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Kornmesser (photo displayed on the magazine cover) · via Wikipedia: Nature (journal) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/titration/": {"t": "Titration", "s": "A common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte."}, "https://codexery.com/british-inventors/e/british-inventors/j-d-bernal/": {"t": "J. D. 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Sarah Kirby · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/stress-energy-tensor/": {"t": "Stress–energy tensor", "s": "Tensor field describing energy and momentum density and flux."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/max-planck/": {"t": "Max Planck", "s": "German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/optics/": {"t": "Optics", "s": "Branch of physics studying light and electromagnetic radiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/optics.webp", "c": "OpticalSystem · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/superconductivity/": {"t": "Superconductivity", "s": "Phenomenon of zero electrical resistance and magnetic field expulsion."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/goethe-university-frankfurt/": {"t": "Goethe University Frankfurt", "s": "Public research university founded by liberal citizens in 1914.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/goethe-university-frankfurt.webp", "c": "Sven · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/peter-debye/": {"t": "Peter Debye", "s": "Dutch-American physicist and Nobel laureate who advanced theories of dipole moments, electrolytes, and light scattering."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/otto-hahn/": {"t": "Otto Hahn", "s": "German chemist, pioneer of radiochemistry and discoverer of nuclear fission."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/werner-heisenberg/": {"t": "Werner Heisenberg", "s": "German physicist who formulated quantum mechanics and the uncertainty principle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/werner-heisenberg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Werner Heisenberg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/wilhelm-r-ntgen/": {"t": "Wilhelm Röntgen", "s": "German physicist who discovered X-rays and won first Nobel in Physics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/wilhelm-r-ntgen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Wilhelm Röntgen · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/electron-diffraction/": {"t": "Electron diffraction", "s": "Electron diffraction reveals atomic structure through wave-like scattering."}, "https://codexery.com/young-earth-creationism/e/young-earth-creationism/dean-h-kenyon/": {"t": "Dean H. Kenyon", "s": "American biophysicist and young Earth creationist."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-biology/e/plant-biology/photosynthesis/": {"t": "Photosynthesis", "s": "The process by which plants and other organisms convert light into chemical energy."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/leiden-university/": {"t": "Leiden University", "s": "Oldest surviving university in the Netherlands, founded 1575."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/nonlinear-optics/": {"t": "Nonlinear optics", "s": "Branch of optics studying intensity-dependent optical properties of matter."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/spectroscopy/": {"t": "Spectroscopy", "s": "Spectroscopy measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra interacting with matter."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ernest-rutherford/": {"t": "Ernest Rutherford", "s": "Father of nuclear physics"}, "/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/percy-williams-bridgman/": {"t": "Percy Williams Bridgman", "s": "American physicist and Nobel laureate in high-pressure physics."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/magnetic-resonance-imaging/": {"t": "Magnetic resonance imaging", "s": "Medical imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/magnetic-resonance-imaging.webp", "c": "UCSF Health · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/tucson-arizona/": {"t": "Tucson, Arizona", "s": "Second-largest city in Arizona, founded as a Spanish presidio in 1775."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/voronezh/": {"t": "Voronezh", "s": "Russian city founded as a fort, later a key shipbuilding center."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/wroc-aw/": {"t": "Wrocław", "s": "Historical capital of Silesia on the Oder River."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich/": {"t": "ETH Zurich", "s": "Swiss federal STEM university with 22 Nobel laureates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich.webp", "c": "Ank Kumar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gilbert-n-lewis/": {"t": "Gilbert N. Lewis", "s": "American physical chemist who proposed the covalent bond and coined the term 'photon'."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/spin-physics/": {"t": "Spin (physics)", "s": "Intrinsic quantized angular momentum of elementary particles."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/molecule/": {"t": "Molecule", "s": "Group of atoms bonded together; fundamental unit of chemical compounds."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/proton/": {"t": "Proton", "s": "Proton: stable subatomic particle, building block of atomic nuclei."}, "https://codexery.com/molecular-biology/e/molecular-biology/biochemistry/": {"t": "Biochemistry", "s": "Study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/stanford-university/": {"t": "Stanford University", "s": "Private research 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"Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-reactors-and-processes/e/chemical-reactors-and-processes/chain-growth-polymerization/": {"t": "Chain-growth polymerization", "s": "A polymerization technique with limited active sites at any moment."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-reactors-and-processes/e/chemical-reactors-and-processes/chain-transfer/": {"t": "Chain transfer", "s": "Reaction transferring polymer chain activity to another molecule."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/flory-huggins-solution-theory/": {"t": "Flory–Huggins solution theory", "s": "Lattice model for polymer solution thermodynamics."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/generalized-coordinates/": {"t": "Generalized coordinates", "s": "Parameters that uniquely define a system's configuration in configuration space."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/scientific-methodology/": {"t": "Scientific methodology", "s": "Empirical method for knowledge through observation, hypothesis, and experiment."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/congregationalism/": {"t": "Congregationalism", "s": "A Reformed tradition of self-governing congregations rooted in Puritanism."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/viscosity/": {"t": "Viscosity", "s": "Viscosity quantifies a fluid's internal resistance to flow."}, "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/e/american-state-capitals/hartford-connecticut/": {"t": "Hartford, Connecticut", "s": "Hartford: The Insurance Capital of the World and America's Filing Cabinet", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/img/american-state-capitals/hartford-connecticut.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hartford, Connecticut · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/perovskite/": {"t": "Perovskite", "s": "Mineral whose structure enables diverse engineered materials."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/computer-storage/hard-disk-drive/": {"t": "Hard disk drive", "s": "Electro-mechanical magnetic storage device with rotating platters and moving heads."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/ottawa/": {"t": "Ottawa", "s": "Canada's capital at the confluence of the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/illinois/": {"t": "Illinois", "s": "Land of Lincoln", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/illinois.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/rwth-aachen-university/": {"t": "RWTH Aachen University", "s": "Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University Aachen – a leading German University of Excellence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/rwth-aachen-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: RWTH Aachen University · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/imperial-college-london/": {"t": "Imperial College London", "s": "Public research university formed from 1907 mergers in South Kensington."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/higgs-boson/": {"t": "Higgs boson", "s": "Elementary particle confirming the Higgs field and mass mechanism."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/subatomic-particle/": {"t": "Subatomic particle", "s": "Particles smaller than atoms, studied in particle physics."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/large-hadron-collider/": {"t": "Large Hadron Collider", "s": "World's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/standard-model/": {"t": "Standard Model", "s": "Theory of three fundamental forces and elementary particles."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/particle-physics/": {"t": "Particle physics", "s": "Study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/paul-dirac/": {"t": "Paul Dirac", "s": "Founder of quantum mechanics and formulator of the Dirac equation"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/mass/": {"t": "Mass", "s": "Intrinsic property measuring inertia and gravitational attraction."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/new-town-edinburgh/": {"t": "New Town, Edinburgh", "s": "Georgian planned extension of Edinburgh, a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/old-and-new-towns-of-edinburgh/": {"t": "Old and New Towns of Edinburgh", "s": "Medieval Old Town and Georgian New Town, a UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/richard-dawkins/": {"t": "Richard Dawkins", "s": "Evolutionary biologist and prominent atheist author.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/richard-dawkins.webp", "c": "Steve Jurvetson · via Wikipedia: Richard Dawkins · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/thomas-kuhn/": {"t": "Thomas Kuhn", "s": "Historian and philosopher of science who popularized the term 'paradigm shift'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/philosophers-and-logicians/thomas-kuhn.webp", "c": "Bob Bielk · via Wikipedia: Thomas Kuhn · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-jersey/": {"t": "New Jersey", "s": "Most densely populated U.S. state, hub of biopharmaceutical innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/quantum-spin-liquid/": {"t": "Quantum spin liquid", "s": "A magnetic phase with no order and long-range entanglement."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/kenneth-arrow/": {"t": "Kenneth Arrow", "s": "American economist, mathematician and political theorist; Nobel laureate and pioneer of social choice theory and general equilibrium analysis."}, 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