[{"n": "Maria Goeppert Mayer", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/maria-goeppert-mayer/", "s": "Second woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics."}, {"n": "Maurice Wilkins", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/maurice-wilkins/", "s": "Biophysicist who pioneered X-ray diffraction studies of DNA."}, {"n": "Max von Laue", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/max-von-laue/", "s": "German physicist who discovered X-ray diffraction by crystals."}, {"n": "Melvin Calvin", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/melvin-calvin/", "s": "Biochemist who discovered the Calvin cycle."}, {"n": "Nicolaas Bloembergen", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/nicolaas-bloembergen/", "s": "Dutch–American physicist who made key contributions to nonlinear optics and laser spectroscopy."}, {"n": "Nikolay Basov", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/nikolay-basov/", "s": "Soviet physicist who co-developed the laser and maser."}, {"n": "Otto Stern", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/otto-stern/", "s": "German–American physicist; Nobel laureate for molecular beam method."}, {"n": "Paul Berg", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/paul-berg/", "s": "American biochemist and Nobel laureate in recombinant DNA."}, {"n": "Paul Flory", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/paul-flory/", "s": "American polymer chemist who won the 1974 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on macromolecules."}, {"n": "Percy Williams Bridgman", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/percy-williams-bridgman/", "s": "American physicist and Nobel laureate in high-pressure physics."}, {"n": "Peter Grünberg", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/peter-gr-nberg/", "s": "German physicist who co-discovered giant magnetoresistance, enabling modern hard drives."}, {"n": "Peter Higgs", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/peter-higgs/", "s": "British physicist behind the Higgs mechanism."}, {"n": "Philip W. Anderson", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/philip-w-anderson/", "s": "Nobel laureate who shaped condensed matter physics and emergent phenomena."}, {"n": "Pierre-Gilles de Gennes", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/pierre-gilles-de-gennes/", "s": "French physicist and Nobel laureate in physics, 1991."}, {"n": "Robert B. Laughlin", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/robert-b-laughlin/", "s": "American physicist who explained the fractional quantum Hall effect."}, {"n": "Robert Burns Woodward", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/robert-burns-woodward/", "s": "American organic chemist and Nobel laureate in synthesis."}, {"n": "Robert Coleman Richardson", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/robert-coleman-richardson/", "s": "American physicist who discovered superfluidity in helium-3."}, {"n": "Robert Hofstadter", "u": "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/robert-hofstadter/", "s": "American physicist, Nobel laureate for electron scattering studies."}]