1809 Gottscheer rebellion

Background

The rebellion began with a riot on September 10, 1809, when 600 Gottscheer farmers protested a new war tax. On October 6, a squad of 18 French soldiers entered the Slovene village of Kostel, south of the Gottschee German region. When the French could not find tax money, they threatened to burn the town. The mayor escaped and rallied neighboring villagers (mostly Gottschee Germans), and on the morning of October 7 they attacked the French in Kostel.

After a brief fight, the French officer surrendered. The rebels delivered their captives to Austrian positions across the Kolpa River. Later that day, Slovene villagers of Pölland drove out a French garrison of 28 men, who fled to Altenmarkt. The next morning, 300 rebels (Gottschee Germans and Slovenes) surrounded them; the French surrendered and were marched to the banks of the Kolpa and executed.

On the early hours of October 9, hundreds of rebels from Gottscheer villages attacked French troops in Gottschee under Commissioner Gasparini. The French fell back to Auersperg Castle; after a siege, the rebels broke in and killed the entire garrison. Gasparini was dragged from the fortress, killed in the village of Lienfeld, and his body disposed of. Out of 50 to 100 French troops in Gottschee, 42 were captured and handed over to Austrians in Croatia.

A relief force from Reifnitz was ambushed and mostly killed. In the following days, rebels ambushed a French squad between Schalkendorf and Seele, forcing them into caves where they were massacred or surrendered. At Malgern, rebels attacked Captain Chambelli's tax convoy, killing him and his lieutenant. On October 15, rebels assaulted the French garrison in Neustadt but were driven off by artillery; 35 to 40 rebels were killed, the other 400 scattering.

French losses were three killed, five wounded, and 11 taken prisoner. On October 16, French reinforcements under General Zucchi crushed the rebels and restored control. The French planned to raze Gottschee, but Father Georg Jonke interceded, and the town was plundered instead from October 16 to 18. On October 18, five rebel leaders were executed by firing squad in the churchyard: Johann Jonke, Matthias Dulzer, Georg Eisenzopf, Johann Erker, and Bartholomäus Kusold.

Aftermath

Aftermath: Gottschee was incorporated into the Illyrian Provinces. The Gottscheers remained defiant; French patrols were ambushed.

Origins: Occupation and the First Stand

In April 1809, the Austrian Empire opened hostilities against Napoleon, launching what became the War of the Fifth Coalition. After early setbacks such as Aspern-Essling, the French decisively defeated Archduke Charles at Wagram, effectively ending the war. French troops then pushed south into Carniola, bringing Gottschee County under their control. Gottschee had been settled centuries earlier by Austrians from Tyrol and Carinthia, and its German-speaking population had no desire to live under French rule.

In a hasty response, local peasants assembled a militia and marched north from the town of Gottschee to confront the advancing army. At Kerndorf, just north of the town, roughly 900 farmers faced the French in a brief engagement that ended in a thorough rout. The French then occupied the rest of the region with minimal resistance, though on September 10, 1809, they had to disperse 600 Gottscheer farmers protesting a new war tax. On October 14, the Treaty of Schönbrunn formally transferred Carniola to France, cementing the occupation that would soon provoke far greater resistance.

The Kostel Spark and Rapid Escalation

The uprising truly ignited on October 6, 1809, when a small squad of 18 French soldiers entered the Slovene village of Kostel, south of the Gottschee German region. Unable to collect the tax money they had come for, the soldiers threatened to set the village ablaze. The local mayor slipped away and rallied neighboring villagers, predominantly Gottschee Germans, who launched a dawn attack on October 7. The skirmish was brief: one farmer and two Frenchmen were wounded, and with the Kolpa River at their backs, the French officer capitulated.

The rebels escorted their captives across the river to Austrian positions in what is now Croatia. Word of this success spread rapidly. Later that same day, Slovene villagers at Pölland drove out a 28-man French garrison, who fled to Altenmarkt. The following morning, 300 rebels—a mixed force of Gottschee Germans and Slovenes—surrounded Altenmarkt.

The French surrendered and were marched to the Kolpa's banks, where they were executed. These twin victories electrified the region and set the stage for the broader revolt.

The Fall of Gottschee Town and Gasparini's Death

News of the Kostel and Altenmarkt victories rippled deep into Gottschee. In the early hours of October 9, hundreds of rebels from surrounding Gottscheer villages descended on the French troops stationed in the town under Commissioner Gasparini. As the attackers closed in, Gasparini dispatched a messenger toward Reifnitz, but all French forces fell back into Auersperg Castle, where a siege lasted several hours. The Gottschee Germans eventually broke down the doors and killed the entire garrison.

Gasparini, hiding in a back room, was dragged out and hauled through the streets, kicked, struck, and pelted with stones until he was killed in the village of Lienfeld, where his body was casually discarded. Legend holds his last words were 'Vive L'Empereur.' Forty-two French defenders were captured and handed to the Austrians in Croatia. The relief force sent from Reifnitz was ambushed by Germans hidden along the road and largely destroyed.

In the days that followed, rebels ambushed a French squad between Schalkendorf and Seele, driving them into caves where they were massacred or forced to surrender, and killed Captain Chambelli and his lieutenant while they led a tax convoy through Malgern.

The Turning Point, Retaliation, and Executions

The rebellion's momentum shattered on October 15, when Gottschee Germans joined by Slovene peasants attempted a dawn assault on the French garrison at Neustadt. Repeated delays allowed the French and Italian defenders to prepare. After initial small gains, the rebels were driven back by shrapnel from Neustadt's two artillery pieces; 35 to 40 rebels were killed and another 400 scattered, while the garrison lost only three killed, five wounded, and eleven captured.

This was the uprising's turning point. General Zucchi marched reinforcements into the area and entered Gottschee on October 16, crushing and scattering the remaining rebels to restore French control. The French intended to raze the town, but Father Georg Jonke, a local priest, interceded—his earlier efforts to spare French prisoners earned him credibility—and convinced them to plunder rather than burn. From October 16 to 18, Gottschee was pillaged.

On October 18, five captured rebel leaders—Johann Jonke, Matthias Dulzer, Georg Eisenzopf, Johann Erker, and Bartholomäus Kusold—were executed by firing squad in the town's churchyard.