{"https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/modernism/": {"t": "Modernism", "s": "Early 20th-century movement emphasizing experimentation and subjective experience."}, "/e/poets-and-lyricists/robert-lowell/": {"t": "Robert Lowell", "s": "Robert Traill Spence Lowell IV (March 1, 1917 – September 12, 1977) was an American poet widely regarded as one of the most significant literary figures of the "}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/presbyterianism/": {"t": "Presbyterianism", "s": "A Reformed Protestant tradition rooted in Scotland, emphasizing the sovereignty of God and governance by elders."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ezra-pound/": {"t": "Ezra Pound", "s": "American poet and critic who shaped modernism and faced treason charges."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/t-s-eliot/": {"t": "T. S. Eliot", "s": "Anglo-Catholic poet linked to the broader Catholic literary revival."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/wallace-stevens/": {"t": "Wallace Stevens", "s": "American modernist poet and insurance executive.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/wallace-stevens.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Wallace Stevens · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/life-magazine/": {"t": "Life (magazine)", "s": "To see life; to see the world; to eyewitness great events", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/life-magazine.webp", "c": "Life Magazine · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/henri-rousseau/": {"t": "Henri Rousseau", "s": "French post-Impressionist painter in the Naïve or Primitive manner.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/henri-rousseau.webp", "c": "Henri-Julien-Félix Rousseau, French, 1844–1910 (1844–1910) – Artist/Maker (Frenc · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/ford-motor-company/": {"t": "Ford Motor Company", "s": "American automaker that pioneered mass production via assembly lines.", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/ford-motor-company.webp", "c": "42-BRT · via Wikipedia: Ford Motor Company · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/baseball-softball/e/baseball-and-softball/mickey-mantle/": {"t": "Mickey Mantle", "s": "The Commerce Comet: switch-hitting Yankees center fielder, Triple Crown winner and World Series record holder.", "i": "https://codexery.com/baseball-softball/img/baseball-and-softball/mickey-mantle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mickey Mantle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/e/classical-and-opera/virgil-thomson/": {"t": "Virgil Thomson", "s": "American composer and critic who shaped the 'American Sound'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/img/classical-and-opera/virgil-thomson.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Virgil Thomson · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/e/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/jane-addams/": {"t": "Jane Addams", "s": "American settlement activist and first U.S. woman Nobel Peace Prize winner."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/moscow-state-university/": {"t": "Moscow State University", "s": "Russia's oldest university, a center of learning and controversy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/moscow-state-university.webp", "c": "Suicasmo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/andrei-bely/": {"t": "Andrei Bely", "s": "Russian Symbolist novelist and poet, author of Petersburg.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/andrei-bely.webp", "c": "Otto Renard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/anna-akhmatova/": {"t": "Anna Akhmatova", "s": "Russian and Soviet poet, nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965 and 1966."}, "/e/poets-and-lyricists/osip-mandelstam/": {"t": "Osip Mandelstam", "s": "Russian and Soviet poet, Acmeist, died in a transit camp."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/rainer-maria-rilke/": {"t": "Rainer Maria Rilke", "s": "Austrian poet known for Duino Elegies and Sonnets to Orpheus"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/boris-pasternak/": {"t": "Boris Pasternak", "s": "Russian poet, novelist, and translator of Doctor Zhivago.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/boris-pasternak.webp", "c": "L.Pasternak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/vladimir-mayakovsky/": {"t": "Vladimir Mayakovsky", "s": "Russian Futurist poet and playwright who navigated revolution, censorship, and acclaim.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/vladimir-mayakovsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Mayakovsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/montevideo/": {"t": "Montevideo", "s": "Capital and largest city of Uruguay, founded in 1726.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/montevideo.webp", "c": "JacobinoWunsh · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/latin-america/": {"t": "Latin America", "s": "The cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/latin-america.webp", "c": "Henrykez · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franz-kafka/": {"t": "Franz Kafka", "s": "German-language Jewish Czech writer of surreal bureaucratic predicaments."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/lima/": {"t": "Lima", "s": "Capital and largest city of Peru, political and cultural center."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/ohio/": {"t": "Ohio", "s": "Midwestern U.S. state, birthplace of seven presidents and aviation."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/new-england/": {"t": "New England", "s": "Six-state region in northeastern U.S. with strong cultural identity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/henry-david-thoreau/": {"t": "Henry David Thoreau", "s": "American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/rumi/": {"t": "Rumi", "s": "Sufi mystic, poet, and founder of the Mevlevi Order"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-and-sufi-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-sufi-mystics/hafez/": {"t": "Hafez", "s": "Persian lyric poet whose works are a pinnacle of Persian literature."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/percy-bysshe-shelley/": {"t": "Percy Bysshe Shelley", "s": "English Romantic poet and radical thinker."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/emily-dickinson/": {"t": "Emily Dickinson", "s": "American poet known for her elliptical language and groundbreaking use of short lines and slant rhyme.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/emily-dickinson.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Emily Dickinson · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/e/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer/": {"t": "Lung cancer", "s": "Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally.", "i": "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/img/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer.webp", "c": "Modificado de OpenStax College · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/william-wordsworth/": {"t": "William Wordsworth", "s": "English Romantic poet and co-founder of the Romantic Age", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/william-wordsworth.webp", "c": "Benjamin Haydon · via Wikipedia: William Wordsworth · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/john-henry-newman/": {"t": "John Henry Newman", "s": "English theologian and cardinal, leader of the Oxford Movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/john-henry-newman.webp", "c": "Herbert Rose Barraud · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/stock-characters/e/stock-characters/fop/": {"t": "Fop", "s": "A pejorative stock character obsessed with fashion and social pretension."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/henry-james/": {"t": "Henry James", "s": "American-British author, key transitional figure between literary realism and modernism"}, "https://codexery.com/sociologists-and-political-theorists/e/sociologists-and-political-theorists/ernest-renan/": {"t": "Ernest Renan", "s": "French Orientalist and Semitic scholar who wrote Life of Jesus and advanced the Khazar theory."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/wales/": {"t": "Wales", "s": "A country of mountains, coast, and ancient culture, part of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jonathan-swift/": {"t": "Jonathan Swift", "s": "Anglo-Irish satirist and author of Gulliver's Travels."}, "https://codexery.com/sociologists-and-political-theorists/e/sociologists-and-political-theorists/alexis-de-tocqueville/": {"t": "Alexis de Tocqueville", "s": "French diplomat and thinker who analyzed democracy and revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/investigative-journalists-and-editors/e/investigative-journalists-and-editors/w-t-stead/": {"t": "W. T. Stead", "s": "English editor who pioneered investigative journalism and died on the Titanic."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldavia/": {"t": "Moldavia", "s": "Historical principality that united with Wallachia to form Romania."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/romanian-language/": {"t": "Romanian language", "s": "The official language of Romania and Moldova, spoken by 22 million people as a first language."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-catholic-churches/": {"t": "Eastern Catholic Churches", "s": "23 autonomous Eastern Christian churches in full communion with Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-romania/e/castles-in-romania/suceava/": {"t": "Suceava", "s": "Medieval Moldavian capital and Habsburg border commercial town."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-xii-of-sweden/": {"t": "Charles XII of Sweden", "s": "King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718, the sixth King Charles, who inherited absolute monarchy and led Sweden through the Great Northern War."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/secondary-education/": {"t": "Secondary education", "s": "Formal education between primary and higher education, typically ages 12–18."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bucharest/": {"t": "Bucharest", "s": "Capital and largest city of Romania, historically called 'Paris of the East'."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878/": {"t": "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)", "s": "War that freed Balkan states and shifted Black Sea power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yaroslavl/": {"t": "Yaroslavl", "s": "Ancient city on the Volga, a World Heritage Site and key industrial hub of the Golden Ring."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/nikolai-rimsky-korsakov/": {"t": "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov", "s": "Russian composer who shaped the nationalist style and trained generations."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/friedrich-nietzsche/": {"t": "Friedrich Nietzsche", "s": "German philosopher and philologist known for his critiques of religion, morality, and truth."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/gustave-flaubert/": {"t": "Gustave Flaubert", "s": "The martyr of style and father of literary realism."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/vladimir-nabokov/": {"t": "Vladimir Nabokov", "s": "Russian-American novelist, lepidopterist, and author of Lolita."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alexander-pushkin/": {"t": "Alexander Pushkin", "s": "Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era, considered the greatest Russian poet and founder of modern Russian literature."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/claude-debussy/": {"t": "Claude Debussy", "s": "French composer who rejected the term Impressionist but shaped modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/claude-debussy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Debussy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/women-poets-and-journalists/e/women-poets-and-journalists/christina-rossetti/": {"t": "Christina Rossetti", "s": "English poet of romantic and devotional verse."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/pre-raphaelite-brotherhood/": {"t": "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood", "s": "English reform movement rejecting Raphael's influence for medieval detail.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements/img/art-movements/pre-raphaelite-brotherhood.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/designers-and-craftsmen/e/designers-and-craftsmen/william-morris/": {"t": "William Morris", "s": "English textile designer, poet, and socialist activist"}, "https://codexery.com/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and/e/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and-mythology/andromeda-mythology/": {"t": "Andromeda (mythology)", "s": "Princess of Aethiopia rescued from a sea monster by Perseus."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/art-nouveau/": {"t": "Art Nouveau", "s": "Whiplash curves, plant forms and iron and glass: the international style of the Belle Époque.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/img/art-movements-and-styles/art-nouveau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Art Nouveau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/auguste-rodin/": {"t": "Auguste Rodin", "s": "French sculptor considered founder of modern sculpture."}, "https://codexery.com/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/e/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/andr-gide/": {"t": "André Gide", "s": "French author and 1947 Nobel laureate in literature, known for exploring the conflict between personal identity and societal values.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/img/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/andr-gide.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: André Gide · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/futurism/": {"t": "Futurism", "s": "Speed, technology, and the triumph of modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/man-ray/": {"t": "Man Ray", "s": "American-born, French-naturalized artist known for Dada, Surrealism, and rayographs."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/marcel-duchamp/": {"t": "Marcel Duchamp", "s": "French artist who created readymades as an antidote to retinal art."}, "/e/poets-and-lyricists/marianne-moore/": {"t": "Marianne Moore", "s": "American modernist poet known for precise diction and wit."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/oscar-wilde/": {"t": "Oscar Wilde", "s": "Irish author, poet and playwright; key figure in Aestheticism; known for The Picture of Dorian Gray and his society comedies."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/avant-garde/": {"t": "Avant-garde", "s": "Experimental art challenging societal norms and artistic conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/spanish-civil-war/": {"t": "Spanish Civil War", "s": "The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain between 1936 and 1939, pitting the Republican faction against the Nationalist rebels."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/cuban-revolution/": {"t": "Cuban Revolution", "s": "Overthrew Batista; reshaped Cuba and Cold War Latin America."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alejo-carpentier/": {"t": "Alejo Carpentier", "s": "Cuban novelist, essayist, and musicologist who pioneered lo real maravilloso and influenced Latin American literature's boom.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/alejo-carpentier.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Alejo Carpentier · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/onomatopoeia/": {"t": "Onomatopoeia", "s": "Words that phonetically imitate the sounds they refer to."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-drum-kit/": {"t": "The Drum kit", "s": "A single-player percussion ensemble central to modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-drum-kit.webp", "c": "Stephan Czuratis ( Jazz-face ) · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ernest-hemingway/": {"t": "Ernest Hemingway", "s": "American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist known for his economical style and adventurous life."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/stephen-spender/": {"t": "Stephen Spender", "s": "English poet, novelist, and essayist on social injustice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/stephen-spender.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Stephen Spender · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/pablo-neruda/": {"t": "Pablo Neruda", "s": "Chilean poet-diplomat and Nobel laureate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/pablo-neruda.webp", "c": "Unknown (Mondadori Publishers) · via Wikipedia: Pablo Neruda · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/guadeloupe/": {"t": "Guadeloupe", "s": "A French Caribbean archipelago of volcanic islands and Creole culture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/guadeloupe.webp", "c": "Enrevseluj · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/leipzig-university/": {"t": "Leipzig University", "s": "One of the world's oldest universities, founded in 1409."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mineralogy/": {"t": "Mineralogy", "s": "Scientific study of minerals, their properties, and crystal structures."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-schelling/": {"t": "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling", "s": "German philosopher, midpoint between Fichte and Hegel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers/img/philosophers/friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-schelling.webp", "c": "Rufus46 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/thuringia/": {"t": "Thuringia", "s": "Central German state, green heart, home to Bach, Goethe, Schiller."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-saxony/": {"t": "Electorate of Saxony", "s": "A key electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, centered on Saxe-Wittenberg."}, 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"https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/e/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/eisleben/": {"t": "Eisleben", "s": "Town in Saxony-Anhalt, birthplace and death place of Martin Luther."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/immanuel-kant/": {"t": "Immanuel Kant", "s": "Central thinker of the Enlightenment, known for transcendental idealism and the categorical imperative."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/johann-gottlieb-fichte/": {"t": "Johann Gottlieb Fichte", "s": "German philosopher and founding figure of German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/friedrich-h-lderlin/": {"t": "Friedrich Hölderlin", "s": "German poet and philosopher of German Romanticism and Idealism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers/img/philosophers/friedrich-h-lderlin.webp", "c": "Johannes Baier · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/saxony/": {"t": "Saxony", "s": "A German state with a long history as 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"https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/akita-prefecture.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Akita Prefecture · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/persian-and-central-asian-poets/e/persian-and-central-asian-poets/ariwara-no-narihira/": {"t": "Ariwara no Narihira", "s": "Heian poet and lover, avatar of romance and ambiguity."}, "https://codexery.com/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/e/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/man-y-sh/": {"t": "Man'yōshū", "s": "Oldest extant collection of Japanese waka poetry."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/songs-compositions/e/songs-and-compositions/auld-lang-syne/": {"t": "Auld Lang Syne", "s": "A Scottish song of farewell and remembrance, sung worldwide at New Year and other occasions."}, "https://codexery.com/herbs-and-spices/e/herbs-and-spices/flax/": {"t": "Flax", "s": "A flowering plant 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novels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/walter-scott.webp", "c": "Thomas Lawrence · via Wikipedia: Walter Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/joseph-haydn/": {"t": "Joseph Haydn", "s": "Father of the Symphony and String Quartet", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/joseph-haydn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Joseph Haydn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven/": {"t": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "s": "German composer whose work bridged Classical and Romantic eras.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven.webp", "c": "Joseph Karl Stieler · via Wikipedia: Ludwig van Beethoven · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/theatre-and-performance/music-hall/": {"t": "Music hall", "s": "From saloon bars to grand halls: the story of British music hall."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/vermont/": {"t": "Vermont", "s": "Second-least populated U.S. state, known for progressivism and maple syrup."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-hampshire/": {"t": "New Hampshire", "s": "The Granite State"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/virginia/": {"t": "Virginia", "s": "First permanent English colony in the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/massachusetts/": {"t": "Massachusetts", "s": "A New England state with a rich colonial and revolutionary history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/massachusetts.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of 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Yeats", "s": "Irish poet, dramatist, and Nobel laureate."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/rugby-football/": {"t": "Rugby football", "s": "Team sport that split into rugby union and rugby league."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/virginia-woolf/": {"t": "Virginia Woolf", "s": "English modernist writer, feminist essayist."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/gloucestershire/": {"t": "Gloucestershire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South West England, bisected by the River Severn and home to the Cotswolds, Forest of Dean, and Wye Valley."}, "/e/poets-and-lyricists/robert-frost/": {"t": "Robert Frost", "s": "American poet known for realistic depictions of rural New England life and four Pulitzer Prizes"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral/": {"t": "St. Paul's Cathedral", "s": "Wren's domed English Baroque cathedral on Ludgate Hill, seat of the Bishop of London.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St Paul's Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/gastroenteritis/": {"t": "Gastroenteritis", "s": "Inflammation of the stomach and intestines causing diarrhea and vomiting."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey/": {"t": "Westminster Abbey", "s": "A royal peculiar and national Valhalla.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Westminster Abbey · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/e/electronic-and-experimental/charles-ives/": {"t": "Charles Ives", "s": "American modernist composer and pioneer of experimental music."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/francophonie/": {"t": "Francophonie", "s": "The global community of French speakers and organizations."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/middle-english/": {"t": "Middle English", "s": "Middle English was the language of England after the Norman Conquest.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/middle-english.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle English · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/e/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/lais-of-marie-de-france/": {"t": "Lais of Marie de France", "s": "Twelve Anglo-Norman lais celebrating courtly love and moral instruction."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/fable/": {"t": "Fable", "s": "A moral tale with anthropomorphised characters, enduring across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/eleanor-of-aquitaine/": {"t": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "s": "Duchess of Aquitaine, queen of France and England, and powerful medieval ruler."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/normandy/": {"t": "Normandy", "s": "The historic homeland of the Normans, spanning mainland France and the Channel Islands."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/angevin-empire/": {"t": "Angevin Empire", "s": "A composite monarchy of the Plantagenets spanning England and much of France."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-medieval-poets/e/classical-and-medieval-poets/hrotsvitha/": {"t": "Hrotsvitha", "s": "Secular canoness, first female playwright of the Latin West.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-medieval-poets/img/classical-and-medieval-poets/hrotsvitha.webp", "c": "Rogengy · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/hildegard-of-bingen/": {"t": "Hildegard of Bingen", "s": "Sibyl of the Rhine, Benedictine abbess, composer, and visionary", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/hildegard-of-bingen.webp", "c": "FbrG · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fairies-in-popular-culture/e/fairies-in-popular-culture/lanval/": {"t": "Lanval", "s": "A knight rescued by his fairy mistress from Arthur's court."}, "https://codexery.com/fairies/e/fairies/fairy/": {"t": "Fairy", "s": "Mythical beings from European folklore with magical and trickster qualities."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-folklore/e/dutch-folklore/reynard-the-fox/": {"t": "Reynard the Fox", "s": "Anthropomorphic trickster fox of medieval beast epics."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/geoffrey-chaucer/": {"t": "Geoffrey Chaucer", "s": "Father of English literature and poet of The Canterbury Tales"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alfred-the-great/": {"t": "Alfred the Great", "s": "King of the West Saxons and Anglo-Saxons; defeated Vikings and reformed England."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/matsuo-bash/": {"t": "Matsuo Bashō", "s": "The greatest master of haiku and a wandering poet of the Edo period."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/ehime-prefecture/": {"t": "Ehime Prefecture", "s": "Prefecture on Shikoku, home to three Nobel laureates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/ehime-prefecture.webp", "c": "wongwt · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/mencius/": {"t": "Mencius", "s": "Chinese Confucian philosopher, the Second Sage, who taught innate human goodness."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/natsume-s-seki/": {"t": "Natsume Sōseki", "s": "Japanese novelist, poet, and scholar of English literature."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "First Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Conflict between Qing China and Japan over influence in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/kobe/": {"t": "Kobe", "s": "Major Japanese port city and capital of Hyōgo Prefecture."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/lucknow/": {"t": "Lucknow", "s": "Capital of Uttar Pradesh, India."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/mughal-empire/": {"t": "Mughal Empire", "s": "An early modern empire in South Asia, founded in 1526."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/urdu/": {"t": "Urdu", "s": "Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language and national lingua franca of Pakistan."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/agra/": {"t": "Agra", "s": "Mughal capital and home of the Taj Mahal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/agra.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/hejaz/": {"t": "Hejaz", "s": "Historical region of western Arabia containing Islam's holiest cities."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ahmad-shah-durrani/": {"t": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "s": "Founder of the Durrani Empire and often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ghalib/": {"t": "Ghalib", "s": "The poet of love, loss, and philosophy in Mughal India."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-hindu-mythology/e/places-in-hindu-mythology/dwarka/": {"t": "Dwarka", "s": "Coastal pilgrimage town and ancient capital of Krishna."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/bhajan/": {"t": "Bhajan", "s": "Devotional song tradition across Dharmic religions."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-india/e/world-heritage-sites-in-india/chittor-fort/": {"t": "Chittor Fort", "s": "One of India's largest forts and a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/rajasthan/": {"t": "Rajasthan", "s": "Land of Kings"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/babur/": {"t": "Babur", "s": "Founder of the Mughal Empire and author of the Baburnama."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/tansen/": {"t": "Tansen", "s": "Legendary Hindustani classical musician and one of Akbar's Navaratnas."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/punjabis/": {"t": "Punjabis", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group from the Punjab region."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-hindu-mythology/e/places-in-hindu-mythology/braj/": {"t": "Braj", "s": "Region in India associated with Radha and Krishna pilgrimage."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/sikhism/": {"t": "Sikhism", "s": "Indian monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/tamil-language/": {"t": "Tamil language", "s": "Tamil (தமிழ், Tamiḻ) is a Dravidian language native to the Tamil people, primarily spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherr"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-depictions-of-akbar/e/cultural-depictions-of-akbar/meera-1979-film/": {"t": "Meera (1979 film)", "s": "A 1979 film on saint-poet Meera's devotion."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/vietnamese-language/": {"t": "Vietnamese language", "s": "Austroasiatic language of Vietnam with over 86 million native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/l-dynasty/": {"t": "Lê dynasty", "s": "Longest-ruling Vietnamese dynasty, marked by civil wars and Confucian reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/nguy-n-dynasty/": {"t": "Nguyễn dynasty", "s": "The Nguyễn dynasty, the final imperial family of Vietnam, was founded by the House of Nguyễn Phúc."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/french-indochina/": {"t": "French Indochina", "s": "French-dependent territories in Southeast Asia from 1887 to 1954."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/imperial-examination/": {"t": "Imperial examination", "s": "The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China, selecting bureaucrats by merit from the Sui dynasty until its abolition in 19", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/imperial-examination.webp", "c": "Francisco Anzola · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/nepotism/": {"t": "Nepotism", "s": "Favoring family in positions of power, from papal courts to Hollywood."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/south-china-sea/": {"t": "South China Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, vital to global trade and fishing."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/guan-yu/": {"t": "Guan Yu", "s": "A peerless-bearded general of the late Eastern Han, revered as a god of loyalty and martial courage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/guan-yu.webp", "c": "UnknownUnknown , uploaded by Tiangong83 on zh.wikipedia · via Wikipedia: Guan Yu · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/e/chinese-classical-poets/li-bai/": {"t": "Li Bai", "s": "Tang dynasty poet, one of the 'Three Wonders'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/img/chinese-classical-poets/li-bai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Li Bai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-emperors/e/mothers-of-emperors/thu-n-thi-n-nguy-n-dynasty-empress/": {"t": "Thuận Thiên (Nguyễn dynasty empress)", "s": "Second wife of Gia Long and mother of Emperor Minh Mạng."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/kronstadt/": {"t": "Kronstadt", "s": "Russian port city and Baltic Fleet fortress guarding Saint Petersburg."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-chad/": {"t": "Lake Chad", "s": "Endorheic lake at the crossroads of four African nations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-chad.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Chad · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/caracalla/": {"t": "Caracalla", "s": "Roman emperor who granted citizenship to all free inhabitants."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/arthur-rimbaud/": {"t": "Arthur Rimbaud", "s": "French poet who stopped writing at age 20.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/arthur-rimbaud.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arthur Rimbaud · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchism/": {"t": "Monarchism", "s": "Advocacy of monarchy as a system of government."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky/": {"t": "Maxim Gorky", "s": "Russian and Soviet writer, journalist, and socialist advocate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky.webp", "c": "Herman Mishkin · via Wikipedia: Maxim Gorky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/nikolay-chernyshevsky/": {"t": "Nikolay Chernyshevsky", "s": "Dominant intellectual figure of the 1860s revolutionary democratic movement in Russia"}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/vinnytsia-oblast/": {"t": "Vinnytsia Oblast", "s": "Central Ukrainian oblast with rich mineral resources and wartime tragedy."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/fyodor-dostoevsky/": {"t": "Fyodor Dostoevsky", "s": "Russian novelist and philosopher of the human condition"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lord-byron/": {"t": "Lord Byron", "s": "British Romantic poet and satirist, known for Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/lord-byron.webp", "c": "Thomas Phillips · via Wikipedia: Lord Byron · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/saint-petersburg-state-university/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg State University", "s": "One of Russia's oldest universities, founded by Peter the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ivan-turgenev/": {"t": "Ivan Turgenev", "s": "Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, translator and popularizer of Russian literature in the West"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/alexander-herzen/": {"t": "Alexander Herzen", "s": "Russian writer and precursor of socialism and agrarian populism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/alexander-herzen.webp", "c": "Ге Николай Николаевич (1831 -1894) · via Wikipedia: Alexander Herzen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/european-modernists/e/european-modernists/ivan-goncharov/": {"t": "Ivan Goncharov", "s": "Russian novelist of Oblomov and other major works."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/leo-tolstoy/": {"t": "Leo Tolstoy", "s": "Russian writer and influential Christian anarchist and pacifist."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/mikhail-lermontov/": {"t": "Mikhail Lermontov", "s": "Russian Romantic poet and prose writer, key figure after Pushkin."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/prostitution/": {"t": "Prostitution", "s": "Sex work involving payment for sexual activity, with varied legal statuses worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/genealogy/": {"t": "Genealogy", "s": "Study of families, lineages, and kinship through records and genetics."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/mazandaran-province/": {"t": "Mazandaran province", "s": "Iranian province on the Caspian Sea with rich history and natural resources."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/rhythm/": {"t": "Rhythm", "s": "Regular recurrence of strong and weak elements in time."}, "https://codexery.com/persian-arabic-poets/e/persian-and-arabic-poets/sadegh-hedayat/": {"t": "Sadegh Hedayat", "s": "Iranian writer, translator, satirist, and poet; author of The Blind Owl.", "i": "https://codexery.com/persian-arabic-poets/img/persian-and-arabic-poets/sadegh-hedayat.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sadegh Hedayat · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/couplet/": {"t": "Couplet", "s": "A pair of rhyming lines sharing the same metre."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/sohrab-sepehri/": {"t": "Sohrab Sepehri", "s": "Iranian poet and painter of modern Persian verse.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/sohrab-sepehri.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sohrab Sepehri · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/spaniards/": {"t": "Spaniards", "s": "Spaniards are an ethnic group indigenous to Spain with a global legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-mexico/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of Mexico", "s": "Original foundation of Mexico's pluricultural nation."}, "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/e/american-and-caribbean-leaders/porfirio-d-az/": {"t": "Porfirio Díaz", "s": "Mexican general and president who ruled for over thirty years during the Porfiriato.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/img/american-and-caribbean-leaders/porfirio-d-az.webp", "c": "Aurelio Escobar Castellanos, Archive · via Wikipedia: Porfirio Díaz · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/mexican-revolution/": {"t": "Mexican Revolution", "s": "A decade-long civil war that reshaped Mexican government and society."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/emiliano-zapata/": {"t": "Emiliano Zapata", "s": "Mexican revolutionary leader of the agrarian Zapatista movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/emiliano-zapata.webp", "c": "Agustín Casasola · via Wikipedia: Emiliano Zapata · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/national-autonomous-university-of-mexico/": {"t": "National Autonomous University of Mexico", "s": "A secular public university founded in 1910, central to Mexican education and culture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/national-autonomous-university-of-mexico.webp", "c": "Régis Lachaume · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/m-rida-yucat-n/": {"t": "Mérida, Yucatán", "s": "Capital of Yucatán, built on Maya ruins with colonial heritage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/img/cities-and-urban-areas/m-rida-yucat-n.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mérida International Airport · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/rhyme/": {"t": "Rhyme", "s": "A repetition of similar sounds in final stressed syllables."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/new-york-state/": {"t": "New York (state)", "s": "The Empire State: A global node of creativity, entrepreneurship, and natural wonder."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/nashville-tennessee/": {"t": "Nashville, Tennessee", "s": "Capital of Tennessee, major music and healthcare hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/img/cities-and-urban-areas/nashville-tennessee.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nashville, Tennessee · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/savannah-georgia/": {"t": "Savannah, Georgia", "s": "Georgia's first city, a historic port and cultural gem.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/savannah-georgia.webp", "c": "Department of Commerce. Bureau of Public Roads. 8/20/1949-4/1/1967 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/e/construction-and-engineering/tram/": {"t": "Tram", "s": "Urban rail transit on public streets, also known as streetcars or trolleys.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/img/construction-and-engineering/tram.webp", "c": "Amélie Tsaag Valren · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/f-scott-fitzgerald/": {"t": "F. Scott Fitzgerald", "s": "American novelist who chronicled the Jazz Age's excess.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/f-scott-fitzgerald.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: F. Scott Fitzgerald · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/e/classical-and-opera/kurt-weill/": {"t": "Kurt Weill", "s": "German-born American composer of stage works and Gebrauchsmusik.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/img/classical-and-opera/kurt-weill.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kurt Weill · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/american-football/": {"t": "American football", "s": "Team sport evolved from rugby and soccer, popular in the US."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns/": {"t": "Camille Saint-Saëns", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and musical prodigy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Camille Saint-Saëns · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/e/playwrights-and-dramatists/no-l-coward/": {"t": "Noël Coward", "s": "English playwright, composer, director, actor, and singer known for wit and style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/img/playwrights-and-dramatists/no-l-coward.webp", "c": "Allan Warren · via Wikipedia: Noël Coward · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/maryland/": {"t": "Maryland", "s": "A Mid-Atlantic state with diverse geography and high median income.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/maryland.webp", "c": "Michael Wheeler · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/crohn-s-disease/": {"t": "Crohn's disease", "s": "A chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the GI tract."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/broadway-theatre/": {"t": "Broadway theatre", "s": "The highest commercial level of live theater in the English-speaking world."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/brisbane/": {"t": "Brisbane", "s": "Brisbane, known in the local Turrbal and Yagara languages as Meanjin, serves as Queensland’s capital and largest city, and is Australia’s third most populous ur"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/fall-of-singapore/": {"t": "Fall of Singapore", "s": "Japan captured Singapore from Britain in February 1942.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/fall-of-singapore.webp", "c": "Moheen Reeyad · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/propaganda/": {"t": "Propaganda", "s": "Communication used to influence audiences and further an agenda."}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/theatre-and-performance/performing-arts/": {"t": "Performing arts", "s": "Live performance across theatre, dance, music, and more."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge/": {"t": "Great Purge", "s": "A Soviet political purge targeting dissenters and perceived enemies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge.webp", "c": "Stefanguzvica · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/voronezh/": {"t": "Voronezh", "s": "Russian city founded as a fort, later a key shipbuilding center."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/russian-far-east/": {"t": "Russian Far East", "s": "The easternmost part of Russia and Asia, coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vladivostok/": {"t": "Vladivostok", "s": "Vladivostok: Russia's Pacific capital and gateway to the East."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university/": {"t": "Heidelberg University", "s": "Germany's oldest university, founded in 1386.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university.webp", "c": "Max Adamo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/methodism/": {"t": "Methodism", "s": "A Protestant tradition emphasizing sanctification and methodical Christian living."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/aleksey-nikolayevich-tolstoy/": {"t": "Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy", "s": "Russian and Soviet writer of science fiction and historical fiction."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/nikolai-bukharin/": {"t": "Nikolai Bukharin", "s": "Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist"}, "/e/poets-and-lyricists/marina-tsvetaeva/": {"t": "Marina Tsvetaeva", "s": "Russian poet of passion and linguistic daring", "i": "https://codexery.com/poets-and-lyricists/img/poets-and-lyricists/marina-tsvetaeva.webp", "c": "Vyacheslav Kirillin · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/dada/": {"t": "Dada", "s": "International art movement rejecting prevailing ideas of art and society."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/bronchitis/": {"t": "Bronchitis", "s": "Inflammation of the bronchi causing cough, often viral or smoking-related."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/anemia/": {"t": "Anemia", "s": "A blood disorder reducing oxygen transport, affecting billions worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/e/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/appendicitis/": {"t": "Appendicitis", "s": "Inflammation of the appendix, a common surgical emergency.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/img/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/appendicitis.webp", "c": "CoRus13 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/stockholm/": {"t": "Stockholm", "s": "The capital of Sweden, spanning fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/max-ernst/": {"t": "Max Ernst", "s": "German-born pioneer of Dada and surrealism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/max-ernst.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Max Ernst · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/salvador-dal/": {"t": "Salvador Dalí", "s": "Spanish surrealist master of striking and bizarre imagery", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/salvador-dal.webp", "c": "Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964. · via Wikipedia: Salvador Dalí · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francisco-franco/": {"t": "Francisco Franco", "s": "Spanish military general and dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/symbolism-movement/": {"t": "Symbolism (movement)", "s": "Late 19th-century movement seeking absolute truths through symbols."}, "https://codexery.com/revolvers/e/revolvers/revolver/": {"t": "Revolver", "s": "A repeating handgun with a revolving cylinder holding multiple cartridges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolvers/img/revolvers/revolver.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/impressionism/": {"t": "Impressionism", "s": "A 19th-century French art movement emphasizing light and ordinary subjects."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/nadia-boulanger/": {"t": "Nadia Boulanger", "s": "French teacher, conductor, and composer who shaped 20th-century music"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/gabriel-faur/": {"t": "Gabriel Fauré", "s": "French composer linking Romanticism with early 20th-century modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/olivier-messiaen/": {"t": "Olivier Messiaen", "s": "French composer, organist, and ornithologist of the 20th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/olivier-messiaen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Olivier Messiaen · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/maurice-ravel/": {"t": "Maurice Ravel", "s": "French composer known for Boléro and masterful orchestration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/maurice-ravel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maurice Ravel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/ralph-vaughan-williams/": {"t": "Ralph Vaughan Williams", "s": "English composer who broke from German-dominated style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/ralph-vaughan-williams.webp", "c": "E. O. Hoppé · via Wikipedia: Ralph Vaughan Williams · PD-US"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-daily-telegraph/": {"t": "The Daily Telegraph", "s": "Was, is, and will be"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/w-h-auden/": {"t": "W. H. Auden", "s": "British-American poet noted for stylistic and technical achievement across political, moral, love, and religious themes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/w-h-auden.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: W. H. Auden · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/kent/": {"t": "Kent", "s": "The Garden of England"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/staffordshire/": {"t": "Staffordshire", "s": "The historic county of the Staffordshire Hoard and the Potteries"}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-inventions/e/hungarian-inventions/coach-carriage/": {"t": "Coach (carriage)", "s": "Large enclosed horse-drawn carriage for mail, travel, and ceremony."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/e/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce/": {"t": "James Joyce", "s": "Modernist prose master whose works center on Dublin and revolutionized literary style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/img/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Joyce · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-armstrong/": {"t": "Louis Armstrong", "s": "The pioneering jazz trumpeter and vocalist who reshaped music and crossed cultural boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-washington/": {"t": "George Washington", "s": "First president of the United States and commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alexander-pope/": {"t": "Alexander Pope", "s": "English poet, translator, and satirist of the Enlightenment era.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/alexander-pope.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Pope · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/john-milton/": {"t": "John Milton", "s": "English poet, polemicist, and civil servant; author of Paradise Lost"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/homer/": {"t": "Homer", "s": "Ancient Greek poet traditionally credited with the Iliad and the Odyssey"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/horace/": {"t": "Horace", "s": "Leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/thomas-paine/": {"t": "Thomas Paine", "s": "The firebrand pamphleteer who ignited revolutions on both sides of the Atlantic."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution/": {"t": "American Revolution", "s": "Political movement that created the sovereign United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: American Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/ode/": {"t": "Ode", "s": "A lyric poem of elaborate form, praising a subject."}, "https://codexery.com/women-poets-and-journalists/e/women-poets-and-journalists/amy-lowell/": {"t": "Amy Lowell", "s": "American imagist poet and Pulitzer Prize winner."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/e/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/jonathan-edwards-theologian/": {"t": "Jonathan Edwards (theologian)", "s": "American revivalist preacher and theologian of the First Great Awakening."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/caligula/": {"t": "Caligula", "s": "Third Roman emperor, ruling from AD 37 until his assassination."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/sears/": {"t": "Sears", "s": "Pioneering mail-order retailer and former largest U.S. department store chain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/sears.webp", "c": "Unknown author Unknown author Self-scanned · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor/": {"t": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "s": "Surprise Japanese air raid on US Pacific Fleet, December 7, 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor.webp", "c": "Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Katarzyna Kobiljak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/infamous-criminals-and-gangsters/e/infamous-criminals-and-gangsters/lepke-buchalter/": {"t": "Lepke Buchalter", "s": "Mob boss who ran Murder, Inc. and was executed."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-lupus/e/people-with-lupus/flannery-o-connor/": {"t": "Flannery O'Connor", "s": "Southern Gothic writer of grace and the grotesque."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/ontario/": {"t": "Ontario", "s": "Canada's most populous province, home to Ottawa and Toronto."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/kirtan/": {"t": "Kirtan", "s": "A call-and-response devotional chant from Indian religious traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-inventions/e/indian-inventions/indian-classical-music/": {"t": "Indian classical music", "s": "Classical music of the Indian subcontinent with two major traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/persian-and-central-asian-poets/e/persian-and-central-asian-poets/amrita-pritam/": {"t": "Amrita Pritam", "s": "First woman to win the Sahitya Akademi Award for Punjabi"}, "https://codexery.com/children-s-and-young-adult-literature/e/childrens-and-young-adult-literature/roald-dahl/": {"t": "Roald Dahl", "s": "British author of children's classics and darkly comic tales.", "i": "https://codexery.com/children-s-and-young-adult-literature/img/childrens-and-young-adult-literature/roald-dahl.webp", "c": "Carl Van Vechten · via Wikipedia: Roald Dahl · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dr-seuss/": {"t": "Dr. Seuss", "s": "The beloved children's author and illustrator behind Dr. Seuss, whose whimsical books have sold over 600 million copies worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/internet-culture-and-platforms/e/internet-culture-and-platforms/tumblr/": {"t": "Tumblr", "s": "A microblogging platform known for progressive content and reblog culture."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/depression-mood/": {"t": "Depression (mood)", "s": "A mental state of low mood and aversion to activity."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/kahlil-gibran/": {"t": "Kahlil Gibran", "s": "Lebanese-American writer, poet, and visual artist."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/punjabi-language/": {"t": "Punjabi language", "s": "Punjabi, also spelled Panjabi, belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family and originates in the Punjab region, which spans parts of Pakistan and India."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-globe-and-mail/": {"t": "The Globe and Mail", "s": "Canada's National Newspaper"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/aphorism/": {"t": "Aphorism", "s": "A short saying that requires interpretation."}}