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Alfred Adler

Austrian medical doctor and founder of individual psychology.

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His focus on belonging, family dynamics, and birth order distinguished his views from those of Freud.[1] Adler argued that a sense of worth and belonging came from contributing to others, which he termed social interest.[2]

Key facts and history

As a child, he developed rickets and later pneumonia, and after hearing a doctor say he might die, he decided to become a physician.[3][4] Adler began his medical career as an ophthalmologist but soon switched to general practice in a less affluent part of Vienna.[5][6] In 1902, Adler was invited by Freud to join a small discussion group that became the Wednesday Society, the beginning of the psychoanalytic movement.[7] Adler presented his paper on the aggressive instinct in 1908, which caused friction with Freud.[8][6]

During World War I, Adler served as a doctor with the Austro-Hungarian Army.[5][6] Adler came into the world on February 7, 1870, in Rudolfsheim, a settlement on Vienna's western outskirts.[9] Pauline and Leopold Adler, an Austrian-Jewish couple, had seven children; Alfred was their second.[10] Adler launched Vienna's inaugural Child Guidance clinic in 1919; by 1921, he was giving frequent lectures across Europe, and in 1926 he began doing so in the United States.[11][12]

What the research sources say

The IAIP theory page states that Adler was influenced by the internist Hermann Nothnagel, who emphasized treating the patient as a whole.[13] The Encyclopedia of World Biography states that Adler claimed an individual's lifestyle becomes established by age four or five.[14] The Boeree account explains that Adler felt social concern was based on an innate disposition but had to be nurtured to survive.[6]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Definition of Adler Dictionary.com", www.dictionary.com; Hoffman, "The Drive for Self: Alfred Adler and the Founding of Individual Psychology", Addison-Wesley, 1994, p. 41–91 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Alfred Adler, Understanding Human Nature (1992) Chapter 6; Carlson, "Psychology the science of behaviour", 2010; Hoffman, "The Drive for Self: Alfred Adler and the Founding of Individual Psychology", Addison-Wesley, 1994, p. 41–91 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Theory – IAIP" (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Hergenhahn, "An Introduction to Theories of Personality", Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006, p. 95–123; Boeree, "Personality Theories – Alfred Adler by Dr. C. George Boeree", Webspace.ship.edu, 1937-05-28; Orgler, "Alfred Adler", International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 1976, p. 67–68; Boeree, "Personality Theories – Alfred Adler by Dr. C. George Boeree", Webspace.ship.edu, 1937-05-28; Orgler, "Alfred Adler", International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 1976, p. 67–68 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Boeree, "Personality Theories – Alfred Adler by Dr. C. George Boeree", Webspace.ship.edu, 1937-05-28 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Boeree, "Personality Theories – Alfred Adler by Dr. C. George Boeree", Webspace.ship.edu, 1937-05-28. facts only, no text reused. webspace.ship.edu
  7. Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Hergenhahn, "An Introduction to Theories of Personality", Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006, p. 95–123; "Theory – IAIP"; Davies, "Freud at Home: The Wednesday Psychological Society", Freud Museum London, 2020-05-14; "Theory – IAIP" (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Davies, "Freud at Home: The Wednesday Psychological Society", Freud Museum London, 2020-05-14; "Fritz Wittels (1880-1950): A Brief Biography", victorianweb.org; Davies, "Freud at Home: The Wednesday Psychological Society", Freud Museum London, 2020-05-14 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Hergenhahn, "An Introduction to Theories of Personality", Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006, p. 95–123; Prof. Dr. Klaus Lohrmann "Jüdisches Wien. Kultur-Karte" (2003), Mosse-Berlin Mitte gGmbH (Verlag Jüdische Presse) (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  10. Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Alfred Adler Biography", Encyclopedia of World Biography; Prochaska, "Systems of psychotherapy: a transtheoretical analysis", Cengage Learning, 2013; Hoffman, "The Drive for Self: Alfred Adler and the Founding of Individual Psychology", Da Capo Press, 1994-07-20; Orgler, "Alfred Adler, the Man and His Work", C. W. Daniel, 1939, p. 67; Hergenhahn, "An Introduction to Theories of Personality", Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006, p. 95–123 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  11. Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "APA PsycNet", psycnet.apa.org (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  12. Wikipedia, "Alfred Adler" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Boeree, "Personality Theories – Alfred Adler by Dr. C. George Boeree", Webspace.ship.edu, 1937-05-28; "Alfred Adler (1870-1937): A Brief Biography", victorianweb.org (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  13. "Theory – IAIP". facts only, no text reused. adler-iaip.net
  14. "Alfred Adler Biography", Encyclopedia of World Biography. facts only, no text reused. notablebiographies.com

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Alfred Adler (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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