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"https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/monte-carlo-method/": {"t": "Monte Carlo method", "s": "Computational algorithms using repeated random sampling for numerical results."}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/sets-and-logic/subset/": {"t": "Subset", "s": "A set whose elements all belong to another set."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-program/": {"t": "Computer program", "s": "A sequence of instructions executed by a computer."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/lund-university/": {"t": "Lund University", "s": "Public research university founded 1666 in Lund, Sweden."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-organization-for-standardization/": {"t": "International Organization for Standardization", "s": "Independent developer of global technical and nontechnical standards."}, 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"s": "Low-level language with strong correspondence to machine code."}, "https://codexery.com/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/e/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/sinclair-ql/": {"t": "Sinclair QL", "s": "Sinclair's 1984 business-oriented microcomputer with a 68008 CPU."}, "https://codexery.com/namco-games/e/namco-games/pac-man/": {"t": "Pac-Man", "s": "A 1980 maze chase game that became a cultural icon."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/intel-80386sx/": {"t": "Intel 80386SX", "s": "32-bit x86 processor with virtual 8086 mode and on-chip MMU."}, "https://codexery.com/finnish-inventions/e/finnish-inventions/linux/": {"t": "Linux", "s": "Free and open-source Unix-like operating system family."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/e/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/nvidia/": {"t": "NVIDIA", "s": "Pioneer of GPUs for gaming, AI, and supercomputing."}, 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"https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/software-engineering/": {"t": "Software engineering", "s": "Engineering discipline for designing and maintaining software systems."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/systems-engineering/": {"t": "Systems engineering", "s": "Interdisciplinary field for designing and managing complex systems."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/meteorology/": {"t": "Meteorology", "s": "Study of Earth's atmosphere and weather forecasting."}, "https://codexery.com/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/e/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/apollo-command-and-service-module/": {"t": "Apollo command and service module", "s": "Mother ship of the Apollo lunar landing program."}, "https://codexery.com/moon-missions/e/moon-missions/apollo-lunar-module/": {"t": "Apollo Lunar Module", "s": "First crewed spacecraft to land beyond Earth."}, 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Armstrong · via Wikipedia: Apollo 11 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/buzz-aldrin/": {"t": "Buzz Aldrin", "s": "Second human to walk on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/buzz-aldrin.webp", "c": "NASA · via Wikipedia: Buzz Aldrin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/three-phase-electric-power/": {"t": "Three-phase electric power", "s": "Standard AC system for global power generation and distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/grace-hopper/": {"t": "Grace Hopper", "s": "Pioneer of machine-independent programming and COBOL language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/grace-hopper.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Grace Hopper · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/john-mccarthy-computer-scientist/": {"t": "John McCarthy (computer scientist)", "s": "Founding father of artificial intelligence and creator of Lisp.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/john-mccarthy-computer-scientist.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John McCarthy (computer scientist) · see source"}, "/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/claude-shannon/": {"t": "Claude Shannon", "s": "Polymath who founded information theory and digital circuit design.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/claude-shannon.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Shannon · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/universal-turing-machine/": {"t": "Universal Turing machine", "s": "A Turing machine that can simulate any other Turing machine."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/extraterrestrial-life/": {"t": "Extraterrestrial life", "s": "Hypothetical life originating from worlds beyond Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant/": {"t": "Gravitational constant", "s": "Fundamental constant quantifying gravitational force strength.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant.webp", "c": "National Institute of Standards and Technology · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/e/film-and-theater-icons/stanley-kubrick/": {"t": "Stanley Kubrick", "s": "Perfectionist American director whose films across many genres became landmarks of cinema.", "i": "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/img/film-and-theater-icons/stanley-kubrick.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stanley Kubrick · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/2001-a-space-odyssey/": {"t": "2001: A Space Odyssey", "s": "The ultimate trip."}, "https://codexery.com/british-inventors/e/british-inventors/arthur-c-clarke/": {"t": "Arthur C. 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{"t": "Computer-aided design", "s": "Computer-aided design automates creation and modification of designs."}, "https://codexery.com/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/e/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/cap-computer/": {"t": "CAP computer", "s": "First successful experimental computer with hardware capability security."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/quebec/": {"t": "Quebec", "s": "Canada's largest province, heart of Francophone culture in North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/quebec.webp", "c": "Wilfredor · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/pc-hardware/e/pc-hardware/harry-huskey/": {"t": "Harry Huskey", "s": "American computer design pioneer who worked on ENIAC, EDVAC, and Pilot ACE."}, "https://codexery.com/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/e/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/margaret-mead/": {"t": "Margaret Mead", "s": "American cultural anthropologist."}, "https://codexery.com/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/e/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/gregory-bateson/": {"t": "Gregory Bateson", "s": "English anthropologist and cyberneticist known for double-bind theory and systems thinking."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/maimonides/": {"t": "Maimonides", "s": "Sephardic Jewish rabbi, philosopher, and physician of the Middle Ages"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/yiddish/": {"t": "Yiddish", "s": "A West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews, with roots in the Holy Roman Empire and a fusion of High German, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Slavic ele"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/adolescence/": {"t": "Adolescence", "s": "Transitional stage from puberty to adulthood."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/missouri/": {"t": "Missouri", "s": "Gateway to the West, birthplace of ragtime and Kansas City jazz."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-atlantic/": {"t": "The Atlantic", "s": "A literary magazine turned general-interest publication.", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/img/magazines-and-newspapers/the-atlantic.webp", "c": "PCN02WPS · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-network/": {"t": "Computer network", "s": "A system of interconnected hosts communicating via protocols and hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/british-inventors/e/british-inventors/donald-davies/": {"t": "Donald Davies", "s": "British computer scientist who invented packet switching."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-scientists-and-programmers/e/computer-scientists-and-programmers/leonard-kleinrock/": {"t": "Leonard Kleinrock", "s": "Pioneer of queueing theory for computer networking."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventors/e/american-inventors/national-inventors-hall-of-fame/": {"t": "National Inventors Hall of Fame", "s": "Honoring US patent holders who advanced science and welfare."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/privacy/": {"t": "Privacy", "s": "The ability to seclude oneself or information, with overlapping concepts of security and bodily integrity."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing/": {"t": "Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing", "s": "A digital modulation scheme using multiple orthogonal subcarriers."}, "https://codexery.com/mobile-web/e/mobile-web/ricochet-internet-service/": {"t": "Ricochet (Internet service)", "s": "Early US wireless internet service using mesh network technology."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/arpanet/": {"t": "ARPANET", "s": "First packet-switched network; technical foundation of the Internet."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/speech-synthesis/": {"t": "Speech synthesis", "s": "Artificial production of human speech by computer systems."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-video-games/e/classic-video-games/spacewar/": {"t": "Spacewar!", "s": "Early space combat game that pioneered multiplayer video gaming."}, "https://codexery.com/films-about-consciousness-transfer/e/films-about-consciousness-transfer/source-code/": {"t": "Source Code", "s": "A soldier enters an eight-minute simulation to find a bomber."}, "https://codexery.com/internet-culture-and-platforms/e/internet-culture-and-platforms/facebook/": {"t": "Facebook", "s": "American social networking service owned by Meta Platforms."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/e/inventors-and-engineers/vint-cerf/": {"t": "Vint Cerf", "s": "American Internet pioneer and co-creator of TCP/IP."}, "https://codexery.com/criminals-outlaws/e/criminals-and-outlaws/jeffrey-epstein/": {"t": "Jeffrey Epstein", "s": "Financier convicted of sex crimes; died in custody."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-keyboards/e/computer-keyboards/symbolics-keyboard/": {"t": "Symbolics keyboard", "s": "A simplified keyboard with many modifier keys for Lisp machines."}, "https://codexery.com/stock-markets-finance/e/stock-markets-and-finance/venture-capital/": {"t": "Venture capital", "s": "Private equity financing for high-growth, early-stage companies."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/massachusetts/": {"t": "Massachusetts", "s": "A New England state with a rich colonial and revolutionary history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/massachusetts.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/linus-torvalds/": {"t": "Linus Torvalds", "s": "Finnish-American engineer who created the Linux kernel and the Git version control system.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/linus-torvalds.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Linus Torvalds · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing/e/pioneers-of-computing/ivan-sutherland/": {"t": "Ivan Sutherland", "s": "Pioneer of computer graphics and interactive interfaces."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/boolean-algebra/": {"t": "Boolean algebra", "s": "Algebra of truth values and logical operations."}, "https://codexery.com/chess-variant-inventors/e/chess-variant-inventors/solomon-w-golomb/": {"t": "Solomon W. Golomb", "s": "Mathematician and engineer who invented Cheskers and described polyominoes."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genetics/": {"t": "Genetics", "s": "Study of genes and heredity"}, "https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/cryptanalysis/": {"t": "Cryptanalysis", "s": "Arab scholars first systematically documented methods for breaking codes."}, "https://codexery.com/belgian-inventions/e/belgian-inventions/advanced-encryption-standard/": {"t": "Advanced Encryption Standard", "s": "US government standard for symmetric-key encryption.", "i": "https://codexery.com/belgian-inventions/img/belgian-inventions/advanced-encryption-standard.webp", "c": "Jeongysu · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/scientific-american/": {"t": "Scientific American", "s": "Oldest continuously published U.S. magazine."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/black-hole/": {"t": "Black hole", "s": "An astronomical body from which nothing, not even light, can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope, uploader cropped and converted TIF to JPG · via Wikipedia: Black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/western-union/": {"t": "Western Union", "s": "From telegraph pioneer to global money transfer leader.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/western-union.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Western Union · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/thomas-edison/": {"t": "Thomas Edison", "s": "The Wizard of Menlo Park who lit up the world", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/thomas-edison.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Thomas Edison · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/george-boole/": {"t": "George Boole", "s": "English mathematician who founded Boolean algebra.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/img/mathematicians/george-boole.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Boole · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gregor-mendel/": {"t": "Gregor Mendel", "s": "Father of modern genetics, whose pea plant experiments revealed the laws of heredity."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/population-genetics/": {"t": "Population genetics", "s": "Subfield of genetics studying genetic differences within and among populations."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/alzheimer-s-disease/": {"t": "Alzheimer's disease", "s": "A progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia."}}