{"https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire/": {"t": "First French Empire", "s": "Empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, dominating early 19th-century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First French Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/archduke-charles-duke-of-teschen/": {"t": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "s": "Austrian field marshal and reformer who handed Napoleon his first major defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/khedivate-of-egypt/": {"t": "Khedivate of Egypt", "s": "Autonomous Ottoman tributary state modernized under Muhammad Ali's dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/madrasa/": {"t": "Madrasa", "s": "An Arabic term for any educational institution, historically a college of Islamic law."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878/": {"t": "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)", "s": "War that freed Balkan states and shifted Black Sea power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers/": {"t": "Axis powers", "s": "Military coalition that initiated World War II against the Allies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers.webp", "c": "Sr L · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/e/public-holidays-and-observances/new-year-s-eve/": {"t": "New Year's Eve", "s": "The last day of the Gregorian year, celebrated worldwide with fireworks, feasts, and festivities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/img/public-holidays-and-observances/new-year-s-eve.webp", "c": "Syced · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sulawesi/": {"t": "Sulawesi", "s": "Sulawesi is a large Indonesian island with four peninsulas."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/nabopolassar/": {"t": "Nabopolassar", "s": "Founder of the Neo-Babylonian Empire who overthrew Assyrian rule."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/medes/": {"t": "Medes", "s": "Iron Age Iranian people of Media, known from foreign sources and archaeology."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/babylon/": {"t": "Babylon", "s": "Ancient city on the Euphrates, heart of Babylonia and home of wonders."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/tiglath-pileser-iii/": {"t": "Tiglath-Pileser III", "s": "The Neo-Assyrian emperor who doubled Assyrian territory and became the first king to rule both Assyria and Babylonia."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/sennacherib/": {"t": "Sennacherib", "s": "King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 705 BC until his assassination in 681 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/esarhaddon/": {"t": "Esarhaddon", "s": "King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire who conquered Egypt and rebuilt Babylon."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/s-n-ar-i-kun/": {"t": "Sîn-šar-iškun", "s": "Penultimate king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, who faced revolt and the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/twenty-sixth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "Last native Egyptian dynasty before Persian rule."}, "https://codexery.com/sargon-of-akkad/e/sargon-of-akkad/arrapha/": {"t": "Arrapha", "s": "Ancient city or kingdom beneath modern Kirkuk, Iraq."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/nineveh/": {"t": "Nineveh", "s": "Nineveh was an ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia, part of the Near East, and now lies within the modern Iraqi city of Mosul on the Tigris River’s eastern bank."}, "https://codexery.com/characters-in-the-mahabharata/e/characters-in-the-mahabharata/bhima/": {"t": "Bhima", "s": "Second Pandava, son of Vayu, unmatched in mace combat."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/ganges/": {"t": "Ganges", "s": "The Ganges: sacred lifeline of India and Bangladesh, second-largest river system by discharge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/ganges.webp", "c": "Picture Prefect ! · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii/": {"t": "Constantine VII", "s": "Byzantine emperor and scholar who compiled key historical and agronomic works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii.webp", "c": "Classical Numismatic Group · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/tragedy/": {"t": "Tragedy", "s": "A dramatic genre invoking catharsis through human suffering."}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/upper-egypt/": {"t": "Upper Egypt", "s": "Southern Nile valley region, cradle of pharaonic unification.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/img/geography-of-ancient-egypt/upper-egypt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Upper Egypt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/thebaid/": {"t": "Thebaid", "s": "A region of Upper Egypt centered on Thebes."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/ptolemaic-dynasty/": {"t": "Ptolemaic dynasty", "s": "Hellenistic Macedonian Greek dynasty, last to rule ancient Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/pharaohs-of-egypt/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/ptolemy-i-soter/": {"t": "Ptolemy I Soter", "s": "Macedonian Greek general who founded the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ptolemaic-kingdom/": {"t": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "s": "The final dynasty of ancient Egypt, blending Greek and Egyptian cultures for nearly three centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egypt/e/ancient-egypt/clergy-of-ancient-egypt/": {"t": "Clergy of ancient Egypt", "s": "Priests served the gods, replacing the pharaoh in daily rites."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/polybius/": {"t": "Polybius", "s": "Ancient Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period, author of The Histories"}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/amun/": {"t": "Amun", "s": "The hidden king of the gods, Amun rose from Theban patron to national creator deity."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/temple-of-edfu/": {"t": "Temple of Edfu", "s": "The Temple of Edfu stands on the Nile’s west bank in Upper Egypt, near the modern city of Edfu."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/horus/": {"t": "Horus", "s": "Ancient Egyptian falcon god of kingship, sky, and protection."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/osiris/": {"t": "Osiris", "s": "God of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/isis/": {"t": "Isis", "s": "Ancient Egyptian goddess of magic, motherhood, and the afterlife"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ptolemaic-kingdom/e/ptolemaic-kingdom/coele-syria/": {"t": "Coele-Syria", "s": "Disputed region between the Ptolemies and Seleucids in antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/kingdom-of-kush/": {"t": "Kingdom of Kush", "s": "Ancient Nubian kingdom that ruled Egypt and pioneered ironworking and irrigation."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/mero/": {"t": "Meroë", "s": "Ancient capital of Kush, famed for its pyramids and iron industry."}, "https://codexery.com/nile/e/nile/lower-nubia/": {"t": "Lower Nubia", "s": "Northernmost part of Nubia, now largely submerged by Lake Nasser.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nile/img/nile/lower-nubia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lower Nubia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/relocated-monuments-of-lower-nubia/e/relocated-monuments-of-lower-nubia/philae-temple-complex/": {"t": "Philae temple complex", "s": "Dismantled and rebuilt on Agilkia Island to avoid total flooding."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/memphis-egypt/": {"t": "Memphis, Egypt", "s": "Ancient capital of Egypt, home to the Temple of Ptah and gateway to the pyramids."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egyptian-language/e/ancient-egyptian-language/rosetta-stone/": {"t": "Rosetta Stone", "s": "Key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/minas-gerais/": {"t": "Minas Gerais", "s": "Land of gold, coffee, and colonial heritage", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/minas-gerais.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Minas Gerais · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-grande-do-sul/": {"t": "Rio Grande do Sul", "s": "Southernmost Brazilian state with gaucho culture and high life expectancy."}, "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/e/empire-of-brazil/empire-of-brazil/": {"t": "Empire of Brazil", "s": "A 19th-century constitutional monarchy in South America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/img/empire-of-brazil/empire-of-brazil.webp", "c": "Mendes, Cândido · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/e/empire-of-brazil/regency-period-empire-of-brazil/": {"t": "Regency period (Empire of Brazil)", "s": "Decade of regencies preserving Brazil's unity amid widespread revolts."}, "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/e/empire-of-brazil/abdication-of-pedro-i-of-brazil/": {"t": "Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil", "s": "The abdication of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil on 7 April 1831 ended the First Reign and began the regency period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/img/empire-of-brazil/abdication-of-pedro-i-of-brazil.webp", "c": "Jean-Baptiste Debret · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/e/empire-of-brazil/cisplatine-war/": {"t": "Cisplatine War", "s": "A conflict for the Banda Oriental that gave birth to Uruguay.", "i": "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/img/empire-of-brazil/cisplatine-war.webp", "c": "See each file for details · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/decentralization/": {"t": "Decentralization", "s": "Distribution of decision-making from central to smaller groups."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/maranh-o/": {"t": "Maranhão", "s": "Land of the Babaçu palm and the Lençóis dunes"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/s-o-paulo/": {"t": "São Paulo", "s": "One of Brazil's most successful clubs, never relegated, with three world titles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/s-o-paulo.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: São Paulo FC · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-de-janeiro-state/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro (state)", "s": "State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's second-largest economy."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-nobility/e/brazilian-nobility/hon-rio-hermeto-carneiro-le-o-marquis-of-paran/": {"t": "Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná", "s": "Brazilian politician, diplomat, judge and monarchist."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/esp-rito-santo/": {"t": "Espírito Santo", "s": "Work and trust", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/esp-rito-santo.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Espírito Santo · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/italian-empire/": {"t": "Italian Empire", "s": "Italian colonial empire from 1882 to 1943, revived as trust until 1960.", "i": "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/img/colonialism-and-exploration/italian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Colonial empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-colonisation-in-africa/e/italian-colonisation-in-africa/second-italo-senussi-war/": {"t": "Second Italo-Senussi War", "s": "Italian colonial war in Libya, 1923–1932, with mass civilian deaths."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/e/african-leaders/idris-of-libya/": {"t": "Idris of Libya", "s": "Idris (born Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Sanusi on 13 March 1889, died 25 May 1983) was the king of Libya from 24 December 1951 until he was overthro"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "Hellenistic period", "s": "Era of Greek cultural expansion after Alexander the Great's conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-male-monarchs/e/deified-male-monarchs/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/": {"t": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "s": "Seleucid king whose actions sparked the Maccabean revolt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deified-male-monarchs/img/deified-male-monarchs/antiochus-iv-epiphanes.webp", "c": "Jan Luyken (etser) (naar) Jan Luyken (tekenaar) Flavius Josephus (auteur) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/judas-maccabeus/": {"t": "Judas Maccabeus", "s": "Jewish priest and leader of the Maccabean Revolt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/img/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/judas-maccabeus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Judas Maccabeus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/hanukkah/": {"t": "Hanukkah", "s": "Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Second Temple."}, "https://codexery.com/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/e/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/acra-fortress/": {"t": "Acra (fortress)", "s": "Seleucid fortress in Jerusalem central to the Maccabean Revolt."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/levant/": {"t": "Levant", "s": "A historical and cultural subregion of West Asia along the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/levant.webp", "c": "Bassem Fleifel · CC BY-SA 1.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/polis/": {"t": "Polis", "s": "Ancient Greek city-state that was the native land of its citizens."}, "https://codexery.com/mythology/e/mythology/syncretism/": {"t": "Syncretism", "s": "The blending of distinct beliefs into a new, cohesive system."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/vassal/": {"t": "Vassal", "s": "A subordinate bound by mutual obligation to a lord."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/e/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-angola/": {"t": "Portuguese Angola", "s": "Portuguese colony in Africa from 1575 to 1975.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/img/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-angola.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Portuguese Angola · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/scramble-for-africa/": {"t": "Scramble for Africa", "s": "The late 19th-century invasion, conquest, and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/scramble-for-africa.webp", "c": "Bulllinzoneownere · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/brussels-conference-act-of-1890/": {"t": "Brussels Conference Act of 1890", "s": "Anti-slavery convention signed in Brussels in 1890."}, "https://codexery.com/german-south-west-africa/e/german-south-west-africa/german-south-west-africa/": {"t": "German South West Africa", "s": "German colony in Africa, site of the Herero and Nama genocide."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/windhoek/": {"t": "Windhoek", "s": "Capital and largest city of Namibia, on the Khomas Highland."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/north-european-plain/": {"t": "North European Plain", "s": "Low plains between Central European Highlands and northern seas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/north-european-plain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: European Plain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-prussia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Prussia", "s": "German state that unified Germany and dominated the German Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/e/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/congress-of-vienna/": {"t": "Congress of Vienna", "s": "Congress reshaped Europe after Napoleon's defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/patriotism/": {"t": "Patriotism", "s": "Love and devotion to one's country, distinct from nationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/january-uprising/e/january-uprising/for-our-freedom-and-yours/": {"t": "For our freedom and yours", "s": "A Polish motto of solidarity in freedom struggles."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/adam-mickiewicz/": {"t": "Adam Mickiewicz", "s": "Polish Romantic poet and national bard of Poland, Lithuania, and Belarus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/adam-mickiewicz.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Adam Mickiewicz · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution/": {"t": "Constitution", "s": "The fundamental principles that govern a polity."}, "https://codexery.com/january-uprising/e/january-uprising/january-uprising/": {"t": "January Uprising", "s": "A Polish-Lithuanian insurrection against Russian rule that began in 1863."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/crimean-war/": {"t": "Crimean War", "s": "A mid-19th century conflict between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia, notable for modern technologies and "}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-ii-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexander II of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia who emancipated the serfs and pursued liberal reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/karl-marx/": {"t": "Karl Marx", "s": "German philosopher and revolutionary socialist who developed Marxism."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/alexander-herzen/": {"t": "Alexander Herzen", "s": "Russian writer and precursor of socialism and agrarian populism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/alexander-herzen.webp", "c": "Ге Николай Николаевич (1831 -1894) · via Wikipedia: Alexander Herzen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/greater-poland-uprising-1918-1919/": {"t": "Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)", "s": "Polish insurrection against German rule in Greater Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/": {"t": "German revolution of 1918–1919", "s": "Revolution that ended the German Empire and founded the Weimar Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/emperor-of-russia/": {"t": "Emperor of Russia", "s": "Autocratic monarch of the Russian Empire from 1721 to 1917.", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/emperor-of-russia.webp", "c": "Miscellaneous Items in High Demand, PPOC, Library of Congress · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Nicholas II", "s": "Last Emperor of Russia, abdicated in 1917, executed in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/treaty-of-brest-litovsk/": {"t": "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk", "s": "Separate peace ending Russia's role in World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin/": {"t": "Vladimir Lenin", "s": "First head of Soviet Russia and founder of Leninism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/early-soviet-republics/e/early-soviet-republics/soviet-central-asia/": {"t": "Soviet Central Asia", "s": "Region of Central Asia under Soviet rule from 1918 to 1991."}, "https://codexery.com/anti-bolshevik-uprisings/e/anti-bolshevik-uprisings/tambov-rebellion/": {"t": "Tambov Rebellion", "s": "A major peasant revolt against Bolshevik grain requisitions."}, "https://codexery.com/anti-bolshevik-uprisings/e/anti-bolshevik-uprisings/kronstadt-rebellion/": {"t": "Kronstadt rebellion", "s": "Last major revolt against Bolshevik rule on Russian soil."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/biennio-rosso/": {"t": "Biennio Rosso", "s": "Two years of intense social conflict in post-WWI Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/makerere-university/": {"t": "Makerere University", "s": "Uganda's oldest and largest university, founded in 1922."}, "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/milton-obote/": {"t": "Milton Obote", "s": "Ugandan leader twice overthrown by military coups."}, "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/e/african-leaders/idi-amin/": {"t": "Idi Amin", "s": "Ugandan military officer and dictator who ruled from 1971 to 1979."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/kongo-people/": {"t": "Kongo people", "s": "Bantu ethnic group primarily defined as speakers of Kikongo, with a rich history of kingdoms, early Portuguese contact, and resistance to slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/social-media/": {"t": "Social media", "s": "Interactive platforms for creating, sharing, and networking content."}, "https://codexery.com/internet-culture-and-platforms/e/internet-culture-and-platforms/facebook/": {"t": "Facebook", "s": "American social networking service owned by Meta Platforms."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/l-dynasty/": {"t": "Lê dynasty", "s": "Longest-ruling Vietnamese dynasty, marked by civil wars and Confucian reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/vietnamese-independence-movement/e/vietnamese-independence-movement/l-l-i/": {"t": "Lê Lợi", "s": "Rebel leader who restored Đại Việt's independence from Ming rule."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/feudalism/": {"t": "Feudalism", "s": "A system of land-for-service obligations in medieval Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/balkan-mountains/": {"t": "Balkan Mountains", "s": "Mountain range forming a natural barrier across Bulgaria."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/eurasian-steppe/": {"t": "Eurasian Steppe", "s": "Grassland corridor linking Europe and Asia for millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldova/": {"t": "Moldova", "s": "Landlocked Eastern European parliamentary republic with a rich history and EU candidate status."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/mysticism/": {"t": "Mysticism", "s": "Mysticism involves personal transformation through religious practices and experiences."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-bulgaria/e/castles-in-bulgaria/cherven-fortress/": {"t": "Cherven (fortress)", "s": "Medieval Bulgarian stronghold and bishopric centre."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/theodore-svetoslav-of-bulgaria/": {"t": "Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria", "s": "Bulgarian emperor who ended Mongol control and expanded territory."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/overture/": {"t": "Overture", "s": "Instrumental opening to stage works and concert pieces."}}