{"/e/provinces-of-iran/tehran-province/": {"t": "Tehran province", "s": "Iran's most populous and economically dominant province.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/tehran-province.webp", "c": "Mostafameraji · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/bushehr/": {"t": "Bushehr", "s": "Port city and capital of Bushehr province, Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/people-from-herat/e/people-from-herat/abbas-the-great/": {"t": "Abbas the Great", "s": "Fifth Safavid shah who restored Iran's power and built Isfahan."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/kurds/": {"t": "Kurds", "s": "An Iranic ethnic group indigenous to Kurdistan, spanning parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/shia-islam/": {"t": "Shia Islam", "s": "The second-largest branch of Islam, rooted in the belief that Ali was Muhammad's chosen successor."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/bandar-abbas/": {"t": "Bandar Abbas", "s": "Strategic port city on the Strait of Hormuz and headquarters of the Iranian Navy."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/nuclear-reactor/": {"t": "Nuclear reactor", "s": "Device that controls nuclear fission for energy, propulsion, and research."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/siemens/": {"t": "Siemens", "s": "European engineering giant with roots in telegraphy and industrial automation."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/fars-province/": {"t": "Fars province", "s": "Ancient Persian homeland, cradle of Achaemenid and Sasanian empires.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/fars-province.webp", "c": "Bryn Pinzgauer · CC BY 2.0"}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/isfahan-province/": {"t": "Isfahan province", "s": "Central Iranian province with Safavid heritage and diverse geography.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/isfahan-province.webp", "c": "ak ba · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/iranian-languages/": {"t": "Iranian languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-Iranian languages spoken by Iranian peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/shiraz/": {"t": "Shiraz", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, trade center, and home to poets Hafez and Saadi."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/bushehr-province/": {"t": "Bushehr province", "s": "Southern Iranian province on the Persian Gulf coast.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/bushehr-province.webp", "c": "Umbra Lab, Inc. · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/hormozgan-province/": {"t": "Hormozgan province", "s": "Southern Iranian province on the Strait of Hormuz.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/hormozgan-province.webp", "c": "ghzizoo2 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/kerman-province/": {"t": "Kerman province", "s": "Largest province of Iran, ancient Carmania, rich in history and resources.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/kerman-province.webp", "c": "Erik Albers · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/kohgiluyeh-and-boyer-ahmad-province/": {"t": "Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province", "s": "Southwestern Iranian province with mountainous Zagros terrain."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/sassanid-empire/": {"t": "Sassanid Empire", "s": "The Sasanian Empire: Iran's late antique power, from 224 to 651 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/persepolis/": {"t": "Persepolis", "s": "Persepolis served as the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, which lasted from around 550 to 330 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate/": {"t": "Caliphate", "s": "Islamic political-religious institution led by a caliph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate.webp", "c": "أبو العباس · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/antiochus-iii-the-great/": {"t": "Antiochus III the Great", "s": "The Great King who restored the Seleucid Empire and clashed with Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ardashir-i/": {"t": "Ardashir I", "s": "Founder of the Sasanian Empire and unifier of Iran.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/img/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ardashir-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of conflicts in the Near East · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/muslim-conquest-of-persia/": {"t": "Muslim conquest of Persia", "s": "The Muslim conquest of Persia, occurring between 633 and 651 CE, saw the Rashidun Caliphate absorb the Sasanian Empire into the early Muslim conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/e/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/bishapur/": {"t": "Bishapur", "s": "Sasanian capital founded by Shapur I after victory over Rome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/img/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/bishapur.webp", "c": "Majid Taghipour · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/safavid-dynasty/": {"t": "Safavid dynasty", "s": "Iranian dynasty that established Twelver Shi'ism as state religion."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/isfahan/": {"t": "Isfahan", "s": "The third-most populous city in Iran, a historic crossroads of culture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/qazvin-province/": {"t": "Qazvin province", "s": "Northwest Iranian province with ancient settlements and Safavid capital history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/lower-paleolithic/": {"t": "Lower Paleolithic", "s": "Earliest subdivision of the Old Stone Age, defined by first stone tools."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/fossil/": {"t": "Fossil", "s": "Fossils are preserved remains of ancient life, key to evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-paleolithic/": {"t": "Middle Paleolithic", "s": "Second subdivision of the Paleolithic, defined by the coexistence of archaic and anatomically modern humans."}, "https://codexery.com/human-evolution/e/human-evolution/neanderthal/": {"t": "Neanderthal", "s": "Extinct archaic humans who inhabited Europe and Western and Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/dagestan/": {"t": "Dagestan", "s": "Land of the Mountains"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/church-of-the-east/": {"t": "Church of the East", "s": "Major Eastern Christian branch, once spanning Asia from Mesopotamia to China."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/mazandaran-province/": {"t": "Mazandaran province", "s": "Iranian province on the Caspian Sea with rich history and natural resources."}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/ljait/": {"t": "Öljaitü", "s": "Eighth Ilkhanid ruler who shifted between religions and built Soltaniyeh."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/kurdish-language/": {"t": "Kurdish language", "s": "Northwestern Iranian language continuum of the Kurdish people."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/e/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/behistun-inscription/": {"t": "Behistun inscription", "s": "A trilingual cuneiform inscription key to deciphering ancient scripts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/img/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/behistun-inscription.webp", "c": "Leen van Dorp · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/darius-the-great/": {"t": "Darius the Great", "s": "Third Achaemenid King of Kings who centralized the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/kermanshah-province/": {"t": "Kermanshah province", "s": "Western Iranian province with Paleolithic sites and border trade."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/bah-faith/": {"t": "Baháʼí Faith", "s": "Concept in the Baháʼí Faith referring to prophets as perfect mirrors of God's attributes."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/e/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/gonbad-e-qabus-tower/": {"t": "Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)", "s": "Cylindrical tomb tower built for Ziyarid ruler Qabus in 1006/7."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/hamadan/": {"t": "Hamadan", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, once capital of the Medes and Seljuks."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/medes/": {"t": "Medes", "s": "Iron Age Iranian people of Media, known from foreign sources and archaeology."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ferdowsi/": {"t": "Ferdowsi", "s": "Author of the Shahnameh, the greatest epic of Persian-speaking countries."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-esther/": {"t": "Book of Esther", "s": "Book of Esther recounts a Jewish queen's thwarting of a genocide in Persia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/susa/": {"t": "Susa", "s": "Ancient city, capital of Elam and Achaemenid winter capital.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/susa.webp", "c": "Trioxk · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/iran-iraq-war/": {"t": "Iran–Iraq War", "s": "Deadliest conventional war between developing countries."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/primary-education/": {"t": "Primary education", "s": "Primary education provides foundational literacy and numeracy skills."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/markazi-province/": {"t": "Markazi province", "s": "Central Iranian province with ancient Median roots and modern industry."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/lorestan-province/": {"t": "Lorestan province", "s": "Western Iranian province known for ancient bronze artworks."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/hectare/": {"t": "Hectare", "s": "A non-SI metric unit of area equal to 10,000 square metres, primarily used for land measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-behavior/e/animal-behavior/bird-migration/": {"t": "Bird migration", "s": "Seasonal movement of birds between breeding and wintering grounds."}, "https://codexery.com/birds/e/birds/duck/": {"t": "Duck", "s": "Ducks are waterfowl found worldwide except Antarctica, with diverse feeding and breeding behaviors."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/strait-of-hormuz/": {"t": "Strait of Hormuz", "s": "Strategic waterway for global oil and gas trade."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/marco-polo/": {"t": "Marco Polo", "s": "Venetian merchant whose travels opened the East to European understanding.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/marco-polo.webp", "c": "Marco Polo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/pearl/": {"t": "Pearl", "s": "A hard, lustrous gem formed by mollusks."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama/": {"t": "Vasco da Gama", "s": "The Portuguese explorer who opened the sea route to India", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/afonso-de-albuquerque/": {"t": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "s": "Portuguese general, admiral, statesman, and conquistador; viceroy of Portuguese India from 1509 to 1515."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/ismail-i/": {"t": "Ismail I", "s": "Founder of Safavid Iran, crowned shah in 1501 while still a teenager.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/ismail-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ismail I · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/emir/": {"t": "Emir", "s": "Arabic title for commander, prince, or monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company/": {"t": "East India Company", "s": "Chartered company that ruled large parts of India and dominated key trade routes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company.webp", "c": "John Bruce · Public domain"}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/khuzestan-province/": {"t": "Khuzestan province", "s": "Southwest Iranian province, ancient Elam, key strategic region."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/ilam-iran/": {"t": "Ilam, Iran", "s": "City in western Iran, capital of Ilam Province."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/ashurbanipal/": {"t": "Ashurbanipal", "s": "Last great king of Assyria, patron of the Library of Ashurbanipal."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/hamadan-province/": {"t": "Hamadan province", "s": "Ancient province in western Iran, site of Ecbatana.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/hamadan-province.webp", "c": "‫سید محمود جوادی‬‎ · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/ahvaz/": {"t": "Ahvaz", "s": "City in southwestern Iran, capital of Khuzestan province."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/iranian-revolution/": {"t": "Iranian Revolution", "s": "Overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty and establishment of an Islamic republic."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/arabian-plate/": {"t": "Arabian plate", "s": "Minor tectonic plate colliding with Eurasia, forming major mountain ranges."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/iranian-plateau/": {"t": "Iranian plateau", "s": "Geological and historical region spanning Central and South Asia."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/gilan-province/": {"t": "Gilan province", "s": "A Caspian province with ancient roots and a history of independence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/gilan-province.webp", "c": "Mahdi Almasi · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/birds-of-prey-and-waterbirds/e/birds-of-prey-and-waterbirds/black-stork/": {"t": "Black stork", "s": "A shy, long-distance migrant stork with black plumage and red legs."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/anticline/": {"t": "Anticline", "s": "Arch-like fold with oldest rocks at core, key for oil traps."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/kassites/": {"t": "Kassites", "s": "Ancient Near Eastern people who ruled Babylonia for nearly four centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/kurdistan/": {"t": "Kurdistan", "s": "A stateless nation spanning four countries in West Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/zoroastrianism/e/zoroastrianism/fire-temple/": {"t": "Fire temple", "s": "Zoroastrian place of worship centered on sacred fire."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/qom-province/": {"t": "Qom province", "s": "Central Iranian province, key center of Shia Islam and pilgrimage."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/semnan-province/": {"t": "Semnan province", "s": "Iranian province along the Alborz range, bordering the Kavir desert."}, "https://codexery.com/fish/e/fish/cyprinodontiformes/": {"t": "Cyprinodontiformes", "s": "An order of small, mostly freshwater fish including killifish and live-bearers."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/sirjan/": {"t": "Sirjan", "s": "City in southern Iran known for pistachios and windcatchers."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkic-languages/": {"t": "Turkic languages", "s": "The Turkic languages form a family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast stretch of Eurasia—from Southeastern and Eastern Euro"}, "https://codexery.com/zoroastrianism/e/zoroastrianism/zoroastrianism/": {"t": "Zoroastrianism", "s": "An ancient Iranian faith centered on Ahura Mazda and ethical dualism."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/yazd/": {"t": "Yazd", "s": "Ancient desert city of windcatchers, bicycles, and Zoroastrian heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/edible-fruits-and-nuts/e/edible-fruits-and-nuts/pistachio/": {"t": "Pistachio", "s": "A desert tree producing edible seeds used worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-religions-in-asia/e/ethnic-religions-in-asia/yarsanism/": {"t": "Yarsanism", "s": "A syncretic Kurdish religion founded by Sultan Sahak."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/paleolithic/": {"t": "Paleolithic", "s": "The Old Stone Age: from the first stone tools to the end of the Pleistocene."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/e/shahnameh-characters/bahram-iv/": {"t": "Bahram IV", "s": "Sasanian king who standardized mint signatures and founded Kirmanshah."}, "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/e/shahnameh-characters/hormizd-iv/": {"t": "Hormizd IV", "s": "Sasanian king whose reign ended in civil war and deposition."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/dezful/": {"t": "Dezful", "s": "Ancient Iranian city with a Sasanian bridge and Elamite roots."}, "https://codexery.com/alexander-the-great/e/alexander-the-great/susa-weddings/": {"t": "Susa weddings", "s": "Mass wedding uniting Greek and Persian elites under Alexander."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/najd/": {"t": "Najd", "s": "Central Arabian highland region, cradle of the House of Saud."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/basra/": {"t": "Basra", "s": "Ancient port city, hub of trade and conflict in southern Iraq."}, "https://codexery.com/resistance-to-the-british-empire/e/resistance-to-the-british-empire/anglo-persian-war/": {"t": "Anglo-Persian War", "s": "A British campaign to block Iranian expansion into Afghanistan."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/yasuj/": {"t": "Yasuj", "s": "Capital of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in the Zagros Mountains."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/chaharmahal-and-bakhtiari-province/": {"t": "Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province", "s": "A linguistically diverse province in Iran's Zagros Mountains.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/chaharmahal-and-bakhtiari-province.webp", "c": "Erik Anonby, Laurentia Schreiber, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali, Mahnaz Talebi-Dastenaee · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/semitic-languages/": {"t": "Semitic languages", "s": "A division of Semitic languages indigenous to the Levant, first attested in Amorite names and later in Ugaritic, Aramaic, and Canaanite."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/seljuk-sultanate/": {"t": "Seljuk Sultanate", "s": "The Turco-Persian empire of the Oghuz Turks that stretched from Anatolia to the Hindu Kush."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/agha-mohammad-khan-qajar/": {"t": "Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar", "s": "Founder of the Qajar dynasty who reunified Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/self-determination/": {"t": "Self-determination", "s": "A people's right to form its own political entity."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/arak-iran/": {"t": "Arak, Iran", "s": "Industrial capital of Iran, founded as Soltan Abad in 1808."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/golestan-province/": {"t": "Golestan province", "s": "Iranian province known as 'land of flowers' with diverse ethnic groups.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/golestan-province.webp", "c": "Aboutaleb Nadri · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/alborz-province/": {"t": "Alborz province", "s": "Established in 2010 with capital Karaj, Alborz is a diverse and rapidly urbanizing province.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/alborz-province.webp", "c": "Parsa 2au · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/natural-gas/": {"t": "Natural gas", "s": "Fossil fuel primarily composed of methane, used for energy."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanic-mountains/e/volcanic-mountains/mount-damavand/": {"t": "Mount Damavand", "s": "Dormant stratovolcano, highest peak in Iran and Western Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/volcano/": {"t": "Volcano", "s": "A vent in a planet's crust that erupts magma."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/asia/": {"t": "Asia", "s": "Largest continent by area and population, cradle of many civilisations."}, "https://codexery.com/agriculture-food/e/agriculture-and-food/aquaculture/": {"t": "Aquaculture", "s": "Controlled cultivation of aquatic organisms for food, restoration, and commercial products."}, "https://codexery.com/sacred-languages/e/sacred-languages/avestan/": {"t": "Avestan", "s": "Sacred language of Zoroastrianism, preserved in the Avesta."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/bojnord/": {"t": "Bojnord", "s": "Capital of North Khorasan province, rebuilt after earthquakes."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/razavi-khorasan-province/": {"t": "Razavi Khorasan province", "s": "Northeastern Iranian province centered on Mashhad."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/south-khorasan-province/": {"t": "South Khorasan province", "s": "Sparsely populated Iranian province with a distinct historical identity."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/khorasan/": {"t": "Khorasan", "s": "Historical eastern region of the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geographer/": {"t": "Geographer", "s": "Geographers study Earth's environment and human society and their interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/merv/": {"t": "Merv", "s": "Ancient Silk Road city and capital of empires."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mahmud-of-ghazni/": {"t": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "s": "Undefeated Sultan who built a vast empire from Iran to India."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/genghis-khan/": {"t": "Genghis Khan", "s": "Temüjin, the steppe chieftain's son who united the Mongols and founded their empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/lore/genghis-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Genghis Khan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/tolui/": {"t": "Tolui", "s": "Youngest son of Genghis Khan, regent of the Mongol Empire, and father of Möngke, Kublai, and Hulagu.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/tolui.webp", "c": "Rashid-al-Din Hamadani · via Wikipedia: Tolui · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/hulegu-khan/": {"t": "Hulegu Khan", "s": "Mongol conqueror who founded the Ilkhanate and sacked Baghdad."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate/": {"t": "Ilkhanate", "s": "Mongol khanate ruling Iran and West Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate.webp", "c": "Ali Zifan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/ismailism/": {"t": "Ismailism", "s": "A Shia denomination emphasizing esoteric interpretation of Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-order-of-assassins/": {"t": "The Order of Assassins", "s": "The Nizari Isma'ili order of assassins that terrorized the medieval Levant."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/al-ma-mun/": {"t": "Al-Ma'mun", "s": "Seventh Abbasid caliph who fostered the Islamic Golden Age."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/al-mu-tasim/": {"t": "Al-Mu'tasim", "s": "Eighth Abbasid caliph who built a Turkic military regime."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mashhad/": {"t": "Mashhad", "s": "Second-largest Iranian city and major Shia pilgrimage center."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/twelve-imams/": {"t": "Twelve Imams", "s": "Twelve divinely appointed successors of Muhammad in Twelver Shia Islam.", "i": "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/img/abrahamic-religions/twelve-imams.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Abrahamic religions · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/twelver-shi-ism/": {"t": "Twelver Shi'ism", "s": "The largest branch of Shia Islam, centred on twelve divinely chosen Imams from the family of Muhammad.", "i": "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/img/abrahamic-religions/twelver-shi-ism.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Twelver Shi'ism · see source"}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/north-khorasan-province/": {"t": "North Khorasan province", "s": "Province in northeast Iran, created from the 2004 division of Khorasan."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/zahedan/": {"t": "Zahedan", "s": "City near Iran-Pakistan border, capital of Sistan and Baluchestan province."}, "https://codexery.com/rebels-from-the-abbasid-caliphate/e/rebels-from-the-abbasid-caliphate/ya-qub-ibn-al-layth-al-saffar/": {"t": "Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar", "s": "Coppersmith who founded the Saffarid dynasty and conquered eastern Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/romani-people/": {"t": "Romani people", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnic group with nomadic traditions and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/indo-aryan-languages/": {"t": "Indo-Aryan languages", "s": "The Indo-Aryan languages, also called Indic languages, form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European family."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/birjand/": {"t": "Birjand", "s": "City in eastern Iran, capital of South Khorasan province."}, "/e/provinces-of-iran/sistan-and-baluchestan-province/": {"t": "Sistan and Baluchestan province", "s": "Iran's southeastern province, home to Baloch and Sistani peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/babol/": {"t": "Babol", "s": "City in northern Iran, capital of Babol County."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/amol/": {"t": "Amol", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, capital of Mazandaran for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/work-human-activity/": {"t": "Work (human activity)", "s": "Intentional activity to meet needs and produce goods or services."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-urmia/": {"t": "Lake Urmia", "s": "Endorheic salt lake in Iran, once the largest in West Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-urmia.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/steppe/": {"t": "Steppe", "s": "Grassland ecoregion with semi-arid climate and extreme temperatures."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}}