Three Rivers Stadium

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Lore & Background

Built to replace Forbes Field, which opened in 1909, the US$55 million multi-purpose facility was designed to maximize efficiency. Ground was broken in April 1968 and construction took 29 months. The stadium opened on July 16, 1970, with a Pirates game. In the 1971 World Series, it hosted the first World Series game played at night. The following year, the stadium was the site of the Immaculate Reception. The final game in the stadium was won by the Steelers on December 16, 2000. Three Rivers also hosted the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team for a single season each. After its closing, Three Rivers was imploded in 2001, and the Pirates and Steelers moved into new dedicated stadiums: PNC Park and Heinz Field (now Acrisure Stadium), respectively.

In Their Own Story

The air inside Three Rivers was always thick, a mixture of river mist and exhaust from the nearby highways, but on game days, it transformed into something electric. As the sun dipped below the horizon, the stadium lights flickered on, illuminating the distinct yellow seats that seemed to glow against the darkening sky. The roar began in the lower sections, a low rumble that grew as thousands of fans in black and gold chanted 'Here we go Steelers.' When Franco Harris broke through the line for an impossible touchdown, the concrete walls seemed to shake under the weight of a city holding its breath and then exhaling in unison. In that moment, Three Rivers wasn't just a building; it was the heartbeat of Pittsburgh.

Reader's Guide

Three Rivers Stadium was located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, forming the Ohio River. It originally seated 50,611 for baseball, later expanded to 58,729, and in 1993 capacity was reduced to 47,687 with tarps. The stadium featured 3M's Tartan Turf, later replaced by AstroTurf in 1983. It hosted concerts by Alice Cooper, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, The Rolling Stones, and The Who, as well as Jehovah's Witnesses conventions and a Billy Graham Crusade.

Did You Know?

• The stadium was named for its location at the confluence of three rivers.
• It was the first multi-purpose stadium in the NFL or MLB to feature Tartan Turf.
• The 1971 World Series at Three Rivers was the first World Series game played at night.
• Bruce Springsteen performed the largest concert in Pittsburgh history there in 1985.

Planning and Construction

The journey to build Three Rivers Stadium began with proposals as early as 1948, though serious momentum only gathered in the late 1950s when the Pirates sought a larger venue to boost revenue. The project aimed to replace Forbes Field, which had served since 1909, but the path was fraught with political and logistical hurdles. Initial ambitious designs included a stadium atop a bridge over the Monongahela River complete with hotels and bowling alleys, yet these were abandoned in favor of a Northside location chosen for its parking availability. Groundbreaking finally occurred in April 1968, but construction faced significant delays due to material theft and scheduling issues. The design evolved from an open center field concept to an enclosed structure at the Steelers' request. Despite cost overruns that pushed the total price to $55 million, the facility was named for its location where three rivers converge, eventually opening in July 1970 after a series of postponed dates.

Historic Moments and Events

Three Rivers Stadium quickly became a stage for defining moments in sports history. Its inaugural game on July 16, 1970, saw the Pirates defeat the Cincinnati Reds, marking the return of beer sales to the stands since the early 1960s. The venue soon hosted legendary events, including the first World Series game played at night during the 1971 championship run. Perhaps its most famous moment occurred in 1972 with the Immaculate Reception, a pivotal play that cemented the stadium's place in NFL lore. Beyond professional leagues, the facility briefly housed the Pittsburgh Maulers of the USFL and served as a temporary home for the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team. The stadium's tenure concluded on December 16, 2000, with a Steelers victory, ending an era that spanned thirty years of multi-purpose entertainment.

Design Philosophy and Criticism

Architecturally, Three Rivers Stadium was a quintessential example of the mid-20th-century 'cookie-cutter' or 'concrete doughnut' style, prioritizing efficiency over sport-specific aesthetics. Similar to contemporaries like Shea Stadium and Veterans Stadium, its design favored football sightlines, placing nearly 70% of seats in fair territory for baseball, which often alienated fans during games. The facility was criticized for being a generic multi-purpose solution rather than a dedicated home for either team. Despite these flaws, the stadium featured unique elements like the Allegheny Club and expansive parking lots, though labor disputes delayed the opening of many amenities until weeks after the debut. A notable legal challenge arose when a fan was struck by a foul ball in the concourse; the Pennsylvania Supreme Court ultimately ruled that the architectural design created liability, distinguishing it from traditional spectator risks within seating areas.

Demolition and Legacy

Following its final game in December 2000, Three Rivers Stadium stood as an empty monument to a changing era of sports architecture before being imploded in 2001. Its closure marked the end of an age where teams shared multi-purpose facilities, paving the way for the construction of dedicated venues: PNC Park for the Pirates and Heinz Field (now Acrisure Stadium) for the Steelers. While often criticized for its lack of fan intimacy compared to modern parks or historic fields like Forbes, the stadium remains a significant chapter in Pittsburgh's history. It successfully housed two major franchises through decades of triumphs and challenges, from Roberto Clemente's era to the Super Bowl teams of the 1970s. The site, once difficult to access and surrounded by political debate, ultimately gave way to new developments that better served the specific needs of baseball and football fans.