{"https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchy/": {"t": "Monarchy", "s": "A hereditary system of rule by a single sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/imperatritsa/": {"t": "Imperatritsa", "s": "Russian feminine imperial title, equivalent to empress."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/indus-river/": {"t": "Indus River", "s": "A transboundary river of Asia, rising in Tibet and flowing through Kashmir and Pakistan to the Arabian Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/indus-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Indus River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/assam/": {"t": "Assam", "s": "The land of the Brahmaputra, tea, and one-horned rhinos.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/assam.webp", "c": "Medhi jyoti · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/deccan-plateau/": {"t": "Deccan Plateau", "s": "Ancient plateau forming the bulk of the Indian peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/deccan-plateau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Deccan Plateau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/babur/": {"t": "Babur", "s": "Founder of the Mughal Empire and author of the Baburnama."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aurangzeb/": {"t": "Aurangzeb", "s": "The sixth Mughal emperor who expanded the empire to its greatest extent."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-rebellion-of-1857/": {"t": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "s": "A mutiny that became a rebellion, reshaping an empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-rebellion-of-1857.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author Cambridge University Press; Stanford's Geogl. Estabt.. · via Wikipedia: Indian Rebellion of 1857 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-india/e/world-heritage-sites-in-india/agra-fort/": {"t": "Agra Fort", "s": "Mughal fort and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Agra."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-india/e/world-heritage-sites-in-india/fatehpur-sikri/": {"t": "Fatehpur Sikri", "s": "Mughal capital founded by Akbar, now a UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/red-fort/": {"t": "Red Fort", "s": "Historic Mughal fort in Delhi, symbol of Indian independence."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-india/e/world-heritage-sites-in-india/humayun-s-tomb/": {"t": "Humayun's tomb", "s": "First garden-tomb in India, precursor to the Taj Mahal."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-danger/e/world-heritage-sites-in-danger/lahore-fort/": {"t": "Lahore Fort", "s": "Mughal citadel with 21 monuments, inscribed as World Heritage in 1981."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-taj-mahal/": {"t": "The Taj Mahal", "s": "The jewel of Islamic art in India and a universally admired masterpiece of the world's heritage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-taj-mahal.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-mughal-empire/e/emperors-of-the-mughal-empire/bahadur-shah-zafar/": {"t": "Bahadur Shah Zafar", "s": "Last Mughal emperor and Urdu poet exiled after 1857 rebellion."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/genghis-khan/": {"t": "Genghis Khan", "s": "Temüjin, the steppe chieftain's son who united the Mongols and founded their empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/lore/genghis-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Genghis Khan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/humayun/": {"t": "Humayun", "s": "The second Mughal emperor who lost and regained his empire."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/godavari-river/": {"t": "Godavari River", "s": "India's second longest river, the Godavari flows 1465 km from Maharashtra to the Bay of Bengal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/godavari-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-mughal-empire/e/emperors-of-the-mughal-empire/jahangir/": {"t": "Jahangir", "s": "Fourth Mughal emperor known for justice and artistic patronage."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/": {"t": "Portuguese language", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in Macau and Equatorial Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/zambezi/": {"t": "Zambezi", "s": "Fourth-longest African river, largest east-flowing into the Indian Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/limpopo-river/": {"t": "Limpopo River", "s": "By drainage basin area, second largest African river draining to the Indian Ocean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/limpopo-river.webp", "c": "Department of Defense. American Forces Information Service. Defense Visual Information Center. 1994 · via Wikipedia: Limpopo River · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/indian-ocean/": {"t": "Indian Ocean", "s": "Third-largest ocean, warmest, key to global climate and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/kalahari-desert/": {"t": "Kalahari Desert", "s": "Large semiarid savanna in Southern Africa with ancient wetter past.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/img/deserts-and-drylands/kalahari-desert.webp", "c": "Emilfarb at English Wikipedia · via Wikipedia: Kalahari Desert · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/oral-tradition/": {"t": "Oral tradition", "s": "A vital medium of human communication across generations."}, "https://codexery.com/spirits/e/spirits/mhondoro/": {"t": "Mhondoro", "s": "Royal ancestral spirits mediating between God and the Shona people.", "i": "https://codexery.com/spirits/img/spirits/mhondoro.webp", "c": "COSV · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/asceticism/": {"t": "Asceticism", "s": "Lifestyle of abstinence from worldly pleasures for spiritual goals."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/monogamy/": {"t": "Monogamy", "s": "A relationship of two individuals in an exclusive intimate partnership."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/smallpox/": {"t": "Smallpox", "s": "Eradicated viral disease that killed hundreds of millions."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/measles/": {"t": "Measles", "s": "Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable viral disease."}, "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/e/nigerian-states/kaduna-state/": {"t": "Kaduna State", "s": "Northwest Nigerian state, centre of learning and ancient civilizations."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/sahara-desert/": {"t": "Sahara Desert", "s": "Largest hot desert, spanning North Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/sahel/": {"t": "Sahel", "s": "Transition zone between Sahara and Sudanian savannas."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/goods/": {"t": "Goods", "s": "Goods are scarce items providing utility, classified by excludability and rivalry."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/anthropomorphism/": {"t": "Anthropomorphism", "s": "Attributing human traits to non-human entities."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/cargo/": {"t": "Cargo", "s": "Goods transported by land, water, or air for commercial gain."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/niger-river/": {"t": "Niger River", "s": "Main river of West Africa, third-longest in Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/niger-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Niger River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/african-art/": {"t": "African art", "s": "Visual art from Africa emphasizing symbolic representation over realism."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/ghana/": {"t": "Ghana", "s": "First Sub-Saharan African colony to achieve sovereignty."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tin/": {"t": "Tin", "s": "A soft, silvery-white post-transition metal with the largest number of stable isotopes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tin.webp", "c": "Farmers' Trading Company · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/quartz/": {"t": "Quartz", "s": "A hard, abundant mineral used in jewelry and technology."}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-vegetables/e/fruits-and-vegetables/cowpea/": {"t": "Cowpea", "s": "A drought-tolerant legume vital to semiarid agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/nile/": {"t": "Nile", "s": "Longest river in the world, central to African history and civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/blue-nile/": {"t": "Blue Nile", "s": "Major tributary of the Nile, originating in Ethiopia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/blue-nile.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Blue Nile · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/white-nile/": {"t": "White Nile", "s": "Longer but less voluminous tributary of the Nile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/white-nile.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Nile · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/sudan/": {"t": "Sudan", "s": "Northeast African nation with ancient kingdoms and modern conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/new-kingdom-of-egypt/": {"t": "New Kingdom of Egypt", "s": "The most prosperous and powerful era of ancient Egypt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/new-kingdom-of-egypt.webp", "c": "ArdadN, Jeff Dahl · via Wikipedia: New Kingdom of Egypt · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/pharaoh/": {"t": "Pharaoh", "s": "Monarch of ancient Egypt, intermediary between gods and people."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/kingdom-of-kush/": {"t": "Kingdom of Kush", "s": "Ancient Nubian kingdom that ruled Egypt and pioneered ironworking and irrigation."}, "/e/pre-columbian-empires/ptolemaic-kingdom/": {"t": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "s": "The Greek-ruled Egyptian kingdom of the Ptolemies, from Ptolemy I in 305 BC to Cleopatra VII in 30 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/ptolemaic-kingdom.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ptolemaic Kingdom · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-kingdom-of-aksum/": {"t": "The Kingdom of Aksum", "s": "Aksum was a major ancient empire in the Horn of Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/antibiotic/": {"t": "Antibiotic", "s": "Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances active against bacteria."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/nilo-saharan-languages/": {"t": "Nilo-Saharan languages", "s": "A proposed family of around 210 African languages, spoken by some 70 million people across the northern half of Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/kerma/": {"t": "Kerma", "s": "Capital of the Kingdom of Kerma, a major Nubian urban center.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/kerma.webp", "c": "Bertramz · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/peloponnesian-war/": {"t": "Peloponnesian War", "s": "A Greek war for hegemony between Athens and Sparta.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/peloponnesian-war.webp", "c": "G. & J. Cary, John Murray · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rome/e/ancient-rome/sapaean-kingdom/": {"t": "Sapaean kingdom", "s": "Thracian client kingdom ruled by the Sapaean dynasty until Roman annexation."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/balkan-mountains/": {"t": "Balkan Mountains", "s": "Mountain range forming a natural barrier across Bulgaria."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldova/": {"t": "Moldova", "s": "Landlocked Eastern European parliamentary republic with a rich history and EU candidate status."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/homer/": {"t": "Homer", "s": "Ancient Greek poet traditionally credited with the Iliad and the Odyssey"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/thasos/": {"t": "Thasos", "s": "Northernmost major Greek island in the Aegean Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-scythians/": {"t": "The Scythians", "s": "Ancient Iranic nomads who dominated the Pontic Steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/alaafins-of-oyo/e/alaafins-of-oyo/alaafin/": {"t": "Alaafin", "s": "Supreme ruler of the Oyo Empire and modern Oyo."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/yoruba-people/": {"t": "Yoruba people", "s": "West African ethnic group native to Nigeria, Benin, and Togo"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/e/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/yoruba-language/": {"t": "Yoruba language", "s": "A major West African language with a rich dialect continuum and diaspora liturgical use."}, "https://codexery.com/alaafins-of-oyo/e/alaafins-of-oyo/ranyan/": {"t": "Ọranyan", "s": "Legendary Yoruba king and founder of two kingdoms."}, "https://codexery.com/alaafins-of-oyo/e/alaafins-of-oyo/shango/": {"t": "Shango", "s": "Orisha of thunder and third Alaafin of Oyo."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/metropolitan-area/": {"t": "Metropolitan area", "s": "A region of dense urban core and integrated surrounding territories."}, "https://codexery.com/alaafins-of-oyo/e/alaafins-of-oyo/orompoto/": {"t": "Orompoto", "s": "First female Alaafin of the Oyo Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/alaafins-of-oyo/e/alaafins-of-oyo/abipa/": {"t": "Abipa", "s": "Alaafin who returned the capital to Oyo-Ile."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/prime-minister/": {"t": "Prime minister", "s": "Head of government leading the cabinet in parliamentary systems."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/ibadan/": {"t": "Ibadan", "s": "Capital of Oyo State and historic military republic."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sokoto-caliphate/": {"t": "Sokoto Caliphate", "s": "A Sunni Muslim caliphate founded by Usman dan Fodio in 1804.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sokoto-caliphate.webp", "c": "Orange Tuesday (talk) · via Wikipedia: Sokoto Caliphate · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade/": {"t": "Atlantic slave trade", "s": "Transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade.webp", "c": "Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/arsaces-i-of-parthia/": {"t": "Arsaces I of Parthia", "s": "Founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, who conquered Parthia from the Seleucids and laid the foundations of a future empire."}, "/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-iran/": {"t": "Culture of Iran", "s": "One of the oldest and most influential cultures in the world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-iran.webp", "c": "Gerald England · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "Hellenistic period", "s": "Era of Greek cultural expansion after Alexander the Great's conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/vassal/": {"t": "Vassal", "s": "A subordinate bound by mutual obligation to a lord."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/tigris/": {"t": "Tigris", "s": "Eastern great river of Mesopotamia, flowing through history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/tigris.webp", "c": "Hamza Al Mosuly · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "/e/pre-columbian-empires/nubia/": {"t": "Nubia", "s": "Ancient African region along the Nile, home to the Kerma culture and Kingdom of Kush."}, "https://codexery.com/pharaohs-of-egypt/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/ptolemy-i-soter/": {"t": "Ptolemy I Soter", "s": "Macedonian Greek general who founded the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/polis/": {"t": "Polis", "s": "Ancient Greek city-state that was the native land of its citizens."}, "https://codexery.com/mythology/e/mythology/syncretism/": {"t": "Syncretism", "s": "The blending of distinct beliefs into a new, cohesive system."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/sinai-peninsula/": {"t": "Sinai Peninsula", "s": "Peninsula in Egypt and a land bridge between Africa and Asia", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/sinai-peninsula.webp", "c": "CIA · via Wikipedia: Sinai Peninsula · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/pharaohs-of-egypt/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/ptolemy-ii-philadelphus/": {"t": "Ptolemy II Philadelphus", "s": "Ptolemaic pharaoh who fostered Alexandria's cultural peak."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/ancient-egyptian-religion/": {"t": "Ancient Egyptian religion", "s": "Polytheistic system centered on divine pharaohs and the afterlife.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/ancient-egyptian-religion.webp", "c": "Carole Raddato from FRANKFURT, Germany · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pharaohs-of-egypt/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/ptolemy-iii-euergetes/": {"t": "Ptolemy III Euergetes", "s": "Third pharaoh who expanded Ptolemaic power and issued the Canopus decree."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/war-of-actium/": {"t": "War of Actium", "s": "The last civil war of the Roman Republic, ending with Octavian's victory and the rise of the Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/egyptian-language/": {"t": "Egyptian language", "s": "An extinct Afro-Asiatic language of ancient Egypt, with a written record spanning over 5,000 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"The life-sized terracotta army guarding China's first emperor in the afterlife."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-gaozu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "s": "Founder of the Han dynasty, born a peasant, who rose from rebel to emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/xi-an/": {"t": "Xi'an", "s": "Ancient capital, modern hub of Western China."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/guanzhong/": {"t": "Guanzhong", "s": "The heartland of ancient Chinese empires, guarded by mountain passes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/guanzhong.webp", "c": "H2v5o68z · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yangtze/": {"t": "Yangtze", "s": "Longest river in China, third-longest in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/qi-state/": {"t": "Qi (state)", "s": "A major Zhou dynasty state in ancient China, known for its 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"https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/eight-banners.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Eight Banners · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/wu-sangui/": {"t": "Wu Sangui", "s": "Ming general who defected to the Qing and later rebelled."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/shanhai-pass/": {"t": "Shanhai Pass", "s": "Fortified gateway at the eastern end of the Great Wall, commanding the narrowest choke point of the Liaoxi Corridor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/shanhai-pass.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Shanhai Pass · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/shunzhi-emperor/": {"t": "Shunzhi Emperor", "s": "Second Qing emperor and first to rule China proper.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/img/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/shunzhi-emperor.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Shunzhi Emperor · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/tributary-system-of-china/": {"t": "Tributary system of China", "s": "A Sinocentric network of tributary relations lasting two millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/joseon/": {"t": "Joseon", "s": "A dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years, founded in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/l-dynasty/": {"t": "Lê dynasty", "s": "Longest-ruling Vietnamese dynasty, marked by civil wars and Confucian reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/taiping-rebellion/": {"t": "Taiping Rebellion", "s": "A 14-year civil war that devastated Qing China."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/tongzhi-restoration/": {"t": "Tongzhi Restoration", "s": "A Qing-era attempt to restore traditional order amid decline.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/tongzhi-restoration.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tongzhi Restoration · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/self-strengthening-movement/": {"t": "Self-Strengthening Movement", "s": "Late Qing reform movement to strengthen state through Western technology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/self-strengthening-movement.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Self-Strengthening Movement · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "First Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Conflict between Qing China and Japan over influence in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/empress-dowager-cixi/": {"t": "Empress Dowager Cixi", "s": "Manchu noblewoman who ruled Qing China as empress dowager."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/imperial-examination/": {"t": "Imperial examination", "s": "The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China, selecting bureaucrats by merit from the Sui dynasty until its abolition in 19", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/imperial-examination.webp", "c": "Francisco Anzola · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-icons/e/revolutionary-leaders-and-icons/sun-yat-sen/": {"t": "Sun Yat-sen", "s": "Founder of the Republic of China and the Kuomintang."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical region in Northeast Asia, homeland of the Manchus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/manchuria.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/romance-of-the-three-kingdoms/": {"t": "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "s": "A 14th-century novel blending history and fiction from China's Three Kingdoms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/img/literary-novels-and-classics/romance-of-the-three-kingdoms.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Romance of the Three Kingdoms · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-1115-1234/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (1115–1234)", "s": "The Jurchen-led Great Jin: gold, empire, and the first Chinese dynasty known in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/liaoyang/": {"t": "Liaoyang", "s": "Ancient city in Liaoning, site of dynastic capitals and major battles."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/hong-chengchou/": {"t": "Hong Chengchou", "s": "Ming-Qing official and military strategist"}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/son-of-heaven/": {"t": "Son of Heaven", "s": "Sacred monarchial title of the Chinese sovereign.", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/son-of-heaven.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/jiangnan/": {"t": "Jiangnan", "s": "The prosperous lands south of the Yangtze River, cradle of Wu culture and historic capitals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/jiangnan.webp", "c": "Judgefloro · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/yongle-emperor/": {"t": "Yongle Emperor", "s": "Third emperor of the Ming dynasty, known for moving the capital to Beijing and sponsoring the Yongle Encyclopedia."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/boxer-rebellion/": {"t": "Boxer Rebellion", "s": "An anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China (1899–1901) by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, defeated by the Eigh", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/boxer-rebellion.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Boxer Rebellion · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/late-antiquity/": {"t": "Late antiquity", "s": "Period of transformation from classical antiquity to medieval worlds."}, "/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ardashir-i/": {"t": "Ardashir I", "s": "Founder of the Sasanian Empire and unifier of Iran.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/img/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ardashir-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of conflicts in the Near East · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/eastern-arabia/": {"t": "Eastern Arabia", "s": "Historical coastal region of the eastern Arabian Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/eastern-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Shield (geology) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/levant/": {"t": "Levant", "s": "A historical and cultural subregion of West Asia along the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/levant.webp", "c": "Bassem Fleifel · CC BY-SA 1.0"}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/kerman-province/": {"t": "Kerman province", "s": "Largest province of Iran, ancient Carmania, rich in history and resources.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/kerman-province.webp", "c": "Erik Albers · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/isfahan-province/": {"t": "Isfahan province", "s": "Central Iranian province with Safavid heritage and diverse geography.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/isfahan-province.webp", "c": "ak ba · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/susa/": {"t": "Susa", "s": "Ancient city, capital of Elam and Achaemenid winter capital.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/susa.webp", "c": "Trioxk · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/bactria/": {"t": "Bactria", "s": "Ancient Iranian civilization, key Zoroastrian center and Greco-Bactrian kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/heraclius/": {"t": "Heraclius", "s": "Byzantine emperor who defeated the Persians but lost newly regained lands to the Arab conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate/": {"t": "Caliphate", "s": "Islamic political-religious institution led by a caliph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate.webp", "c": "أبو العباس · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/andhra-pradesh/": {"t": "Andhra Pradesh", "s": "The coastal gem of southern India, rich in history, culture, and natural resources.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/andhra-pradesh.webp", "c": "456legend · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/telangana/": {"t": "Telangana", "s": "Telangana: Land of history, diamonds, and IT innovation on the Deccan Plateau."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/maharashtra/": {"t": "Maharashtra", "s": "Land of the Deccan Plateau and India's financial heart", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/maharashtra.webp", "c": "Own work based on user:Chumwa · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/gujarat/": {"t": "Gujarat", "s": "Land of the Gurjars, longest coastline, and the Asiatic lion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/gujarat.webp", "c": "Nileshbandhiya · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/madhya-pradesh/": {"t": "Madhya Pradesh", "s": "The central province of India, rich in history and minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/karnataka/": {"t": "Karnataka", "s": "The Land of Elevated Heritage and Innovation", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/karnataka.webp", "c": "Rajeshodayanchal · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/brahmi-script/": {"t": "Brahmi script", "s": "Ancient Indian script, ancestor of many modern South Asian writing systems."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-mythology/e/hindu-mythology/hindu-mythology/": {"t": "Hindu mythology", "s": "Myths from Hindu texts, foundational to society and theology."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/surya/": {"t": "Surya", "s": "Hindu solar deity and one of five major Smarta deities."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/yajna/": {"t": "Yajna", "s": "Vedic fire ritual central to Hindu worship and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/junagadh/": {"t": "Junagadh", "s": "Ancient fortified city at the foot of Girnar hills."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/gupta-empire/": {"t": "Gupta Empire", "s": "Classical Indian empire spanning northern subcontinent, noted for cultural achievements."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pompey/": {"t": "Pompey", "s": "Roman general and statesman, rival of Julius Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pompey.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · via Wikipedia: Pompey · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/chandragupta-maurya/": {"t": "Chandragupta Maurya", "s": "Founder of the Maurya Empire, unifier of ancient India."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/maurya-empire/": {"t": "Maurya Empire", "s": "Iron Age empire unifying much of South Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/antiochus-iii-the-great/": {"t": "Antiochus III the Great", "s": "The Great King who restored the Seleucid Empire and clashed with Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/darius-iii/": {"t": "Darius III", "s": "Last Achaemenid King of Kings, defeated by Alexander the Great"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/demetrius-i-poliorcetes/": {"t": "Demetrius I Poliorcetes", "s": "The Besieger of Cities: Macedonian king and master of siege warfare.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/demetrius-i-poliorcetes.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Demetrius I Poliorcetes · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/babylon/": {"t": "Babylon", "s": "Ancient city on the Euphrates, heart of Babylonia and home of wonders."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/medes/": {"t": "Medes", "s": "Iron Age Iranian people of Media, known from foreign sources and archaeology."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river/": {"t": "Yellow River", "s": "Cradle of Chinese civilization, source of devastating floods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yellow River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/xia-dynasty/": {"t": "Xia dynasty", "s": "First dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography, possibly legendary.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/xia-dynasty.webp", "c": "Gary Todd · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/book-of-documents/": {"t": "Book of Documents", "s": "One of the Five Classics, foundational to Chinese political philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/musculoskeletal-system/e/musculoskeletal-system/scapula/": {"t": "Scapula", "s": "The shoulder blade connects upper arm to collarbone."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/mencius-book/": {"t": "Mencius (book)", "s": "Anthology of Mencius's dialogues on moral and political philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/sima-qian/": {"t": "Sima Qian", "s": "Father of Chinese historiography who endured castration to complete the Shiji."}, "https://codexery.com/flood-myths/e/flood-myths/xie-of-shang/": {"t": "Xie of Shang", "s": "Ancestor of Shang kings, born from a Xuanniao egg."}, "https://codexery.com/flood-myths/e/flood-myths/yu-the-great/": {"t": "Yu the Great", "s": "Legendary founder of China's first dynasty and flood-control hero."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/di-xin/": {"t": "Di Xin", "s": "Last Shang king, known posthumously as a cautionary tyrant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/di-xin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Di Xin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/sanxingdui/": {"t": "Sanxingdui", "s": "Bronze Age site revealing a unique civilization in ancient China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/sanxingdui.webp", "c": "Gary Todd · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/rammed-earth/": {"t": "Rammed earth", "s": "Ancient building technique revived for sustainable construction."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-taizu-of-song/": {"t": "Emperor Taizu of Song", "s": "Founding emperor of the Song dynasty who reunified most of China."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/five-dynasties-and-ten-kingdoms-period/": {"t": "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period", "s": "An era of division and warfare in Imperial China."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty/": {"t": "Liao dynasty", "s": "A Khitan-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 916 to 1125, controlling Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of Siberia and Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty.webp", "c": "SY · via Wikipedia: Liao dynasty · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/jingkang-incident/": {"t": "Jingkang incident", "s": "The Jingkang Incident, also called the Humiliation of Jingkang, occurred in 1127 during the Jin–Song wars."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/jin-song-wars/": {"t": "Jin–Song wars", "s": "Conflicts that divided China into Northern and Southern Song."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/chinese-philosophy/": {"t": "Chinese philosophy", "s": "Philosophical traditions originating and developing within China's historical context."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/banknote/": {"t": "Banknote", "s": "A banknote is a type of paper money issued by a bank."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/mali-empire/": {"t": "Mali Empire", "s": "West African empire known for wealth and cultural influence."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/askia-muhammad-i/": {"t": "Askia Muhammad I", "s": "First ruler of the Askia dynasty, expanded the Songhai Empire to its greatest extent."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/herbs-spices/e/herbs-and-spices/kola-nut/": {"t": "Kola nut", "s": "Caffeine-containing seed used in cola drinks and West African ceremonies."}, "https://codexery.com/fruit-trees-berries/e/fruit-trees-and-berries/date-palm/": {"t": "Date palm", "s": "Cultivated for millennia, dates are emblematic of oasis agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ibn-battuta/": {"t": "Ibn Battuta", "s": "The greatest traveller of the pre-modern world, whose journeys spanned Africa, Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ibn-battuta.webp", "c": "Léon Benett · via Wikipedia: Ibn Battuta · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mosque/": {"t": "Mosque", "s": "A place of worship and community for Muslims worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/five-pillars-of-islam/": {"t": "Five Pillars of Islam", "s": "The Five Pillars of Islam: fundamental practices for Muslims, summarized in the hadith of Gabriel."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/luoyang/": {"t": "Luoyang", "s": "Ancient capital on the Luo River, cradle of Chinese civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/northern-and-southern-dynasties/": {"t": "Northern and Southern dynasties", "s": "Period of division, cultural growth, and technological advance."}, "/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "/e/pre-columbian-empires/qin-dynasty/": {"t": "Qin dynasty", "s": "First imperial dynasty of China, unifying the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wen-of-sui/": {"t": "Emperor Wen of Sui", "s": "Founding emperor who reunified China and began the Grand Canal."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-yang-of-sui/": {"t": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "s": "Second Sui emperor whose projects and wars bankrupted the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/three-departments-and-six-ministries/": {"t": "Three Departments and Six Ministries", "s": "Primary administrative structure in imperial China from Sui to Yuan."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/grand-canal-china/": {"t": "Grand Canal (China)", "s": "The world's longest artificial waterway, linking north and south China for over two millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/goguryeo-sui-war/": {"t": "Goguryeo–Sui War", "s": "Sui invasions of Goguryeo ended in defeat and dynasty collapse."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sichuan/": {"t": "Sichuan", "s": "Inland province in Southwestern China, home to Ba and Shu."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/east-china-sea/": {"t": "East China Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Western Pacific, rich in history and natural resources."}, "/e/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty/": {"t": "Sui dynasty", "s": "Brief dynasty that reunified China and shaped the Tang golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sui dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/hegemony/": {"t": "Hegemony", "s": "Predominance of one state over others, regionally or globally."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/three-kingdoms-of-korea/": {"t": "Three Kingdoms of Korea", "s": "The Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Paekche, and Silla competed for hegemony over the Korean Peninsula until Silla unified it in the 7th century."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/e/chinese-classical-poets/li-bai/": {"t": "Li Bai", "s": "Tang dynasty poet, one of the 'Three Wonders'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/img/chinese-classical-poets/li-bai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Li Bai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/e/chinese-classical-poets/du-fu/": {"t": "Du Fu", "s": "Poet-Historian of the Tang dynasty", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/img/chinese-classical-poets/du-fu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Du Fu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/eastern-turkic-khaganate/": {"t": "Eastern Turkic Khaganate", "s": "Eastern successor of the splintered First Turkic Khaganate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/eastern-turkic-khaganate.webp", "c": "Türk-Genci8 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkic-languages/": {"t": "Turkic languages", "s": "The Turkic languages form a family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast stretch of Eurasia—from Southeastern and Eastern Euro"}}