{"https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electrical-network/": {"t": "Electrical network", "s": "Interconnection of electrical components forming circuits or networks."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radio-frequency/": {"t": "Radio frequency", "s": "Oscillation rate enabling radio wave radiation and technology."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/microwave/": {"t": "Microwave", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation between radio waves and infrared, used widely in technology."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/transmission-line/": {"t": "Transmission line", "s": "A structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves with minimal reflections and losses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/transmission-line.webp", "c": "Thebezaliel · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/antenna-radio/": {"t": "Antenna (radio)", "s": "Interface between radio waves and electric currents."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/radio-propagation/": {"t": "Radio propagation", "s": "Radio waves travel via line-of-sight, ground wave, and skywave modes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/img/radio-propagation/radio-propagation.webp", "c": "Mysid · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/ism-radio-band/": {"t": "ISM radio band", "s": "Reserved for industrial, scientific, medical use; now crowded with unlicensed communications."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/bluetooth/": {"t": "Bluetooth", "s": "Short-range wireless standard uniting devices via radio waves."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/tablet-computer/": {"t": "Tablet computer", "s": "A touchscreen mobile device larger than a smartphone."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/super-high-frequency/": {"t": "Super high frequency", "s": "SHF enables narrow-beam microwave communication and radar from 3 to 30 GHz."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/line-of-sight-propagation/": {"t": "Line-of-sight propagation", "s": "Radio waves above 30 MHz travel in a direct visual path."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/dbm/": {"t": "DBm", "s": "Logarithmic power unit referenced to one milliwatt, used in communications."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio/": {"t": "Amateur radio", "s": "Non-commercial radio communication for experimentation, recreation, and emergency service."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-frequency-allocations/": {"t": "Amateur radio frequency allocations", "s": "National and international rules govern which frequencies amateurs may use."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/microwave-oven/": {"t": "Microwave oven", "s": "An electric oven using microwaves for rapid food heating."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/cavity-magnetron/": {"t": "Cavity magnetron", "s": "High-power vacuum tube enabling compact radar and microwave ovens."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/power-supply/": {"t": "Power supply", "s": "Device converting electric current to power electrical loads."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing/": {"t": "Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing", "s": "A digital modulation scheme using multiple orthogonal subcarriers."}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-mics-and-mice/e/headphones-mics-and-mice/wireless-microphone/": {"t": "Wireless microphone", "s": "A cable-free microphone using radio waves for audio transmission."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/frequency-modulation/": {"t": "Frequency modulation", "s": "Frequency modulation varies carrier frequency with message signal amplitude."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/amateur-television/": {"t": "Amateur television", "s": "Amateur television transmits broadcast-quality video over ham radio frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/frequency/": {"t": "Frequency", "s": "Frequency measures repeating events per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/radio-wave/": {"t": "Radio wave", "s": "Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/electrical-capacitor/": {"t": "Electrical capacitor", "s": "Passive component storing electrical energy via separated conductors."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/x-band/": {"t": "X band", "s": "A microwave band used for radar, space communications, and terrestrial broadband."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telecommunications/": {"t": "Telecommunications", "s": "Transmission of information over distance by electrical or electronic means."}, "https://codexery.com/20th-century-american-inventors/e/20th-century-american-inventors/ernst-alexanderson/": {"t": "Ernst Alexanderson", "s": "Swedish-American inventor of the Alexanderson alternator and amplidyne.", "i": "https://codexery.com/20th-century-american-inventors/img/20th-century-american-inventors/ernst-alexanderson.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ernst Alexanderson · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/alternating-current/": {"t": "Alternating current", "s": "Electric current that reverses direction and enables efficient power transmission."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/morse-code/": {"t": "Morse code", "s": "A method of encoding text using dots and dashes."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-engineering/": {"t": "Electrical engineering", "s": "Discipline studying and applying electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/damped-wave-radio-transmission/": {"t": "Damped wave (radio transmission)", "s": "Early radio transmission method using damped waves."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/nikola-tesla/": {"t": "Nikola Tesla", "s": "Serbian-American inventor of the modern AC electricity system.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/nikola-tesla.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nikola Tesla · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/canadian-inventors/e/canadian-inventors/reginald-fessenden/": {"t": "Reginald Fessenden", "s": "Canadian-American inventor who pioneered AM radio and sonar."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/general-electric/": {"t": "General Electric", "s": "American conglomerate formed from Edison and Thomson-Houston merger in 1892."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/marconi-company/": {"t": "Marconi Company", "s": "Pioneer of wireless communication and mass media broadcasting."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/rca-corporation/": {"t": "RCA Corporation", "s": "Pioneering American electronics and communications firm for over five decades."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/direct-current/": {"t": "Direct current", "s": "Direct current flows in one constant direction."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/transformer/": {"t": "Transformer", "s": "Passive component that transfers electrical energy via electromagnetic induction."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/shortwave-radio/": {"t": "Shortwave radio", "s": "Shortwave radio enables long-distance communication via ionospheric reflection."}, "/e/radio-electronics/network-analyzer-electrical/": {"t": "Network analyzer (electrical)", "s": "Measures network parameters, commonly s-parameters, for electrical networks."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-test-equipment/e/rf-test-equipment/electronic-test-equipment/": {"t": "Electronic test equipment", "s": "Equipment for creating signals and capturing responses from devices under test.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-test-equipment/img/rf-test-equipment/electronic-test-equipment.webp", "c": "Mitch Altman from San Francisco, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electrical-impedance/": {"t": "Electrical impedance", "s": "Opposition to alternating current combining resistance and reactance."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/ultra-high-frequency/": {"t": "Ultra high frequency", "s": "UHF band spans 300 MHz to 3 GHz, enabling line-of-sight communications."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-reactance/": {"t": "Electrical reactance", "s": "Opposition to alternating current by inductance and capacitance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-reactance.webp", "c": "Original version: George H. Brown This version: Chetvorno · Public domain"}, "/e/radio-electronics/coherer/": {"t": "Coherer", "s": "Early radio detector using metal filings that cohered under radio signals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/coherer.webp", "c": "Archie Frederick Collins · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-and-audio-gear/e/headphones-and-audio-gear/headphones/": {"t": "Headphones", "s": "Electroacoustic transducers worn over or in the ears for private listening.", "i": "https://codexery.com/headphones-and-audio-gear/img/headphones-and-audio-gear/headphones.webp", "c": "R. Henrik Nilsson · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/radio-electronics/crystal-radio/": {"t": "Crystal radio", "s": "A passive radio receiver powered solely by received radio waves."}, "/e/radio-electronics/regenerative-circuit/": {"t": "Regenerative circuit", "s": "Positive feedback amplifier circuit used to greatly increase gain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/regenerative-circuit.webp", "c": "Credited to Central News Photo Service · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/integrated-circuit/": {"t": "Integrated circuit", "s": "Compact electronic circuits on a semiconductor chip revolutionized modern technology."}, "https://codexery.com/belgian-inventions/e/belgian-inventions/bakelite/": {"t": "Bakelite", "s": "First synthetic plastic, molded into countless products.", "i": "https://codexery.com/belgian-inventions/img/belgian-inventions/bakelite.webp", "c": "Laura Blanchard from Philadelphia, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electric-battery/": {"t": "Electric battery", "s": "Device converting chemical energy to electrical power via cells."}, "/e/radio-electronics/dummy-load/": {"t": "Dummy load", "s": "A device that simulates an electrical load for testing without radiation or sound."}, "/e/radio-electronics/federal-telegraph-company/": {"t": "Federal Telegraph Company", "s": "Pioneering arc transmitters and early vacuum tube development."}, "/e/radio-electronics/spark-gap-transmitter/": {"t": "Spark-gap transmitter", "s": "The first type of radio transmitter, using electric sparks to generate waves."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/stockton-california/": {"t": "Stockton, California", "s": "Inland seaport and logistics hub founded during the California Gold Rush.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/stockton-california.webp", "c": "Ken Lund · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/hertz/": {"t": "Hertz", "s": "German physicist who proved electromagnetic waves exist."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/on-off-keying/": {"t": "On–off keying", "s": "OOK encodes data as carrier presence or absence."}, "/e/radio-electronics/feed-line/": {"t": "Feed line", "s": "The cable connecting antenna to transmitter or receiver."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/characteristic-impedance/": {"t": "Characteristic impedance", "s": "Ratio of voltage to current for a travelling wave on a line.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/characteristic-impedance.webp", "c": "SVG Drawing: wdwd · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/voltage/": {"t": "Voltage", "s": "Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/watt/": {"t": "Watt", "s": "SI unit of power, equal to one joule per second."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/inductor/": {"t": "Inductor", "s": "Passive component that stores energy in a magnetic field."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/capacitance/": {"t": "Capacitance", "s": "Capacitance is the ability to store electric charge."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/inductance/": {"t": "Inductance", "s": "Inductance opposes changes in electric current via electromagnetic induction."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/resonance/": {"t": "Resonance", "s": "Resonance amplifies vibrations when frequency matches a system's natural frequency."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/bnc-connector/": {"t": "BNC connector", "s": "A miniature bayonet-lock RF connector for coaxial cable.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/bnc-connector.webp", "c": "Raimond Spekking · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/television/": {"t": "Television", "s": "A telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/twin-lead/": {"t": "Twin-lead", "s": "Balanced parallel-wire feedline with lower loss than coax.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/twin-lead.webp", "c": "Offaperry · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/dipole-antenna/": {"t": "Dipole antenna", "s": "One of the two simplest and most widely used antenna types."}, "/e/radio-electronics/antique-radio/": {"t": "Antique radio", "s": "Collectible radio receivers valued for age and rarity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/antique-radio.webp", "c": "ArnoldReinhold · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/radio-electronics/radio-electronics/": {"t": "Radio electronics", "s": "Electronic circuits designed to receive or transmit radio signals."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-field/": {"t": "Electromagnetic field", "s": "A physical field combining electric and magnetic influences."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/maxwell-s-equations/": {"t": "Maxwell's equations", "s": "Foundation of classical electromagnetism and optics."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/photonic-crystal/": {"t": "Photonic crystal", "s": "Periodic nanostructures that control light propagation via photonic band gaps."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-field/": {"t": "Electric field", "s": "Electric fields arise from charges and exert forces on other charges."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-potential-energy/": {"t": "Electric potential energy", "s": "Potential energy from conservative Coulomb forces in charge configurations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-potential-energy.webp", "c": "Inductiveload · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/dielectric-resonator/": {"t": "Dielectric resonator", "s": "A ceramic resonator using permittivity change to confine microwaves."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/coaxial-cable/": {"t": "Coaxial cable", "s": "Coaxial cable is an unbalanced transmission line for high-frequency signals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/coaxial-cable.webp", "c": "Ohgud.kibn7ewyu2 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity/": {"t": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity", "s": "Resistivity measures opposition to current; conductivity is its reciprocal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity.webp", "c": "Wolff, F.A.; Dellinger, J.H. · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dielectric/": {"t": "Dielectric", "s": "An electrical insulator that stores energy through polarisation."}, "/e/radio-electronics/directivity/": {"t": "Directivity", "s": "Measure of concentration of radiated power in a single direction."}, "/e/radio-electronics/repeater/": {"t": "Repeater", "s": "A device that receives and retransmits a signal to extend range.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/repeater.webp", "c": "Geographer · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/directional-antenna/": {"t": "Directional antenna", "s": "A directional antenna focuses radio waves in a specific direction."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/signal-to-noise-ratio/": {"t": "Signal-to-noise ratio", "s": "Measure comparing signal power to background noise power."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/multipath-propagation/": {"t": "Multipath propagation", "s": "Multipath causes signals to arrive via multiple paths, creating interference."}, "/e/radio-electronics/mobile-phone-signal/": {"t": "Mobile phone signal", "s": "Signal strength displayed as bars varies with environment and network."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/ionosphere/": {"t": "Ionosphere", "s": "Ionized upper atmosphere enabling long-distance radio propagation."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/umts/": {"t": "UMTS", "s": "3G cellular system based on GSM, using W-CDMA radio access."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrode/": {"t": "Electrode", "s": "Electrodes are conductors contacting nonmetallic circuit parts in cells."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electrical-resistance-and-conductance/": {"t": "Electrical resistance and conductance", "s": "Fundamental electrical properties quantifying opposition and ease of current flow."}, "/e/radio-electronics/electrolytic-detector/": {"t": "Electrolytic detector", "s": "Early rectifying detector used to demodulate AM radio signals."}, "/e/radio-electronics/crystal-detector/": {"t": "Crystal detector", "s": "Early semiconductor diode used to demodulate radio signals in crystal radios."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electromagnetism/": {"t": "Electromagnetism", "s": "One of four fundamental forces governing atomic and molecular interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/e/amateur-radio-people/david-edward-hughes/": {"t": "David Edward Hughes", "s": "Inventor of the printing telegraph and carbon microphone."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/guglielmo-marconi/": {"t": "Guglielmo Marconi", "s": "Italian inventor of practical wireless telegraphy and Nobel laureate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/guglielmo-marconi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Guglielmo Marconi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/sound/": {"t": "Sound", "s": "Mechanical wave propagating through an elastic medium."}, "https://codexery.com/telegraph-keys-and-codes/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/telegraph-sounder/": {"t": "Telegraph sounder", "s": "An electromechanical receiver that made Morse code audible via clicks."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/monopole-antenna/": {"t": "Monopole antenna", "s": "A vertical rod antenna using a ground plane, widely used for omnidirectional communication."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/mast-radiator/": {"t": "Mast radiator", "s": "A metal tower energized as an antenna for LF and MF broadcasting."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/displacement-current-density/": {"t": "Displacement current density", "s": "Time-varying electric field acting as a magnetic field source.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/displacement-current-density.webp", "c": "Chetvorno · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/low-frequency/": {"t": "Low frequency", "s": "Low frequency waves enable long-distance ground wave communication."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/very-low-frequency/": {"t": "Very low frequency", "s": "VLF waves penetrate seawater and propagate globally via Earth–ionosphere waveguide."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/radiation-resistance/": {"t": "Radiation resistance", "s": "The effective resistance representing power radiated as radio waves from an antenna."}, "https://codexery.com/los-angeles-dodgers/e/rivalries/cincinnati-reds/": {"t": "Cincinnati Reds", "s": "The Big Red Machine and a legacy of five World Series titles."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/tampa-florida/": {"t": "Tampa, Florida", "s": "Major Gulf Coast city and county seat of Hillsborough County.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/tampa-florida.webp", "c": "Averette (compilation) · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-huron/": {"t": "Lake Huron", "s": "Second-largest Great Lake by surface area, third-largest by volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-huron.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Huron · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/investment-banking/": {"t": "Investment banking", "s": "Advisory-based financial service for corporations and institutions."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/mass-production/": {"t": "Mass production", "s": "Mass production is a method of making standardized products in constant flow."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/henry-ford/": {"t": "Henry Ford", "s": "Pioneer of affordable automobiles and Fordism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/henry-ford.webp", "c": "Ford Motor Company. Photographic Department · via Wikipedia: Henry Ford · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/indiana/": {"t": "Indiana", "s": "Midwestern state known as the Hoosier State, admitted in 1816.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/indiana.webp", "c": "Riker, Dorothy Lois, 1904; Indiana. Governor · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/crosley-radio-1921-1956/": {"t": "Crosley Radio (1921–1956)", "s": "Inexpensive radios for the mass market."}, "https://codexery.com/20th-century-german-inventors/e/20th-century-german-inventors/k-ferdinand-braun/": {"t": "K. Ferdinand Braun", "s": "German applied physicist, 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics (with Guglielmo Marconi).", "i": "https://codexery.com/20th-century-german-inventors/img/20th-century-german-inventors/k-ferdinand-braun.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: K. Ferdinand Braun · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-current/": {"t": "Electric current", "s": "Flow of charged particles through a conductor or space."}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/cathode/": {"t": "Cathode", "s": "Electrode where conventional current leaves a polarized device.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/cathode.webp", "c": "Jordan Sawchuk · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lead/": {"t": "Lead", "s": "Heavy metal with stable isotopes and historical industrial use."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/gold/": {"t": "Gold", "s": "A noble metal prized for beauty, rarity, and resistance to corrosion."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/bornite/": {"t": "Bornite", "s": "An iridescent copper ore named for mineralogist Ignaz von Born."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/semiconductor/": {"t": "Semiconductor", "s": "Materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/galena/": {"t": "Galena", "s": "Primary ore of lead and silver, widely distributed sulfide mineral."}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-and-audio-gear/e/headphones-and-audio-gear/crystal-earpiece/": {"t": "Crystal earpiece", "s": "A high-impedance piezoelectric earphone used in early transistor radios and crystal sets.", "i": "https://codexery.com/headphones-and-audio-gear/img/headphones-and-audio-gear/crystal-earpiece.webp", "c": "Nvtj · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/radio-broadcasting/": {"t": "Radio broadcasting", "s": "Transmission of audio signals via radio waves to receivers."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/medium-wave/": {"t": "Medium wave", "s": "The historic AM broadcast band spanning medium frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/random-wire-antenna/": {"t": "Random wire antenna", "s": "A versatile, non-resonant wire antenna for multiple bands."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/signal-modulation/": {"t": "Signal modulation", "s": "Varying waveform properties to transmit information over distance."}, "https://codexery.com/games-and-recreation/e/games-and-recreation/hobby/": {"t": "Hobby", "s": "A regular activity done for enjoyment during leisure time."}, "/e/radio-electronics/intermodulation/": {"t": "Intermodulation", "s": "Unwanted frequency components from nonlinear mixing of multiple signals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/intermodulation.webp", "c": "Nader Moussa · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/radio-electronics/power-dividers-and-directional-couplers/": {"t": "Power dividers and directional couplers", "s": "Passive devices that couple defined electromagnetic power between transmission line ports."}, "/e/radio-electronics/standing-wave-ratio/": {"t": "Standing wave ratio", "s": "SWR measures impedance matching via standing wave amplitude ratio."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/satellite-dish/": {"t": "Satellite dish", "s": "Parabolic antenna for satellite communication, notably direct-broadcast television."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/rg-59/": {"t": "RG-59", "s": "75-ohm coaxial cable for low-power video and RF signals."}, "/e/radio-electronics/frequency-mixer/": {"t": "Frequency mixer", "s": "A circuit that produces sum and difference frequencies from two inputs."}, "/e/radio-electronics/intermediate-frequency/": {"t": "Intermediate frequency", "s": "A fixed intermediate frequency enables selective filtering and stable amplification.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/intermediate-frequency.webp", "c": "Chetvorno · CC0"}, "/e/radio-electronics/local-oscillator/": {"t": "Local oscillator", "s": "Local oscillators enable frequency conversion in superheterodyne receivers and many communications systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/local-oscillator.webp", "c": "Mister rf · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/radio-electronics/phase-locked-loop/": {"t": "Phase-locked loop", "s": "A control system that locks output phase to input phase."}, "/e/radio-electronics/radio-receiver-design/": {"t": "Radio receiver design", "s": "Design of receivers balancing gain, selectivity, sensitivity, and stability."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/demodulation/": {"t": "Demodulation", "s": "Demodulation recovers original information from a modulated carrier wave."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/software-defined-radio/": {"t": "Software-defined radio", "s": "Radio communication system implemented via software on general-purpose hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/product-detector/": {"t": "Product detector", "s": "A demodulator that multiplies signal with a local oscillator."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/envelope-detector/": {"t": "Envelope detector", "s": "Circuit that extracts the envelope of a high-frequency signal."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/detector-radio/": {"t": "Detector (radio)", "s": "A circuit that extracts information from a modulated radio signal."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/oscillation/": {"t": "Oscillation", "s": "Repetitive variation about a central value across many scientific fields."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/sideband/": {"t": "Sideband", "s": "Sidebands carry the information in a modulated radio signal."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/medical-imaging/": {"t": "Medical imaging", "s": "Technique and process of imaging the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/medical-imaging.webp", "c": "Harrison Keely · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/radio-electronics/radiation-efficiency/": {"t": "Radiation efficiency", "s": "Ratio of radiated power to accepted power, frequency dependent."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/isotropic-radiator/": {"t": "Isotropic radiator", "s": "A theoretical point source radiating uniformly in all directions."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dipole/": {"t": "Dipole", "s": "Electromagnetic phenomenon with electric and magnetic forms."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/parabolic-antenna/": {"t": "Parabolic antenna", "s": "A high-gain dish antenna that focuses radio waves into a narrow beam."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/radiation-intensity/": {"t": "Radiation intensity", "s": "Radiant intensity is power per unit solid angle."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/antenna-array/": {"t": "Antenna array", "s": "Multiple antennas working together to form a single, directional antenna.", "i": "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/img/antenna-types/antenna-array.webp", "c": "Quincy Morgan · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/standard-linear-array/": {"t": "Standard linear array", "s": "A ULA with half-wavelength spacing to prevent grating lobes."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/array-gain/": {"t": "Array gain", "s": "Array gain measures SNR improvement from coherent signal addition across elements."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/solid-angle/": {"t": "Solid angle", "s": "A measure of the field of view an object covers from a point."}, "/e/radio-electronics/stub-electronics/": {"t": "Stub (electronics)", "s": "A transmission line stub provides reactive impedance for RF circuits."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/printed-circuit-board/": {"t": "Printed circuit board", "s": "Laminated board connecting electronic components via etched copper traces."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/waveguide-radio-frequency/": {"t": "Waveguide (radio frequency)", "s": "Hollow metal pipe guiding microwave radio waves."}, "https://codexery.com/algebra/e/algebra/rational-function/": {"t": "Rational function", "s": "Ratio of two polynomial functions, fundamental in algebra and analysis."}, "/e/radio-electronics/lecher-line/": {"t": "Lecher line", "s": "Parallel wires used to measure radio wavelength via standing waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/lecher-line.webp", "c": "Gustav Parthiel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/armstrong-phase-modulator/": {"t": "Armstrong phase modulator", "s": "Armstrong's 1933 method generated FM via phase-shifted double sideband suppressed carrier."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventors/e/american-inventors/national-inventors-hall-of-fame/": {"t": "National Inventors Hall of Fame", "s": "Honoring US patent holders who advanced science and welfare."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-telecommunication-union/": {"t": "International Telecommunication Union", "s": "Oldest UN agency, founded as International Telegraph Union in 1865."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/david-sarnoff/": {"t": "David Sarnoff", "s": "Pioneer of radio and television broadcasting, and controversial RCA executive.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/david-sarnoff.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: David Sarnoff · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/irving-langmuir/": {"t": "Irving Langmuir", "s": "Nobel-winning chemist and physicist who pioneered surface chemistry, plasma physics, and the gas-filled incandescent lamp."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-controlled-aircraft/e/radio-controlled-aircraft/superregenerative-receiver/": {"t": "Superregenerative receiver", "s": "A high-sensitivity radio receiver using controlled oscillation cycles."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/single-sideband-modulation/": {"t": "Single-sideband modulation", "s": "A bandwidth- and power-efficient refinement of amplitude modulation."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/e/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/heat-sink/": {"t": "Heat sink", "s": "A passive heat exchanger that dissipates heat from electronic devices."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/reaction-physics/": {"t": "Reaction (physics)", "s": "Equal and opposite force exerted by the second object."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/bosch-company/": {"t": "Bosch (company)", "s": "German engineering and technology company, world's largest automotive supplier."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/blaupunkt/": {"t": "Blaupunkt", "s": "German brand known for pioneering car radios and consumer electronics."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/telefunken/": {"t": "Telefunken", "s": "German electronics pioneer from radio to television and computing."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-test-equipment/e/rf-test-equipment/frequency-synthesizer/": {"t": "Frequency synthesizer", "s": "Generates multiple stable frequencies from a single reference source.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-test-equipment/img/rf-test-equipment/frequency-synthesizer.webp", "c": "Thomas Quine · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/e/computer-cooling-and-sound-cards/onkyo/": {"t": "Onkyo", "s": "Japanese audio pioneer known for THX-certified receivers."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/jvc/": {"t": "JVC", "s": "Japanese electronics pioneer that developed the VHS video recorder."}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-and-audio-gear/e/headphones-and-audio-gear/pioneer-corporation/": {"t": "Pioneer Corporation", "s": "Japanese electronics pioneer in car audio, optical disc, and display technology."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/sony/": {"t": "Sony", "s": "Japanese conglomerate known for electronics and entertainment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/sony.webp", "c": "Akonnchiroll · via Wikipedia: Sony · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/radio-electronics/magnetic-detector/": {"t": "Magnetic detector", "s": "Early radio detector using iron hysteresis to receive Morse code."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/telegraph-key/": {"t": "Telegraph key", "s": "A specialized switch for sending Morse code pulses."}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrolyte/": {"t": "Electrolyte", "s": "Substance conducting electricity through ion movement, vital in biology and technology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrolyte.webp", "c": "Ajay Kumar Chaurasiya · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/radio-electronics/hot-wire-barretter/": {"t": "Hot-wire barretter", "s": "Early thermoresistive detector for amplitude-modulated signals."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/electrolysis/": {"t": "Electrolysis", "s": "Breakdown via electricity: using direct current to drive non-spontaneous reactions."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitric-acid/": {"t": "Nitric acid", "s": "A highly corrosive mineral acid used in nitration and as a strong oxidizing agent."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/ground-electricity/": {"t": "Ground (electricity)", "s": "A reference point for voltage and a safety path for current."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-conductor/": {"t": "Electrical conductor", "s": "Material enabling electric current flow via charge carriers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-conductor.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-cable/": {"t": "Electrical cable", "s": "Assembly of wires for conducting electric current."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-wiring/": {"t": "Electrical wiring", "s": "Electrical wiring systems power buildings under varied safety and environmental codes."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/sheet-metal/": {"t": "Sheet metal", "s": "Metal formed into thin, flat pieces by industrial processes."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nickel/": {"t": "Nickel", "s": "Silvery-white metal, ferromagnetic, key to stainless steel and batteries."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/copper/": {"t": "Copper", "s": "A highly conductive metal essential to civilization and life."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-keyboards/e/computer-keyboards/computer-keyboard/": {"t": "Computer keyboard", "s": "Key-based input device, primary computer interface since the 1970s.", "i": "https://codexery.com/computer-keyboards/img/computer-keyboards/computer-keyboard.webp", "c": "StephenEdmonds for http://popcorn.cx/computers/ · CC BY-SA 2.5 au"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/force/": {"t": "Force", "s": "A vector action causing change in motion, shape, or pressure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/force.webp", "c": "SpaceX · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-charge/": {"t": "Electric charge", "s": "Electric charge is a quantized property causing electromagnetic force."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnet/": {"t": "Electromagnet", "s": "Electromagnet produces magnetic field via electric current."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/ernest-lawrence/": {"t": "Ernest Lawrence", "s": "Inventor of the cyclotron and father of Big Science"}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/whip-antenna/": {"t": "Whip antenna", "s": "Flexible monopole antenna for omnidirectional radio communication."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/television-antenna/": {"t": "Television antenna", "s": "Antenna for receiving over-the-air television broadcasts."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/sector-antenna/": {"t": "Sector antenna", "s": "Directional microwave antenna with a sector-shaped radiation pattern for cellular base stations."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polyethylene/": {"t": "Polyethylene", "s": "Polyethylene is the most commonly produced plastic worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/phase-waves/": {"t": "Phase (waves)", "s": "Angle-like quantity representing the fraction of a cycle covered."}, "/e/radio-electronics/balun/": {"t": "Balun", "s": "An electrical device interfacing balanced and unbalanced lines.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/balun.webp", "c": "Original: Angusmclellan Vector: Wolfmankurd~commonswiki · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitrogen/": {"t": "Nitrogen", "s": "Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless diatomic gas forming 78% of Earth's air."}, "/e/radio-electronics/rf-front-end/": {"t": "RF front end", "s": "Circuitry between antenna and mixer in a superheterodyne receiver.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/rf-front-end.webp", "c": "Tmolteno · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/radar/": {"t": "Radar", "s": "Radio waves detect and track objects by reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/ring-modulation/": {"t": "Ring modulation", "s": "Ring modulation multiplies two signals, outputting sum and difference frequencies."}, "/e/radio-electronics/gilbert-cell/": {"t": "Gilbert cell", "s": "Balanced mixer providing accurate multiplication of differential input currents."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/gain-electronics/": {"t": "Gain (electronics)", "s": "Gain measures a circuit's ability to amplify a signal."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/nonlinear-optics/": {"t": "Nonlinear optics", "s": "Branch of optics studying intensity-dependent optical properties of matter."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/elementary-charge/": {"t": "Elementary charge", "s": "Fundamental constant defining the charge of an electron."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/skywave/": {"t": "Skywave", "s": "Skywave enables long-distance radio communication by reflecting signals off the ionosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-fighter-planes/e/classic-fighter-planes/junkers-ju-88/": {"t": "Junkers Ju 88", "s": "A versatile twin-engined combat aircraft of the Second World War."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-fighter-planes/e/classic-fighter-planes/messerschmitt-me-262/": {"t": "Messerschmitt Me 262", "s": "World's first operational jet fighter, entering service in mid-1944."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/rotterdam/": {"t": "Rotterdam", "s": "Europe's largest seaport, gateway to a continent of over 500 million consumers."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/high-frequency/": {"t": "High frequency", "s": "HF enables long-distance radio communication via ionospheric skywave propagation."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/citizens-band-radio/": {"t": "Citizens band radio", "s": "A license-free shortwave two-way radio service for personal and business use."}, "https://codexery.com/military-and-two-way-radios/e/military-and-two-way-radios/scr-528/": {"t": "SCR-528", "s": "Variant of SCR-508 with transmitter and single receiver."}, "/e/radio-electronics/luftwaffe-radio-equipment-of-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Luftwaffe radio equipment of World War II", "s": "German Luftwaffe radio, IFF, and RDF equipment of World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/military-and-two-way-radios/e/military-and-two-way-radios/an-vrc-3/": {"t": "AN/VRC-3", "s": "First radio nicknamed 'walkie talkie', used by US Signal Corps."}, "https://codexery.com/military-and-two-way-radios/e/military-and-two-way-radios/walkie-talkie/": {"t": "Walkie-talkie", "s": "Hand-held two-way radio transceiver developed during the Second World War."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-inventions/e/japanese-inventions/digital-television/": {"t": "Digital television", "s": "Digital encoding of television signals for improved quality and efficiency."}, "https://codexery.com/algebra/e/algebra/product-mathematics/": {"t": "Product (mathematics)", "s": "The result of multiplication, central to arithmetic and algebra."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-hardware/e/pc-hardware/digital-signal-processor/": {"t": "Digital signal processor", "s": "Specialized microprocessor for real-time digital signal processing."}, "/e/radio-electronics/iq-imbalance/": {"t": "IQ imbalance", "s": "IQ imbalance corrupts quadrature signals in direct conversion receivers."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/quadrature-amplitude-modulation/": {"t": "Quadrature amplitude modulation", "s": "A family of modulation methods conveying two signals on orthogonal carriers."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/television-broadcaster/": {"t": "Television broadcaster", "s": "Central operations distribute television content to stations and providers."}, "/e/radio-electronics/edwin-howard-armstrong/": {"t": "Edwin Howard Armstrong", "s": "American inventor of FM radio and the superheterodyne receiver."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-inventions/e/italian-inventions/direction-finding/": {"t": "Direction finding", "s": "Radio direction finding locates transmitters by measuring signal direction."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/signal-processing/": {"t": "Signal processing", "s": "Subfield of electrical engineering for analyzing and modifying signals."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/amplitude/": {"t": "Amplitude", "s": "Amplitude measures wave magnitude across multiple definitions."}, "https://codexery.com/algorithms-and-data-structures/e/algorithms-and-data-structures/fast-fourier-transform/": {"t": "Fast Fourier transform", "s": "Algorithm computing discrete Fourier transforms in O(n log n) time."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/ac-dc-receiver-design/": {"t": "AC/DC receiver design", "s": "Transformerless power supply for AC or DC mains."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/alarm-clock/": {"t": "Alarm clock", "s": "A clock that alerts at a specified time."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/fortune-magazine/": {"t": "Fortune (magazine)", "s": "The Ideal Super-Class Magazine"}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/automotive-industry/": {"t": "Automotive industry", "s": "The global automotive industry: a $2.75 trillion market in 2025, with China leading production and a shift toward zero-emission vehicles by 2035 in Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/automotive-industry.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic architecture", "s": "Medieval architectural style defined by the pointed arch and verticality."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/dividend/": {"t": "Dividend", "s": "Distribution of corporate profits to shareholders."}, "https://codexery.com/stock-markets-finance/e/stock-markets-and-finance/shareholder/": {"t": "Shareholder", "s": "Legal owner of shares in a corporation."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/air-conditioning/": {"t": "Air conditioning", "s": "Cooling the world, from ancient passive designs to modern electric systems."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/patent/": {"t": "Patent", "s": "A legal right excluding others from an invention for a limited time."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/optics/": {"t": "Optics", "s": "Branch of physics studying light and electromagnetic radiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/optics.webp", "c": "OpticalSystem · Public domain"}, "/e/radio-electronics/direct-conversion-receiver/": {"t": "Direct-conversion receiver", "s": "A single-conversion receiver that demodulates by synchronous detection at the carrier frequency."}, "/e/radio-electronics/in-phase-and-quadrature-components/": {"t": "In-phase and quadrature components", "s": "Two orthogonal sinusoids that represent amplitude and phase modulation."}, "https://codexery.com/stagecraft/e/stagecraft/live-sound-mixing/": {"t": "Live sound mixing", "s": "Blending live audio sources for audience and performers."}, "/e/radio-electronics/absorption-wavemeter/": {"t": "Absorption wavemeter", "s": "Simple resonant instrument for measuring radio wave frequency.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/absorption-wavemeter.webp", "c": "© 2010 K. Krallis ( SV1XV ) · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/very-high-frequency/": {"t": "Very high frequency", "s": "VHF spans 30–300 MHz, enabling line-of-sight radio for broadcasting, aviation, and marine use."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electric-light/": {"t": "Electric light", "s": "An electrical device producing light from electricity."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/superposition-principle/": {"t": "Superposition principle", "s": "Net response equals sum of individual responses in linear systems."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/radio-telescope/": {"t": "Radio telescope", "s": "Detecting the invisible universe through radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/radio-telescope.webp", "c": "Photograph by Mike Peel ( www.mikepeel.net ). · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers/": {"t": "Axis powers", "s": "Military coalition that initiated World War II against the Allies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers.webp", "c": "Sr L · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/ef-johnson-technologies/": {"t": "EF Johnson Technologies", "s": "American radio manufacturer serving public safety and military."}, "/e/radio-electronics/image-response/": {"t": "Image response", "s": "Measure of a superheterodyne receiver's ability to reject the image frequency.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/image-response.webp", "c": "Greubel Forsey · CC BY 3.0"}, 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"https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/longwave/": {"t": "Longwave", "s": "Longwave uses ground waves for long-distance, stable radio communication."}, "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/e/aircraft-components/fuselage/": {"t": "Fuselage", "s": "The fuselage is the main body section of an aircraft."}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/y-control-for-fighters/": {"t": "Y-Control for fighters", "s": "German WWII radio guidance system for fighter interception."}, "/e/radio-electronics/wireless-communications-of-the-german-army-in-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Wireless Communications of the German Army in World War II", "s": "German Army FuG radios enabled coordinated armoured and infantry communications."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-fighter-planes/e/classic-fighter-planes/junkers-ju-388/": {"t": "Junkers Ju 388", "s": "High-altitude multi-role aircraft derived from the Ju 88 and Ju 188."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/cathode-ray-tube/": {"t": "Cathode ray tube", "s": "Vacuum tube display that enabled television and computing."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ernest-rutherford/": {"t": "Ernest Rutherford", "s": "Father of nuclear physics"}, "https://codexery.com/shipwrecks/e/famous-shipwrecks/rms-titanic/": {"t": "RMS Titanic", "s": "British ocean liner that sank on her maiden voyage in 1912.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shipwrecks/img/famous-shipwrecks/rms-titanic.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Wreck of the Titanic · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/hysteresis/": {"t": "Hysteresis", "s": "History-dependent behavior observed across many natural and artificial systems."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/e/amateur-radio-people/john-ambrose-fleming/": {"t": "John Ambrose Fleming", "s": "Inventor of the vacuum tube and designer of the first transatlantic radio 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"https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/impedance-analyzer.webp", "c": "User:しまでん · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/time/": {"t": "Time", "s": "Time is the fourth dimension, measured by clocks and calendars."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/three-dimensional-space/": {"t": "Three-dimensional space", "s": "Three coordinates define a point in space."}, "/e/radio-electronics/rf-power-amplifier/": {"t": "RF power amplifier", "s": "Converts low-power RF signals into higher-power signals for transmission.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/rf-power-amplifier.webp", "c": "Mister rf · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/video/": {"t": "Video", "s": "Electronic medium for recording and displaying moving visual images."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/polarization-waves/": {"t": "Polarization (waves)", "s": "Property of transverse waves specifying oscillation orientation."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/microprocessor/": {"t": "Microprocessor", "s": "A single-chip CPU that revolutionized computing through integration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/img/microprocessors/microprocessor.webp", "c": "Piotr433 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/christiaan-huygens/": {"t": "Christiaan Huygens", "s": "Dutch polymath who advanced optics, mechanics, and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telegraph/": {"t": "Telegraph", "s": "Long-distance text transmission using symbolic codes, not physical exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/royal-observatory-greenwich/": {"t": "Royal 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array", "s": "An antenna array that steers radio beams electronically without moving parts."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/null-radio/": {"t": "Null (radio)", "s": "A direction of minimal radiation in an antenna's pattern."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/am-expanded-band/": {"t": "AM expanded band", "s": "Extended AM broadcast band above 1600 kHz, adopted for Region 2 in 1990."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/timbre/": {"t": "Timbre", "s": "Timbre distinguishes sounds by source, even at same pitch and volume."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/beat-frequency-oscillator/": {"t": "Beat frequency oscillator", "s": "BFO makes CW and SSB signals audible in radio receivers."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/skin-effect/": {"t": "Skin effect", "s": "AC current concentrates near a conductor's surface, increasing resistance."}, "https://codexery.com/north-west-mounted-police/e/north-west-mounted-police/pith-helmet/": {"t": "Pith helmet", "s": "Lightweight sun helmet used by colonial and modern forces worldwide."}, "/e/radio-electronics/reflex-receiver/": {"t": "Reflex receiver", "s": "A single amplifier amplifies both RF and audio signals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/reflex-receiver.webp", "c": "MartaAguayo · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/electronics-engineering/": {"t": "Electronics engineering", "s": "Sub-discipline of electrical engineering using active components."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/frequency-hopping-spread-spectrum/": {"t": "Frequency-hopping spread spectrum", "s": "A method of rapidly switching carrier frequencies to resist interference and eavesdropping."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/frequency-plan/": {"t": "Frequency plan", 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"https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/8-track-cartridge/": {"t": "8-track cartridge", "s": "Magnetic-tape cartridge popular from mid-1960s to early 1980s."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/saba-electronics-manufacturer/": {"t": "SABA (electronics manufacturer)", "s": "German electronics pioneer in radio, television, and audio innovation."}, "/e/radio-electronics/grid-leak-detector/": {"t": "Grid-leak detector", "s": "Demodulates and amplifies AM signals using a vacuum tube."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-court-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Supreme Court of the United States", "s": "Highest federal court with ultimate appellate and original jurisdiction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/img/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-court-of-the-united-states.webp", "c": "Original:  Optimager Vector:  Ipankonin · via Wikipedia: Supreme Court of the United States · Public domain"}, "/e/radio-electronics/radio-repeater/": {"t": "Radio repeater", "s": "A radio relay station that extends communication range over obstacles."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-power/": {"t": "Electric power", "s": "Electric power is the rate of electrical energy transfer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-power.webp", "c": "Alan O'Dowd · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-mics-and-mice/e/headphones-mics-and-mice/microphone/": {"t": "Microphone", "s": "A transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/photon/": {"t": "Photon", "s": "Quantum of light and force carrier for electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/satellites/e/satellites/satellite/": {"t": "Satellite", "s": "Artificial objects placed into orbit around a celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/reflection-coefficient/": {"t": "Reflection coefficient", "s": "Parameter describing wave reflection at impedance discontinuities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/reflection-coefficient.webp", "c": "Lizinvt · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refractive-index/": {"t": "Refractive index", "s": "Ratio of light speed in vacuum to that in a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/mos-capacitor/": {"t": "MOS capacitor", "s": "Core structure enabling the MOSFET and modern integrated circuits."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/2g/": {"t": "2G", "s": "Digital cellular network that enabled encrypted voice and SMS."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/4g/": {"t": "4G", "s": "All-IP packet-switched cellular generation with gigabit-speed capability."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/oscilloscope/": {"t": "Oscilloscope", "s": "Electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying voltages as a function of time.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/oscilloscope.webp", "c": "Leif Jørgensen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/effective-radiated-power/": {"t": "Effective radiated power", "s": "ERP measures directional radio power using a half-wave dipole reference."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/near-field-communication/": {"t": "Near-field communication", "s": "Short-range wireless protocol for data exchange and charging."}, "https://codexery.com/pakistani-inventions/e/pakistani-inventions/rf-cmos/": {"t": "RF CMOS", "s": "MOS IC technology integrating RF, analog, and digital electronics."}, "https://codexery.com/scale-models-and-railroads/e/scale-models-and-railroads/radio-controlled-model/": {"t": "Radio-controlled model", "s": "A model steerable via radio control, spanning vehicles from cars to submarines.", "i": "https://codexery.com/scale-models-and-railroads/img/scale-models-and-railroads/radio-controlled-model.webp", "c": "Sherwin · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/direct-sequence-spread-spectrum/": {"t": "Direct-sequence spread spectrum", "s": "Spreads signal bandwidth to reduce interference and enable multiple access."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/pmr446/": {"t": "PMR446", "s": "Licence-exempt UHF personal radio service used across Europe and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-test-equipment/e/rf-test-equipment/time-domain-reflectometer/": {"t": "Time-domain reflectometer", "s": "An instrument that locates faults by observing reflected electrical pulses.", "i": 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Nicholas Goodman · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/shunt-electrical/": {"t": "Shunt (electrical)", "s": "A low-impedance path diverting current for protection or measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/e/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/dxing/": {"t": "DXing", "s": "Hobby of receiving or contacting distant radio signals."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/pitch-music/": {"t": "Pitch (music)", "s": "Pitch is the subjective perception of sound frequency."}, "/e/radio-electronics/slotted-line/": {"t": "Slotted line", "s": "A precision transmission line with a movable probe for microwave measurements."}}