{"/e/polar-explorers/matthew-henson/": {"t": "Matthew Henson", "s": "American explorer who claimed to be first to reach the North Pole.", "i": "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/img/polar-explorers/matthew-henson.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Matthew Henson · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/north-pole/": {"t": "North Pole", "s": "Northernmost point on Earth, located in the Arctic Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/inuit/": {"t": "Inuit", "s": "Inuit are Indigenous Arctic peoples descended from the Thule culture."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-marine-features/e/coastal-and-marine-features/cape-morris-jesup/": {"t": "Cape Morris Jesup", "s": "Cape Morris Jesup (Danish: Kap Morris Jesup) is a headland in Peary Land, Greenland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-marine-features/img/coastal-and-marine-features/cape-morris-jesup.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Borders of the oceans · see source"}, "/e/polar-explorers/frederick-cook/": {"t": "Frederick Cook", "s": "Explorer whose polar and summit claims remain disputed.", "i": "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/img/polar-explorers/frederick-cook.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Frederick Cook · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/civil-engineering/": {"t": "Civil engineering", "s": "Professional discipline designing and maintaining the built environment."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/maine/": {"t": "Maine", "s": "Northeasternmost state in the contiguous United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/maine.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baffin-bay/": {"t": "Baffin Bay", "s": "Marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean between Baffin Island and Greenland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baffin-bay.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Baffin Bay · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/films-about-giants/e/films-about-giants/cabin-boy/": {"t": "Cabin Boy", "s": "A 1994 fantasy comedy that gained cult status."}, "https://codexery.com/dinosaur-museums-in-the-united-states/e/dinosaur-museums-in-the-united-states/academy-of-natural-sciences-of-drexel-university/": {"t": "Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University", "s": "Oldest natural science museum in the Americas, founded 1812."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/ellesmere-island/": {"t": "Ellesmere Island", "s": "Canada's northernmost island, a mountainous Arctic frontier with a rich archaeological record.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/ellesmere-island.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ellesmere Island · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-marine-features/e/coastal-and-marine-features/cape-york-greenland/": {"t": "Cape York (Greenland)", "s": "Cape on northwestern Greenland, delimiting Melville Bay."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/nautical-mile/": {"t": "Nautical mile", "s": "Unit of length for air, marine, and space navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/peary-crater/": {"t": "Peary (crater)", "s": "Large polar crater with permanently shadowed floor regions."}, "/e/polar-explorers/robert-peary/": {"t": "Robert Peary", "s": "American explorer who claimed to have reached the North Pole in 1909.", "i": "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/img/polar-explorers/robert-peary.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Peary · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-astronomical-union/": {"t": "International Astronomical Union", "s": "Global authority for astronomical naming and cooperation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/frederick-douglass/": {"t": "Frederick Douglass", "s": "Escaped slavery; became leading abolitionist orator and writer."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dwight-d-eisenhower/": {"t": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "s": "34th president of the United States and Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/concubinage/": {"t": "Concubinage", "s": "A historical practice of cohabitation without full marriage."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/exploration/": {"t": "Exploration", "s": "Exploration is the process of discovering the unknown."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/south-pole/": {"t": "South Pole", "s": "Southernmost point on Earth, marked by shifting ice and historic expeditions."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-turkana/": {"t": "Lake Turkana", "s": "World's largest permanent desert lake and alkaline lake.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-turkana.webp", "c": "wfeiden · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/schleswig-holstein/": {"t": "Schleswig-Holstein", "s": "Northernmost German state with a contested Danish-German history."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/antarctica/": {"t": "Antarctica", "s": "Earth's southernmost, coldest, and least-populated continent."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/weddell-sea/": {"t": "Weddell Sea", "s": "A treacherous, ice-filled sea with the clearest water on Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/ross-sea/": {"t": "Ross Sea", "s": "The southernmost sea on Earth, rich in marine life and scientific significance."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ernest-shackleton/": {"t": "Ernest Shackleton", "s": "Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions and set a Farthest South record of 88°23′ S.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ernest-shackleton.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ernest Shackleton · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/edmund-hillary/": {"t": "Edmund Hillary", "s": "First confirmed climber to summit Everest, later a philanthropist and diplomat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/edmund-hillary.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Edmund Hillary · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-colonization-of-north-america/e/russian-colonization-of-north-america/first-kamchatka-expedition/": {"t": "First Kamchatka Expedition", "s": "Vitus Bering's first Russian Pacific expedition."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-colonization-of-north-america/e/russian-colonization-of-north-america/great-northern-expedition/": {"t": "Great Northern Expedition", "s": "A major Russian Arctic expedition mapping Siberia and Alaska's coast."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/bering-strait/": {"t": "Bering Strait", "s": "Strait between Asia and North America, key to human migration theory."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bering-sea/": {"t": "Bering Sea", "s": "Marginal sea of the northern Pacific Ocean between Eurasia and the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bering-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bering Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies/": {"t": "Dutch East Indies", "s": "Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia after war and negotiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies.webp", "c": "Roger Veringmeier · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/great-northern-war/": {"t": "Great Northern War", "s": "A war that ended Swedish dominance and elevated Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/vyborg/": {"t": "Vyborg", "s": "Medieval fortress town on the Karelian Isthmus with a contested history."}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/adoption-of-the-gregorian-calendar/": {"t": "Adoption of the Gregorian calendar", "s": "The gradual global shift from Julian to Gregorian dating."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/kamchatka-peninsula/": {"t": "Kamchatka Peninsula", "s": "Volcanic peninsula in the Russian Far East, part of the Ring of Fire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/kamchatka-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kamchatka Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/lena-river/": {"t": "Lena River", "s": "The easternmost of Siberia's three great Arctic rivers, the Lena is the longest river entirely within Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/lena-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lena River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vologda/": {"t": "Vologda", "s": "Historic Russian city and major transport hub."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yakutsk/": {"t": "Yakutsk", "s": "The coldest major city on Earth, built on permafrost."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/irkutsk/": {"t": "Irkutsk", "s": "The Paris of Siberia"}, "https://codexery.com/maps-their-symbols/e/maps-and-their-symbols/cartography/": {"t": "Cartography", "s": "The art and science of making and using maps."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/novaya-zemlya/": {"t": "Novaya Zemlya", "s": "Arctic archipelago used as a major Soviet nuclear test site."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/kara-sea/": {"t": "Kara Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, named for the Kara River, with a name possibly meaning 'hummocked ice' or 'black'."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/spitsbergen/": {"t": "Spitsbergen", "s": "Largest island of Svalbard, Arctic whaling and mining hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/spitsbergen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Spitsbergen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/maurice-prince-of-orange/": {"t": "Maurice, Prince of Orange", "s": "Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic and foremost military strategist of his age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/maurice-prince-of-orange.webp", "c": "School of Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt · via Wikipedia: Maurice, Prince of Orange · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost/": {"t": "Permafrost", "s": "Frozen ground that stores carbon and threatens infrastructure when thawed.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost.webp", "c": "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - KBR Wyle Services, LLC/Kathryn Mersmann · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cuisine-of-the-southwestern-united/e/cuisine-of-the-southwestern-united-states/hardtack/": {"t": "Hardtack", "s": "A durable, long-lasting cracker used for centuries as military and naval rations."}, "https://codexery.com/canids-and-hyaenids/e/canids-and-hyaenids/arctic-fox/": {"t": "Arctic fox", "s": "Small Arctic predator with the warmest fur of any mammal."}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/scurvy/": {"t": "Scurvy", "s": "A vitamin C deficiency disease historically fatal on long sea voyages."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/kola-peninsula/": {"t": "Kola Peninsula", "s": "Large Russian peninsula inside the Arctic Circle, heavily industrialized.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/img/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/kola-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kola Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/protein/": {"t": "Protein", "s": "Essential biomolecules that catalyze, structure, and regulate life."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/antarctic/": {"t": "Antarctic", "s": "Polar region surrounding the South Pole, governed by international treaty."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/heroic-age-of-antarctic-exploration/": {"t": "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration", "s": "An era of endurance and discovery in Antarctica's exploration."}, "/e/polar-explorers/roald-amundsen/": {"t": "Roald Amundsen", "s": "Norwegian polar explorer; first to reach the South Pole.", "i": "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/img/polar-explorers/roald-amundsen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Roald Amundsen · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/robert-falcon-scott/": {"t": "Robert Falcon Scott", "s": "British naval officer and Antarctic explorer who reached the South Pole.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/robert-falcon-scott.webp", "c": "Steffano Francis Webb · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/mining-engineering/": {"t": "Mining engineering", "s": "Mining engineering extracts minerals and manages all mine phases."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/petrology/": {"t": "Petrology", "s": "Branch of geology studying rocks and their formation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/petrology.webp", "c": "Henderson, Charles W.; Michael, Graham John.; Winstanley, J. B. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mineralogy/": {"t": "Mineralogy", "s": "Scientific study of minerals, their properties, and crystal structures."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/igneous-rock/": {"t": "Igneous rock", "s": "One of the three main rock types, formed from cooling magma or lava."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/metamorphic-rock/": {"t": "Metamorphic rock", "s": "Rock transformed by heat and pressure without melting."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/fossil/": {"t": "Fossil", "s": "Fossils are preserved remains of ancient life, key to evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanic-mountains/e/volcanic-mountains/mount-erebus/": {"t": "Mount Erebus", "s": "Southernmost active volcano with a persistent lava lake."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/oceanography/": {"t": "Oceanography", "s": "Scientific study of the ocean and its processes."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/isle-of-man/": {"t": "Isle of Man", "s": "A self-governing Crown Dependency with a distinct identity and history."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metallurgy/": {"t": "Metallurgy", "s": "The science and technology of metals and alloys."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-england/e/world-heritage-sites-in-england/bath-somerset/": {"t": "Bath, Somerset", "s": "Roman-built spa city with Georgian architecture and UNESCO status.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-england/img/world-heritage-sites-in-england/bath-somerset.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bath, Somerset · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/french-inventions/e/french-inventions/canning/": {"t": "Canning", "s": "A French method of preserving food in sealed containers."}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-vegetables/e/fruits-and-vegetables/garden-cress/": {"t": "Garden cress", "s": "Fast-growing edible herb with peppery flavor."}, "https://codexery.com/food-and-drink/e/food-and-drink/food-preservation/": {"t": "Food preservation", "s": "Methods to slow spoilage and reduce food waste."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/adam-johann-von-krusenstern/": {"t": "Adam Johann von Krusenstern", "s": "Russian admiral who led the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/southern-ocean/": {"t": "Southern Ocean", "s": "Southernmost ocean encircling Antarctica, defined by circulation and latitude."}, "/e/polar-explorers/mikhail-lazarev/": {"t": "Mikhail Lazarev", "s": "Russian fleet commander and Antarctic explorer."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/james-cook/": {"t": "James Cook", "s": "British Royal Navy officer who mapped much of the Pacific and Southern Oceans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/james-cook.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Cook · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/kronstadt/": {"t": "Kronstadt", "s": "Russian port city and Baltic Fleet fortress guarding Saint Petersburg."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/antarctic-circle/": {"t": "Antarctic Circle", "s": "Southernmost major latitude circle marking the Antarctic region."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-i-of-russia/": {"t": "Nicholas I of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia known for autocratic rule, territorial expansion, and suppression of dissent."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/crimean-war/": {"t": "Crimean War", "s": "A mid-19th century conflict between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia, notable for modern technologies and "}, "https://codexery.com/russian-colonization-of-north-america/e/russian-colonization-of-north-america/russian-american-company/": {"t": "Russian-American Company", "s": "Russia's state-chartered company for Russian America."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/pskov/": {"t": "Pskov", "s": "Ancient Russian city, former Hanseatic hub and border fortress."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-magnetic-field/": {"t": "Earth's magnetic field", "s": "Earth's magnetic field, generated by a geodynamo in the outer core, protects the planet from solar wind and cosmic rays."}, "https://codexery.com/atmospheric-sciences/e/atmospheric-sciences/climatology/": {"t": "Climatology", "s": "Scientific study of Earth's climate over extended periods."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-colonization-of-north-america/e/russian-colonization-of-north-america/alaska-purchase/": {"t": "Alaska Purchase", "s": "1867 U.S. purchase of Russian America for $7.2 million."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-darwin/": {"t": "Charles Darwin", "s": "English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-pipe-organ/": {"t": "The Pipe organ", "s": "A wind-driven keyboard instrument with ancient Greek origins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-pipe-organ.webp", "c": "Ermell · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/estonian-language/": {"t": "Estonian language", "s": "Estonian: a Finnic language of Estonia, one of the EU's non-Indo-European tongues."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/russian-language/": {"t": "Russian language", "s": "An East Slavic language of the Indo-European family, native to Russia and widely spoken across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/norwegian-cuisine/e/norwegian-cuisine/kringle/": {"t": "Kringle", "s": "A Northern European pastry in a pretzel-like twisted shape."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/denali/": {"t": "Denali", "s": "Highest peak in North America, third most prominent on Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/new-york-university/": {"t": "New York University", "s": "A private research university in New York City, founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/new-york-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: State University of New York · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/e/peninsulas-and-capes/tierra-del-fuego/": {"t": "Tierra del Fuego", "s": "Archipelago at the southern tip of South America", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/img/peninsulas-and-capes/tierra-del-fuego.webp", "c": "Godot13 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/jules-verne/": {"t": "Jules Verne", "s": "French novelist, poet, and playwright; creator of the Voyages extraordinaires."}, "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-novels-adapted-into/e/science-fiction-novels-adapted-into-films/the-adventures-of-captain-hatteras/": {"t": "The Adventures of Captain Hatteras", "s": "An 1866 novel about an obsessive British expedition to the North Pole."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/american-football/": {"t": "American football", "s": "Team sport evolved from rugby and soccer, popular in the US."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-games/e/olympic-games/coach-sport/": {"t": "Coach (sport)", "s": "A person coaching in sport, directing and training athletes."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/santiago-ram-n-y-cajal/": {"t": "Santiago Ramón y Cajal", "s": "Pioneer of modern neuroscience and Nobel laureate."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/white-sea/": {"t": "White Sea", "s": "Southern inlet of the Barents Sea, key to Russian maritime trade."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe/": {"t": "Robinson Crusoe", "s": "Fictional castaway who inspired the Robinsonade genre.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/img/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robinson Crusoe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/ice-skating/": {"t": "Ice skating", "s": "Gliding through history: the art and sport of ice skating."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/greenland-ice-sheet/": {"t": "Greenland ice sheet", "s": "Second-largest ice sheet, key driver of global sea level rise.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/greenland-ice-sheet.webp", "c": "derivative work: Algkalv ( talk ) Greenland_stub.svg : PavelD · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/leprosy/": {"t": "Leprosy", "s": "A curable neglected tropical disease with ancient roots and persistent stigma."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/adolf-erik-nordenski-ld/": {"t": "Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld", "s": "Finland-Swedish explorer who first navigated the Northeast Passage."}, "https://codexery.com/english-folklore/e/english-folklore/john-franklin/": {"t": "John Franklin", "s": "British Arctic explorer who died on his final Northwest Passage expedition."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/victoria-island/": {"t": "Victoria Island", "s": "A vast Arctic island straddling Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, rich in history and natural wonders."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/compass/": {"t": "Compass", "s": "Instrument indicating direction relative to geographic cardinal points."}, "/e/polar-explorers/fridtjof-nansen/": {"t": "Fridtjof Nansen", "s": "Norwegian explorer, scientist and Nobel Peace laureate who skied across Greenland and drifted north in Fram.", "i": "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/img/polar-explorers/fridtjof-nansen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fridtjof Nansen · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/virginia/": {"t": "Virginia", "s": "First permanent English colony in the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/democratic-party-united-states/": {"t": "Democratic Party (United States)", "s": "World's oldest active political party, center to center-left."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/henry-ford/": {"t": "Henry Ford", "s": "Pioneer of affordable automobiles and Fordism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/henry-ford.webp", "c": "Ford Motor Company. Photographic Department · via Wikipedia: Henry Ford · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united-states/university-of-virginia/": {"t": "University of Virginia", "s": "Founded by Thomas Jefferson, home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-inventions/e/russian-inventions/armored-cruiser/": {"t": "Armored cruiser", "s": "Armored cruiser: a long-range warship with belt armor."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franklin-d-roosevelt/": {"t": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "s": "32nd US president who led the nation through the Great Depression and World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/nova-scotia/": {"t": "Nova Scotia", "s": "Canada's most populous Atlantic province, rich in Mi'kmaq heritage and Scottish history."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/charles-lindbergh/": {"t": "Charles Lindbergh", "s": "Aviator who made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic."}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/ford-motor-company/": {"t": "Ford Motor Company", "s": "American automaker that pioneered mass production via assembly lines.", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/ford-motor-company.webp", "c": "42-BRT · via Wikipedia: Ford Motor Company · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/normandy/": {"t": "Normandy", "s": "The historic homeland of the Normans, spanning mainland France and the Channel Islands."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/meteorology/": {"t": "Meteorology", "s": "Study of Earth's atmosphere and weather forecasting."}, "/e/polar-explorers/vitus-bering/": {"t": "Vitus Bering", "s": "Danish-born Russian explorer who charted Asia and North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/img/polar-explorers/vitus-bering.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vitus Bering · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/sakha-republic/": {"t": "Sakha Republic", "s": "The world's largest subnational entity, a land of extreme cold and diamond wealth."}, "/e/polar-explorers/fedot-alekseyevich-popov/": {"t": "Fedot Alekseyevich Popov", "s": "Russian explorer who organized the first Bering Strait expedition."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/chukchi-peninsula/": {"t": "Chukchi Peninsula", "s": "Easternmost point of continental Asia, near Alaska."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/marco-polo/": {"t": "Marco Polo", "s": "Venetian merchant whose travels opened the East to European understanding.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/marco-polo.webp", "c": "Marco Polo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eurasia/": {"t": "Eurasia", "s": "The largest continental area on Earth, spanning Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/tula-oblast/": {"t": "Tula Oblast", "s": "A historically rich industrial and agricultural region in European Russia, home to the Tula Kremlin and Yasnaya Polyana."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vladikavkaz/": {"t": "Vladikavkaz", "s": "Capital of North Ossetia–Alania, at the foothills of the Caucasus."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-inventors/e/ukrainian-inventors/stepan-makarov/": {"t": "Stepan Makarov", "s": "Russian vice-admiral, naval innovator, and polar icebreaker advocate."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/yamal-peninsula/": {"t": "Yamal Peninsula", "s": "Remote Siberian peninsula vital for climate science and gas."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/helicopter/": {"t": "Helicopter", "s": "A rotorcraft achieving vertical flight via horizontally spinning rotors."}, "https://codexery.com/finnish-inventions/e/finnish-inventions/mir-submersible/": {"t": "Mir (submersible)", "s": "Finnish-built deep-submergence vehicles for Soviet scientific research."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal/": {"t": "Lake Baikal", "s": "World's deepest and oldest freshwater lake by volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Baikal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war/": {"t": "Russo-Japanese War", "s": "War between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Imperial Instituto Artistico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vladivostok/": {"t": "Vladivostok", "s": "Vladivostok: Russia's Pacific capital and gateway to the East."}, "https://codexery.com/early-soviet-republics/e/early-soviet-republics/far-eastern-republic/": {"t": "Far Eastern Republic", "s": "A buffer state between Soviet Russia and Japanese-occupied territories.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-soviet-republics/img/early-soviet-republics/far-eastern-republic.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Far Eastern Republic · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/swedish-language/": {"t": "Swedish language", "s": "North Germanic language spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude/": {"t": "Longitude", "s": "The east-west coordinate that, with latitude, pinpoints any location on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude.webp", "c": "Original:  Pearson Scott Forman Vector:  Gregors · via Wikipedia: Longitude · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/surveying/": {"t": "Surveying", "s": "Surveying determines positions for maps, boundaries, and construction."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-insurgent-leaders/e/revolutionaries-and-insurgent-leaders/pyotr-wrangel/": {"t": "Pyotr Wrangel", "s": "Last commander of the White Army in the Russian Civil War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-insurgent-leaders/img/revolutionaries-and-insurgent-leaders/pyotr-wrangel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pyotr Wrangel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/taymyr-peninsula/": {"t": "Taymyr Peninsula", "s": "Northernmost mainland Eurasia, rich in indigenous cultures and ecology."}, "/e/polar-explorers/alexander-kuchin/": {"t": "Alexander Kuchin", "s": "Russian oceanographer and Arctic explorer who vanished in the Kara Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/severnaya-zemlya/": {"t": "Severnaya Zemlya", "s": "The last sizeable archipelago on Earth to be discovered and mapped."}, "/e/polar-explorers/semyon-dezhnev/": {"t": "Semyon Dezhnev", "s": "Russian explorer who first sailed the Bering Strait in 1648."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/greek-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Greek War of Independence", "s": "From 1821 to 1829, Greek revolutionaries fought a successful war for independence against the Ottoman Empire, known as the Greek War of Independence, the Greek ", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/greek-war-of-independence.webp", "c": "George E. Koronaios · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/polar-explorers/fabian-gottlieb-von-bellingshausen/": {"t": "Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen", "s": "Russian cartographer and explorer who discovered Antarctica."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/dardanelles/": {"t": "Dardanelles", "s": "Narrow strait connecting the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean Sea, forming part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/bosporus/": {"t": "Bosporus", "s": "The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and dividing Europe from Asia."}, "/e/polar-explorers/vladimir-rusanov/": {"t": "Vladimir Rusanov", "s": "Russian geologist and Arctic explorer who vanished in the Kara Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/gymnasium-school/": {"t": "Gymnasium (school)", "s": "European secondary school preparing students for university."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/rostov-on-don/": {"t": "Rostov-on-Don", "s": "Port city on the Don River, cultural and logistical centre of Southern Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/arkhangelsk/": {"t": "Arkhangelsk", "s": "Gateway to the Arctic and historic White Sea port."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/saint-petersburg-state-university/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg State University", "s": "One of Russia's oldest universities, founded by Peter the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/shipwrecks/e/famous-shipwrecks/the-bismarck/": {"t": "The Bismarck", "s": "Bismarck was the lead ship of a two-vessel class of battleships constructed for Nazi Germany's navy."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/seabed/": {"t": "Seabed", "s": "The ocean floor, shaped by tectonics and sediment."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-colonization-of-north-america/e/russian-colonization-of-north-america/friedrich-benjamin-von-l-tke/": {"t": "Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke", "s": "Russian navigator, geographer, and Arctic explorer."}, "/e/polar-explorers/ferdinand-von-wrangel/": {"t": "Ferdinand von Wrangel", "s": "Russian explorer and governor of Russian settlements in Alaska."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-ii-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexander II of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia who emancipated the serfs and pursued liberal reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/19th-century-military-history-of-the/e/19th-century-military-history-of-the-russian-empire/russian-conquest-of-central-asia/": {"t": "Russian conquest of Central Asia", "s": "19th-century Russian expansion into Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/huguenots/": {"t": "Huguenots", "s": "French Protestants of the Reformed tradition, persecuted and exiled under Louis XIV."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aral-sea/": {"t": "Aral Sea", "s": "The southern remnant of the former Aral Sea, split into eastern and western basins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aral-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aral Sea · see source"}}