[{"n": "Ferdinand Tönnies", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/ferdinand-t-nnies/", "s": "German sociologist who distinguished Gemeinschaft from Gesellschaft."}, {"n": "Frances Fox Piven", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/frances-fox-piven/", "s": "Professor, social theorist, and activist known for the Cloward–Piven strategy and welfare-rights advocacy."}, {"n": "Georg Simmel", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/georg-simmel/", "s": "German sociologist, philosopher, and critic; a founding figure of sociology and pioneer of relational sociolog"}, {"n": "George Herbert Mead", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/george-herbert-mead/", "s": "Pragmatist philosopher and founder of symbolic interactionism"}, {"n": "Guy Debord", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/guy-debord/", "s": "French Marxist theorist and filmmaker who founded the Situationist International and authored The Society of t"}, {"n": "Hannah Arendt", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/hannah-arendt/", "s": "German-American political theorist who coined 'the banality of evil.'"}, {"n": "Harrison White", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/harrison-white/", "s": "Sociologist most directly connected to relational sociology and the New York School."}, {"n": "Immanuel Wallerstein", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/immanuel-wallerstein/", "s": "American sociologist and economic historian who developed the world-systems approach."}, {"n": "Niklas Luhmann", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/niklas-luhmann/", "s": "German sociologist, philosopher of social science, and systems theorist."}, {"n": "Norbert Elias", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/norbert-elias/", "s": "Sociologist of civilizing and decivilizing processes"}, {"n": "Pierre Bourdieu", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/pierre-bourdieu/", "s": "French sociologist and public intellectual known for concepts such as habitus, field, and cultural capital."}, {"n": "R. H. Tawney", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/r-h-tawney/", "s": "English economic historian, Christian socialist, and adult education advocate."}, {"n": "Samuel P. Huntington", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/samuel-p-huntington/", "s": "Political scientist who theorized post-Cold War cultural conflict."}, {"n": "Seymour Martin Lipset", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/seymour-martin-lipset/", "s": "Sociologist and political scientist who theorized democracy and American exceptionalism."}, {"n": "Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/stuart-hall-cultural-theorist/", "s": "Jamaican-British Marxist sociologist and cultural theorist"}, {"n": "George C. Homans", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/george-c-homans/", "s": "American sociologist who founded social exchange theory."}, {"n": "George Fitzhugh", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/george-fitzhugh/", "s": "Pro-slavery theorist who defended slavery as a social good."}, {"n": "George Friedman", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/george-friedman/", "s": "Hungarian-born American futurologist and geopolitical forecaster."}, {"n": "Giovanni Gentile", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/giovanni-gentile/", "s": "Fascist politician, journalist, and translator of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion."}, {"n": "Gustave Le Bon", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/gustave-le-bon/", "s": "French polymath known for crowd psychology and conservative views."}, {"n": "György Lukács", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/gy-rgy-luk-cs/", "s": "Hungarian Marxist philosopher and literary critic."}, {"n": "Hans Morgenthau", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/hans-morgenthau/", "s": "German-American jurist and political scientist; leading post-WWII realist."}, {"n": "Harriet Martineau", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/harriet-martineau/", "s": "English social theorist and abolitionist who supported herself by writing."}, {"n": "Henri de Saint-Simon", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/henri-de-saint-simon/", "s": "French theorist who proposed a society led by industrial and scientific merit."}, {"n": "Herbert Marcuse", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/herbert-marcuse/", "s": "German-American philosopher and New Left theorist."}, {"n": "James C. Scott", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/james-c-scott/", "s": "Scholar of peasant resistance and state power."}, {"n": "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/pierre-joseph-proudhon/", "s": "First self-proclaimed anarchist and founder of mutualist philosophy."}, {"n": "Pitirim Sorokin", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/pitirim-sorokin/", "s": "Russian American sociologist and political activist who contributed to social cycle theory."}, {"n": "Raymond Aron", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/raymond-aron/", "s": "French philosopher and journalist, critic of Marxism and defender of liberal democracy."}, {"n": "Robert K. Merton", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/robert-k-merton/", "s": "Founding father of modern sociology and criminology."}, {"n": "Thomas Sowell", "u": "/e/political-and-social-theorists/thomas-sowell/", "s": "American economist, economic historian, social theorist, and Hoover senior fellow."}]