{"https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/shanghai-jiao-tong-university/": {"t": "Shanghai Jiao Tong University", "s": "A leading Chinese public university with roots in the Westernization Movement, now a member of the C9 League.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/shanghai-jiao-tong-university.webp", "c": "Pauloleong2002 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/robert-gallo/": {"t": "Robert Gallo", "s": "American biomedical researcher who helped prove HIV causes AIDS and developed the HIV blood test.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/img/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/robert-gallo.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Gallo · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/harald-zur-hausen/": {"t": "Harald zur Hausen", "s": "German virologist who linked HPV to cervical cancer."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/hiv/": {"t": "HIV", "s": "Retrovirus causing AIDS, transmitted via bodily fluids."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/sars-cov-2/": {"t": "SARS-CoV-2", "s": "Virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic, first identified in Wuhan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/img/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/sars-cov-2.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/hiv-aids/": {"t": "HIV/AIDS", "s": "Retrovirus causing AIDS, manageable but incurable."}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/biopsy/": {"t": "Biopsy", "s": "A medical test extracting cells or tissues for disease diagnosis."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/science-journal/": {"t": "Science (journal)", "s": "Peer-reviewed journal of the AAAS, covering all scientific disciplines."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/nature-journal/": {"t": "Nature (journal)", "s": "British weekly journal of peer-reviewed natural science research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/nature-journal.webp", "c": "Salwa Farwaneh · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/cervical-cancer/": {"t": "Cervical cancer", "s": "Cervical cancer is a preventable HPV-linked cancer of the cervix."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/rna/": {"t": "RNA", "s": "RNA is a nucleic acid essential for genetic information and catalysis."}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/quackery/": {"t": "Quackery", "s": "Promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/jacques-benveniste/": {"t": "Jacques Benveniste", "s": "French immunologist who discovered PAF and sparked the water memory debate."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xviii/": {"t": "Louis XVIII", "s": "The constitutional monarch who restored the Bourbon dynasty after Napoleon."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/ontario/": {"t": "Ontario", "s": "Canada's most populous province, home to Ottawa and Toronto."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/pacific-northwest/": {"t": "Pacific Northwest", "s": "Bi-national region shaped by indigenous cultures and the Canada–U.S. border."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-pathogens/e/microbial-pathogens/salmonella/": {"t": "Salmonella", "s": "A genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that includes both typhoidal and nontyphoidal serotypes causing human disease."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-reactors-and-processes/e/chemical-reactors-and-processes/electrophoresis/": {"t": "Electrophoresis", "s": "Electrophoresis separates charged particles using an electric field.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-reactors-and-processes/img/chemical-reactors-and-processes/electrophoresis.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/linus-pauling/": {"t": "Linus Pauling", "s": "American chemist and peace activist, winner of two Nobel Prizes"}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/hepatitis-a/": {"t": "Hepatitis A", "s": "A vaccine-preventable liver infection spread through contaminated food or water.", "i": "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/img/viral-infections/hepatitis-a.webp", "c": "Oldblueday · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/hepatitis-b/": {"t": "Hepatitis B", "s": "A viral liver infection preventable by vaccination since 1982.", "i": "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/img/viral-infections/hepatitis-b.webp", "c": "melvil · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/chickenpox/": {"t": "Chickenpox", "s": "Highly contagious viral disease causing itchy blisters and fever."}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/neisseria-meningitidis/": {"t": "Neisseria meningitidis", "s": "A Gram-negative diplococcus causing epidemic meningitis and sepsis."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/streptococcus-pneumoniae/": {"t": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "s": "A Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic diplococcus that is a leading cause of pneumonia and meningitis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/img/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/streptococcus-pneumoniae.webp", "c": "Romina Camilli, Raoul JP Bonnal, Maria Del Grosso, Michele Iacono, Giorgio Corti · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/haemophilus-influenzae/": {"t": "Haemophilus influenzae", "s": "A pathogenic bacterium once mistaken for the cause of influenza."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/common-cold/": {"t": "Common cold", "s": "The most frequent infectious disease in humans, caused by over 200 virus strains."}, "https://codexery.com/cancer/e/cancer/cancer/": {"t": "Cancer", "s": "A group of diseases involving uncontrolled cell growth with potential to spread."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/great-plains/": {"t": "Great Plains", "s": "Broad North American flatland of prairie, steppe, and grassland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/great-plains.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alluvial plain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-darwin/": {"t": "Charles Darwin", "s": "English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/chlamydia/": {"t": "Chlamydia", "s": "A common sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, often asymptomatic but treatable with antibiotics."}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/chlamydia-trachomatis/": {"t": "Chlamydia trachomatis", "s": "Obligate intracellular bacterium causing blindness and sexually transmitted infections."}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/japanese-encephalitis/": {"t": "Japanese encephalitis", "s": "Mosquito-borne brain infection endemic in Asia and the Western Pacific."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/influenza/": {"t": "Influenza", "s": "A viral respiratory disease causing seasonal epidemics and pandemics."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/formaldehyde/": {"t": "Formaldehyde", "s": "Simplest aldehyde, key industrial chemical, and atmospheric pollutant."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/pretoria/": {"t": "Pretoria", "s": "Executive capital of South Africa and major diplomatic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/south-african-republic/": {"t": "South African Republic", "s": "Independent Boer republic annexed after the Second Boer War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/south-african-republic.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Africa · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/common-infections-and-diseases/e/common-infections-and-diseases/amoebiasis/": {"t": "Amoebiasis", "s": "Intestinal infection caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica."}, "https://codexery.com/primates/e/primates/rhesus-macaque/": {"t": "Rhesus macaque", "s": "Widely distributed Old World monkey used in medical breakthroughs."}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/blood-transfusion/": {"t": "Blood transfusion", "s": "Intravenous transfer of blood components to treat medical conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-emergencies/e/medical-emergencies/aortic-dissection/": {"t": "Aortic dissection", "s": "Aortic dissection is a rare, life-threatening tear in the aorta wall."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi/": {"t": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", "s": "Last Shah of Iran, overthrown in the Islamic Revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi.webp", "c": "Ghazarians · via Wikipedia: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polyethylene-terephthalate/": {"t": "Polyethylene terephthalate", "s": "Common thermoplastic polyester used in fibres and packaging."}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/angioplasty/": {"t": "Angioplasty", "s": "Minimally invasive procedure to widen narrowed blood vessels."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/boris-yeltsin/": {"t": "Boris Yeltsin", "s": "Soviet politician and reform leader who visited the US in 1989.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/boris-yeltsin.webp", "c": "Presidential Press and Information Office · via Wikipedia: Boris Yeltsin · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/heydar-aliyev/": {"t": "Heydar Aliyev", "s": "Former Soviet politburo member and President of Azerbaijan who built an autocratic system and a lasting cult of personality."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress/": {"t": "Library of Congress", "s": "Oldest federal cultural institution and de facto national library of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress.webp", "c": "Library of Congress Life · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-and-genomics/e/genetics-and-genomics/genetics/": {"t": "Genetics", "s": "Study of genes and heredity"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/stanford-university/": {"t": "Stanford University", "s": "One of the top education schools in the United States, offering graduate programs in over 25 specializations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/stanford-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stanford University · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gregor-mendel/": {"t": "Gregor Mendel", "s": "Father of modern genetics, whose pea plant experiments revealed the laws of heredity."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/mendelian-inheritance/": {"t": "Mendelian inheritance", "s": "Principles of heredity derived from pea plant experiments."}, "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/e/invertebrates/aphid/": {"t": "Aphid", "s": "Small sap-sucking insects with rapid asexual reproduction and telescoping generations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/img/invertebrates/aphid.webp", "c": "DimiTalen · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/e/reproduction-and-development/spermatogenesis/": {"t": "Spermatogenesis", "s": "Process producing haploid sperm from germ cells in testes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/img/reproduction-and-development/spermatogenesis.webp", "c": "L'Hernault, S.W. · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/e/psychologists-and-education-theorists/alice-freeman-palmer/": {"t": "Alice Freeman Palmer", "s": "Pioneering educator and advocate for women's college education.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/img/psychologists-and-education-theorists/alice-freeman-palmer.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alice Freeman Palmer · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cell-biology/": {"t": "Cell biology", "s": "The study of cell structure, function, and behavior, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/medical-doctor/": {"t": "Medical doctor", "s": "Health professional who practices medicine to promote and restore health."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/orthodox-judaism/": {"t": "Orthodox Judaism", "s": "The traditionalist branches of Judaism, holding the Written and Oral Torah as divinely revealed at Sinai.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/orthodox-judaism.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Orthodox Judaism · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/marine-invertebrates/e/marine-invertebrates/sea-urchin/": {"t": "Sea urchin", "s": "Spiny marine echinoderms studied as model organisms since the 19th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marine-invertebrates/img/marine-invertebrates/sea-urchin.webp", "c": "Nhobgood (talk) Nick Hobgood · via Wikipedia: Sea urchin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cellular-respiration/": {"t": "Cellular respiration", "s": "The metabolic pathways inside eukaryotic cells: aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondrion where oxygen is reduced into water."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lactic-acid/": {"t": "Lactic acid", "s": "Organic acid central to metabolism, industry, and medicine."}, "https://codexery.com/sensory-systems/e/sensory-systems/retina/": {"t": "Retina", "s": "Innermost light-sensitive layer of the eye, part of the central nervous system."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hermann-g-ring/": {"t": "Hermann Göring", "s": "Nazi leader and convicted war criminal"}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/breast-cancer/": {"t": "Breast cancer", "s": "A cancer from breast tissue; leading cancer in women."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-pioneers/e/chemistry-pioneers/albert-szent-gy-rgyi/": {"t": "Albert Szent-Györgyi", "s": "Hungarian biochemist who isolated vitamin C and pioneered muscle research"}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology/e/microbiology/citric-acid-cycle/": {"t": "Citric acid cycle", "s": "A central metabolic pathway for energy release in respiration."}, "https://codexery.com/cancer/e/cancer/oncology/": {"t": "Oncology", "s": "Branch of medicine focused on cancer care."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/immunology/": {"t": "Immunology", "s": "The study of immune systems in all organisms, from ancient observations to modern immunotherapy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/img/medical-specialties/immunology.webp", "c": "Ashashyou · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/chemotherapy/": {"t": "Chemotherapy", "s": "Systemic cancer treatment using cytotoxic drugs to inhibit cell division."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mast-cell/": {"t": "Mast cell", "s": "Ancient immune sentinels storing histamine and heparin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/mast-cell.webp", "c": "John Jennings · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/hematology/": {"t": "Hematology", "s": "Branch of medicine focused on blood diseases and their treatment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/img/medical-specialties/hematology.webp", "c": "DaCosta Jr., John C., 1871-1919. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/arsphenamine/": {"t": "Arsphenamine", "s": "First effective treatment for syphilis and first modern antimicrobial."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/diphtheria/": {"t": "Diphtheria", "s": "A bacterial infection causing a thick throat membrane; preventable by vaccine."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/genus/": {"t": "Genus", "s": "A taxonomic rank above species and below family, used in biological classification."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/robert-koch/": {"t": "Robert Koch", "s": "Founder of modern bacteriology and discoverer of the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hesse/": {"t": "Hesse", "s": "Landlocked German state, financial centre Frankfurt, named after the Chatti tribe."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell/": {"t": "Red blood cell", "s": "Vertebrate cells that deliver oxygen via hemoglobin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell.webp", "c": "BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:\n\nBlausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\". WikiJournal of M · via Wikipedia: Red blood cell · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/anemia/": {"t": "Anemia", "s": "A blood disorder reducing oxygen transport, affecting billions worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/mycobacterium-tuberculosis/": {"t": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "s": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often called Koch’s bacillus, is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis."}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/macfarlane-burnet/": {"t": "Macfarlane Burnet", "s": "Australian evolutionary biologist and ecologist who proposed a novel mechanism for evolutionary change."}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/richard-dawkins/": {"t": "Richard Dawkins", "s": "Evolutionary biologist and prominent atheist author.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/richard-dawkins.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of biologists · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/beirut/": {"t": "Beirut", "s": "Capital and largest city of Lebanon, ancient port and economic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/clement-attlee/": {"t": "Clement Attlee", "s": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951, leader of the Labour Party, and architect of the post-war welfare state."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/wiltshire/": {"t": "Wiltshire", "s": "Chalk downlands, ancient stone circles, and the land of the Moonrakers."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/new-scientist/": {"t": "New Scientist", "s": "Weekly magazine covering science, technology, and their implications.", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/new-scientist.webp", "c": "Rajvo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/e/pioneers-of-medicine/howard-florey/": {"t": "Howard Florey", "s": "Australian pharmacologist who turned penicillin into a life-saving drug.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/img/pioneers-of-medicine/howard-florey.webp", "c": "Pangalau · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/transplantation-medicine/": {"t": "Transplantation (medicine)", "s": "Transplantation replaces damaged functions using organs or tissues from donors."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/skin-grafting/": {"t": "Skin grafting", "s": "Surgical transplantation of skin to repair damaged tissue.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/img/medical-procedures-and-treatments/skin-grafting.webp", "c": "Jmelendres · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-and-development/e/reproduction-and-development/embryo/": {"t": "Embryogenesis", "s": "The process of embryo formation from zygote to multicellular organism."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-biology/": {"t": "Cell (biology)", "s": "The fundamental unit of all known life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-biology.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/natural-selection/": {"t": "Natural selection", "s": "The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in fitness."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/karl-popper/": {"t": "Karl Popper", "s": "Philosopher of science who championed falsifiability and the open society."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/imperial-college-london/": {"t": "Imperial College London", "s": "Public research university formed from 1907 mergers in South Kensington."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/ghent-university/": {"t": "Ghent University", "s": "Public research university founded in 1817 in Ghent, Belgium.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/ghent-university.webp", "c": "Geert Roels · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/ebola/": {"t": "Ebola", "s": "Zoonotic viral hemorrhagic fever with high mortality in humans."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-cell-biology/e/microbiology-and-cell-biology/microbiology/": {"t": "Microbiology", "s": "Scientific study of microscopic organisms and their roles."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/e/pioneers-of-medicine/jean-jacques-muyembe-tamfum/": {"t": "Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum", "s": "Congolese microbiologist and co-discoverer of the Ebola virus"}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/public-health/": {"t": "Public health", "s": "Science and art of preventing disease through organized societal efforts."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/london-school-of-economics/": {"t": "London School of Economics", "s": "A leading social science university in London."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/covid-19/": {"t": "COVID-19", "s": "COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-sensations/e/symptoms-and-sensations/fever/": {"t": "Fever", "s": "Fever is a common symptom of an anti-infection defense mechanism."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/asthma/": {"t": "Asthma", "s": "A chronic inflammatory airway disease with variable symptoms and no cure."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nantes/": {"t": "Nantes", "s": "City of the Dukes of Brittany on the Loire"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/percussion-medicine/": {"t": "Percussion (medicine)", "s": "A tapping technique to assess underlying body structures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/img/medical-procedures-and-treatments/percussion-medicine.webp", "c": "Stephen Head · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/andreas-vesalius/": {"t": "Andreas Vesalius", "s": "Anatomist whose 1543 book helped mark the start of the Scientific Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-pioneers/e/medical-pioneers/william-harvey/": {"t": "William Harvey", "s": "English physician who first fully described blood circulation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hippocrates/": {"t": "Hippocrates", "s": "Father of Medicine who separated medicine from religion and emphasized natural causes of disease."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/parole/": {"t": "Parole", "s": "Early release of prisoners under supervision and conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/mcgill-university/": {"t": "McGill University", "s": "English-language public research university in Montreal, founded 1821."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/selma-lagerl-f/": {"t": "Selma Lagerlöf", "s": "Swedish writer, published in Ukrainian translation by Vydavnytstvo Zhupanskogo in the Nobel Prize Laureates series."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/documentary-film/": {"t": "Documentary film", "s": "Nonfiction film documenting reality for instruction or record."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/the-holocaust/": {"t": "The Holocaust", "s": "The Holocaust, called the Shoah in Hebrew, refers to the systematic murder of European Jews carried out during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/federal-university-of-rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Federal University of Rio de Janeiro", "s": "A public research university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and one of the country's centers of excellence in teaching and research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/federal-university-of-rio-de-janeiro.webp", "c": "Estudante do IE-UFRJ · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/endocrine-system/": {"t": "Endocrine system", "s": "Hormonal messenger system regulating distant organs via feedback loops."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-triads/e/medical-triads/guillain-barr-syndrome/": {"t": "Guillain–Barré syndrome", "s": "Rapid-onset muscle weakness from immune attack on peripheral nerves."}, "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/luc-montagnier/": {"t": "Luc Montagnier", "s": "French virologist who co-discovered HIV and won the Nobel Prize.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/img/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/luc-montagnier.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Luc Montagnier · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ernst-haeckel/": {"t": "Ernst Haeckel", "s": "German zoologist, artist, and popularizer of Darwin who coined 'ecology' and the 'Biogenetic Law'."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/franz-boas/": {"t": "Franz Boas", "s": "Father of American Anthropology and pioneer of cultural relativism"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-pioneers/e/medical-pioneers/william-osler/": {"t": "William Osler", "s": "Canadian physician who created the first residency program for physicians."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/pathology/": {"t": "Pathology", "s": "The study of disease, from ancient roots to modern medical practice."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/german-revolutions-of-1848-1849/": {"t": "German revolutions of 1848–1849", "s": "A series of loosely coordinated protests and rebellions in the German Confederation, beginning with the March Revolution of 1848."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/otto-von-bismarck/": {"t": "Otto von Bismarck", "s": "Prussian statesman who unified Germany and became its first chancellor."}, "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/e/injuries-and-conditions/thrombosis/": {"t": "Thrombosis", "s": "Formation of a blood clot obstructing blood flow.", "i": "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/img/injuries-and-conditions/thrombosis.webp", "c": "James Heilman, MD · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/growth-disorders/e/growth-disorders/seckel-syndrome/": {"t": "Seckel syndrome", "s": "Rare congenital disorder with dwarfism, microcephaly, and bird-like face."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/e/pioneers-of-medicine/ignaz-semmelweis/": {"t": "Ignaz Semmelweis", "s": "Hungarian doctor who proved hand washing reduced childbed fever.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/img/pioneers-of-medicine/ignaz-semmelweis.webp", "c": "OTFW , Berlin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/pomerania/": {"t": "Pomerania", "s": "A historical Baltic region split between Poland and Germany, known for its coastal lowlands, lakes, and islands."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke/": {"t": "Robert Hooke", "s": "English polymath and pioneer of microscopy", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Hooke · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/stem-cell/": {"t": "Stem cell", "s": "Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/inflammation/": {"t": "Inflammation", "s": "Biological defence response of body tissues to harmful stimuli."}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/aspirin/": {"t": "Aspirin", "s": "A widely used NSAID with antithrombotic properties."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/kaiser/": {"t": "Kaiser", "s": "Title of German and Austrian emperors, derived from Caesar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/kaiser.webp", "c": "Emilio de Gogorza · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/vasculitis/e/vasculitis/phlebitis/": {"t": "Phlebitis", "s": "Inflammation of a vein, usually in the legs."}, "/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/paul-ehrlich/": {"t": "Paul Ehrlich", "s": "German physician and Nobel laureate who worked at the Charité.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/img/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/paul-ehrlich.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Charité · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/chromatin/": {"t": "Chromatin", "s": "The complex of DNA and protein that packages and organizes genetic material.", "i": "https://codexery.com/genetics/img/genetics/chromatin.webp", "c": "Courtesy of NIAID Ryan Kissinger · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/richard-owen/": {"t": "Richard Owen", "s": "English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist who coined the word Dinosauria.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/richard-owen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Owen · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/human-evolution/e/human-evolution/neanderthal/": {"t": "Neanderthal", "s": "Extinct archaic humans who inhabited Europe and Western and Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/antibiotic/": {"t": "Antibiotic", "s": "Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances active against bacteria."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/vinnytsia-oblast/": {"t": "Vinnytsia Oblast", "s": "Central Ukrainian oblast with rich mineral resources and wartime tragedy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/odesa/": {"t": "Odesa", "s": "Pearl by the Sea"}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/penicillin/": {"t": "Penicillin", "s": "A group of β-lactam antibiotics from Penicillium moulds."}, "https://codexery.com/red-wine-grape-varieties/e/red-wine-grape-varieties/concord-grape/": {"t": "Concord grape", "s": "A slip-skin hybrid grape used for juice, jelly, and wine."}}