingdom-of-the-morea/": {"t": "Kingdom of the Morea", "s": "Venetian-ruled Peloponnese, conquered 1685–99, lost 1715."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hajj/": {"t": "Hajj", "s": "Annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a required religious duty."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/decentralization/": {"t": "Decentralization", "s": "Distribution of decision-making from central to smaller groups."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-ragusa/": {"t": "Republic of Ragusa", "s": "Aristocratic maritime republic centered on Dubrovnik, peaked in 15th–16th centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/safavid-dynasty/": {"t": "Safavid dynasty", "s": "Iranian dynasty that established Twelver Shi'ism as state religion."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/kingdom-of-georgia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Georgia", "s": "Medieval Christian empire spanning the Caucasus and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/16th-century-in-iran/e/16th-century-in-iran/peace-of-amasya/": {"t": "Peace of Amasya", "s": "1555 treaty ending the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/ismail-i/": {"t": "Ismail I", "s": "Founder of Safavid Iran, crowned shah in 1501 while still a teenager.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/ismail-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ismail I · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/dagestan/": {"t": "Dagestan", "s": "Land of the Mountains"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/18th-century-in-azerbaijan/e/18th-century-in-azerbaijan/kingdom-of-kartli-kakheti/": {"t": "Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti", "s": "Eastern Georgian kingdom unified in 1762, annexed by Russia in 1801."}, "https://codexery.com/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/e/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/gotse-delchev/": {"t": "Gotse Delchev", "s": "Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary and IMRO leader."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/serbo-croatian/": {"t": "Serbo-Croatian", "s": "A pluricentric South Slavic language with four standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkish-language/": {"t": "Turkish language", "s": "Most widely spoken Turkic language, official in Turkey and Cyprus."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878/": {"t": "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)", "s": "War that freed Balkan states and shifted Black Sea power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/imperialism/": {"t": "Imperialism", "s": "Imperialism is the extension of power over foreign nations through hard and soft power."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/crimean-war/": {"t": "Crimean War", "s": "A mid-19th century conflict between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia, notable for modern technologies and "}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-of-the-ottoman-empire/e/historiography-of-the-ottoman-empire/ottoman-public-debt/": {"t": "Ottoman public debt", "s": "Ottoman debt default led to European-controlled debt administration."}, "https://codexery.com/telegraph-keys-and-codes/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/electrical-telegraph/": {"t": "Electrical telegraph", "s": "First electrical telecommunications system, used from the 1840s."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/strait/": {"t": "Strait", "s": "Narrow channel connecting two seas, vital for navigation and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/french-algeria/": {"t": "French Algeria", "s": "French colony and later integral part of France until 1962.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/img/former-french-colonies/french-algeria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Algeria · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/druze/": {"t": "Druze", "s": "Esoteric monotheistic group originating from Ismā‘īli Shiʿa Islam."}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/arab-revolt/": {"t": "Arab Revolt", "s": "Hashemite-led uprising against Ottoman rule in World War I.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/img/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/arab-revolt.webp", "c": "Maurice Bauche (1878–1956) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-danger/e/world-heritage-sites-in-danger/bosra/": {"t": "Bosra", "s": "Ancient Nabatean and Roman city in southern Syria."}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/1913-euphrates-rebellion/": {"t": "1913 Euphrates rebellion", "s": "The 1913 Euphrates rebellion led by Mudbir al-Far'un against Ottoman rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/img/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/1913-euphrates-rebellion.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/diyarbak-r/": {"t": "Diyarbakır", "s": "Ancient city on the Tigris, Kurdish cultural and political center."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/greek-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Greek War of Independence", "s": "From 1821 to 1829, Greek revolutionaries fought a successful war for independence against the Ottoman Empire, known as the Greek War of Independence, the Greek ", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/greek-war-of-independence.webp", "c": "George E. Koronaios · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/odesa/": {"t": "Odesa", "s": "Pearl by the Sea"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/wat-tyler/": {"t": "Wat Tyler", "s": "Leader of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/e/italian-fascism/duce/": {"t": "Duce", "s": "Title of Benito Mussolini as fascist leader of Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/national-churches/e/national-churches/serbian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Serbian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church with jurisdiction over six countries."}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-inventions/e/turkish-inventions/devshirme/": {"t": "Devshirme", "s": "Ottoman levy of Christian boys for state service."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/inflation/": {"t": "Inflation", "s": "An increase in the average price of goods and services."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/kurds/": {"t": "Kurds", "s": "An Iranic ethnic group indigenous to Kurdistan, spanning parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/harpoot/": {"t": "Harpoot", "s": "Ancient hilltop town with a castle and millennia of history."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/kurdistan/": {"t": "Kurdistan", "s": "A stateless nation spanning four countries in West Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/harran/": {"t": "Harran", "s": "Ancient Mesopotamian city of the moon-god Sin."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanic-mountains/e/volcanic-mountains/mount-ararat/": {"t": "Mount Ararat", "s": "Dormant volcano in Turkey, national symbol of Armenia."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mustafa-kemal-atat-rk/": {"t": "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk", "s": "Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mustafa-kemal-atat-rk.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constituent-assembly/": {"t": "Constituent assembly", "s": "A body assembled to draft or revise a constitution."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/forgery/": {"t": "Forgery", "s": "Forgery is the false making of an instrument to defraud."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/berdan-rifle/": {"t": "Berdan rifle", "s": "Single-shot rifle that armed Imperial Russia for two decades.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/img/bolt-action-rifles/berdan-rifle.webp", "c": "Bouterolle · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/true-cross/e/true-cross/feast-of-the-cross/": {"t": "Feast of the Cross", "s": "Christian feast honoring the True Cross of Christ's crucifixion."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/macedonia-greece/": {"t": "Macedonia (Greece)", "s": "Largest Greek region, ancient kingdom of Alexander the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/violence/e/violence/ethnic-cleansing/": {"t": "Ethnic cleansing", "s": "Forcible removal of an ethnic group from a territory."}, "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/e/military-conflicts-and-wars/greek-civil-war/": {"t": "Greek Civil War", "s": "First Cold War proxy conflict between Greek Communists and the royal government.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/img/military-conflicts-and-wars/greek-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Greek Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/attacks-on-castles-in-europe/e/attacks-on-castles-in-europe/siege-of-shkodra/": {"t": "Siege of Shkodra", "s": "A 1478–1479 Ottoman siege of a Venetian-Albanian fortress."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-xi-palaiologos/": {"t": "Constantine XI Palaiologos", "s": "Last Byzantine emperor, died defending Constantinople in 1453."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-burgundy/": {"t": "Duchy of Burgundy", "s": "A medieval duchy of the Kingdom of France, ruled by dukes from 918, later a core of the Burgundian State."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leopold-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who continued the War of the Spanish Succession and established Austrian hegemony over Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/sava/": {"t": "Sava", "s": "Longest tributary of the Danube, flowing through four countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/sava.webp", "c": "Petar Milošević · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/antarctica/": {"t": "Antarctica", "s": "Earth's southernmost, coldest, and least-populated continent."}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/hauran-druze-rebellion/": {"t": "Hauran Druze Rebellion", "s": "Druze uprising against Ottoman centralization in 1909."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/madrasa/": {"t": "Madrasa", "s": "An Arabic term for any educational institution, historically a college of Islamic law."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/dobruja/": {"t": "Dobruja", "s": "A Balkan region divided between Bulgaria and Romania since the 19th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/dobruja.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/auspicious-incident/": {"t": "Auspicious Incident", "s": "Forced disbandment of the janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II."}, "https://codexery.com/miracle-workers/e/miracle-workers/haji-bektash-veli/": {"t": "Haji Bektash Veli", "s": "Eponym of the Bektashi Sufi order and principal teacher of Alevism."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/morus-plant/": {"t": "Morus (plant)", "s": "The mulberry tree: a fast-growing, fruit-bearing genus with complex taxonomy and a history of cultivation across temperate regions."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-saxony/": {"t": "Electorate of Saxony", "s": "A key electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, centered on Saxe-Wittenberg."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/edirne-incident/": {"t": "Edirne Incident", "s": "A 1703 janissary revolt that deposed Sultan Mustafa II."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/great-power/": {"t": "Great power", "s": "Sovereign state with global influence and recognized power status."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/history-of-egypt-under-the-british/": {"t": "History of Egypt under the British", "s": "British occupation of Egypt from 1882 to 1956."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/otto-von-bismarck/": {"t": "Otto von Bismarck", "s": "Prussian statesman who unified Germany and became its first chancellor."}}