[{"n": "Luc Montagnier", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/luc-montagnier/", "s": "French virologist who co-discovered HIV and won the Nobel Prize."}, {"n": "Marguerite Davis", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/marguerite-davis/", "s": "Their research, conducted at the University of Wisconsin, identified essential trace chemicals in foods and gr"}, {"n": "Mathieu Orfila", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/mathieu-orfila/", "s": "Spanish-born French toxicologist, father of modern toxicology."}, {"n": "Maud Menten", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/maud-menten/", "s": "Canadian physician and chemist who advanced enzyme kinetics."}, {"n": "Maurice Hilleman", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/maurice-hilleman/", "s": "Developed over 40 vaccines; developed eight of the 14 vaccines routinely recommended in American schedules."}, {"n": "Max Theiler", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/max-theiler/", "s": "Developed the yellow fever vaccine; first African-born Nobel laureate."}, {"n": "Michael DeBakey", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/michael-debakey/", "s": "Cardiovascular surgeon and chair of surgery at Baylor College of Medicine."}, {"n": "Nettie Stevens", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/nettie-stevens/", "s": "American geneticist who discovered the XY sex-determination system through studies of mealworms."}, {"n": "Otto Heinrich Warburg", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/otto-heinrich-warburg/", "s": "Nobel laureate who discovered the respiratory enzyme and studied cancer metabolism."}, {"n": "Paul Ehrlich", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/paul-ehrlich/", "s": "German physician and Nobel laureate who worked at the Charité."}, {"n": "Peter Medawar", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/peter-medawar/", "s": "Biologist who discovered acquired immunological tolerance, enabling organ transplants."}, {"n": "Peter Piot", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/peter-piot/", "s": "Microbiologist who co-discovered Ebola and led AIDS research."}, {"n": "René Laennec", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/ren-laennec/", "s": "French physician who invented the stethoscope in 1816."}, {"n": "Rita Levi-Montalcini", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/rita-levi-montalcini/", "s": "Italian neurobiologist who shared the 1986 Nobel Prize for discovering nerve growth factor."}, {"n": "Robert Gallo", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/robert-gallo/", "s": "American biomedical researcher who helped prove HIV causes AIDS and developed the HIV blood test."}, {"n": "Rudolf Virchow", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/rudolf-virchow/", "s": "German physician, pathologist, and founder of social medicine."}, {"n": "Selman Waksman", "u": "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/selman-waksman/", "s": "Soil microbiologist whose lab found streptomycin, the first effective drug against tuberculosis."}]