{"/e/part-1/chinese-philosophy/": {"t": "Chinese philosophy", "s": "Philosophical traditions originating and developing within China's historical context."}, "/e/part-1/empiricism/": {"t": "Empiricism", "s": "Knowledge derives from sensory experience and empirical evidence."}, "/e/part-1/idealism/": {"t": "Idealism", "s": "Reality is fundamentally mental, spiritual, or idea-based."}, "/e/part-1/indian-philosophy/": {"t": "Indian philosophy", "s": "Indian philosophy comprises the philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent, often called darśana (meaning 'to see' or 'looking at') and also referred t"}, "/e/part-1/thomism/": {"t": "Thomism", "s": "The philosophical and theological legacy of Thomas Aquinas."}, "/e/part-1/contemporary-philosophy/": {"t": "Contemporary philosophy", "s": "The present period in Western philosophy, beginning early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/part-1/natural-science/": {"t": "Natural science", "s": "Empirical study of natural phenomena through observation and experimentation."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/part-1/continental-philosophy/": {"t": "Continental philosophy", "s": "A diverse family of Western philosophies outside analytic tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/part-1/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/": {"t": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "s": "German philosopher and major figure in German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/part-1/gottlob-frege/": {"t": "gottlob-frege", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/bertrand-russell/": {"t": "Bertrand Russell", "s": "English philosopher, logician, and social reformer"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/g-e-moore/": {"t": "G. 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Moore", "s": "English philosopher, initiator of analytic philosophy, advocate of common sense."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/part-1/franz-brentano/": {"t": "Franz Brentano", "s": "German philosopher who revived intentionality and influenced phenomenology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers/img/part-1/franz-brentano.webp", "c": "Franz Anton Brentano · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/part-1/logical-positivism/": {"t": "Logical positivism", "s": "A movement seeking scientific philosophy through empirical verification."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/part-1/rudolf-carnap/": {"t": "Rudolf Carnap", "s": "German philosopher and logician, major member of the Vienna Circle and advocate of logical positivism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/willard-van-orman-quine/": {"t": "Willard Van Orman Quine", "s": "American logician and philosopher who developed naturalized epistemology"}, 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thinker of the Enlightenment, known for transcendental idealism and the categorical imperative."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-logic/e/part-1/quantifier-logic/": {"t": "Quantifier (logic)", "s": "Operators specifying how many individuals satisfy a property."}, "/e/part-1/stoicism/": {"t": "Stoicism", "s": "Ancient Greek philosophy emphasizing virtue and rational living."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-and-foundations/e/part-1/cardinal-number/": {"t": "Cardinal number", "s": "A number measuring the size of a set."}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/part-1/set-theory/": {"t": "Set theory", "s": "The branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, founded by Georg Cantor in the 1870s."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/part-1/richard-dedekind/": {"t": "richard-dedekind", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/georg-cantor/": {"t": "Georg Cantor", "s": "Founder of set theory and transfinite numbers"}, 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scientist, mathematician, logician, and philosopher; father of pragmatism"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/part-1/fallibilism/": {"t": "Fallibilism", "s": "Philosophical principle that propositions are open to revision."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/concept/": {"t": "Concept", "s": "Fundamental cognitive units that classify entities and encode shared features.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/part-1/concept.webp", "c": "So9q · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/part-1/time-magazine/": {"t": "time-magazine", "s": ""}, "/e/part-1/islamic-philosophy/": {"t": "Islamic philosophy", "s": "Philosophy emerging from the Islamic tradition, blending reason and faith."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/epistemology/": {"t": "Epistemology", "s": "Philosophical study of knowledge, its sources, and its limits."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/part-1/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "hellenistic-period", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/part-1/alfred-north-whitehead/": {"t": "Alfred North Whitehead", "s": "English mathematician and philosopher who founded process philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/part-1/plato/": {"t": "plato", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/friedrich-nietzsche/": {"t": "Friedrich Nietzsche", "s": "German philosopher and philologist known for his critiques of religion, morality, and truth."}, 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credited with the Iliad and the Odyssey"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/part-1/parmenides/": {"t": "Parmenides", "s": "Pre-Socratic philosopher who argued reality is one and unchanging.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/part-1/parmenides.webp", "c": "Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/dialectic/": {"t": "Dialectic", "s": "A method of reasoning that progresses through resolving contradictions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/empedocles/": {"t": "Empedocles", "s": "Pre-Socratic philosopher who proposed the four classical elements and the forces of Love and Strife."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/anaxagoras/": {"t": "Anaxagoras", "s": "Pre-Socratic philosopher who introduced Cosmic Mind and explained eclipses."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/roman-empire/": {"t": "roman-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/part-1/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/bruce-lee/e/places/taoism/": {"t": "Taoism", "s": "Be like water: the ultimate path to fluidity and formless combat."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/part-1/legalism-chinese-philosophy/": {"t": "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)", "s": "Legalists emphasized law, merit, and agriculture over virtue."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/han-dynasty/": {"t": "han-dynasty", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/song-dynasty/": {"t": "song-dynasty", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/part-1/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/confucius/": {"t": "Confucius", "s": "The paragon of Chinese sages and founder of Confucianism."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/part-1/mencius/": {"t": "mencius", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/part-1/laozi/": {"t": "laozi", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/part-1/mozi/": {"t": "mozi", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/part-1/dong-zhongshu/": {"t": "dong-zhongshu", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/part-1/kum-raj-va/": {"t": "Kumārajīva", "s": "Buddhist translator and scholar who shaped Chinese Buddhism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/img/part-1/kum-raj-va.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kumārajīva · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-silk-road-and-beyond/e/part-1/xuanzang/": {"t": "xuanzang", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/part-1/soteriology/": {"t": "Soteriology", "s": "Study of religious doctrines of salvation across traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/e/part-1/bodhidharma/": {"t": "bodhidharma", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/part-1/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "tang-dynasty", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/part-1/han-yu/": {"t": "Han Yu", "s": "Tang dynasty essayist, Confucian scholar, and prose master who shaped Neo-Confucianism."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-new-religious-movements/e/part-1/zhu-xi/": {"t": "zhu-xi", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/part-1/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "yuan-dynasty", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/part-1/imperial-examination/": {"t": "imperial-examination", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/part-1/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/part-1/imperialism/": {"t": "imperialism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abraham-lincoln/": {"t": "Abraham Lincoln", "s": "16th president who led the Union through the Civil War and abolished slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-icons/e/part-1/sun-yat-sen/": {"t": "Sun Yat-sen", "s": "Founder of the Republic of China and the Kuomintang."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/part-1/democracy/": {"t": "democracy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/zhou-dynasty/": {"t": "zhou-dynasty", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/part-1/politics/": {"t": "politics", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/part-1/chan-buddhism/": {"t": "chan-buddhism", "s": ""}, 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science from non-science."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/part-1/t-h-green/": {"t": "T. H. Green", "s": "English philosopher and social liberal thinker.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/part-1/t-h-green.webp", "c": "Pessimistic Idealism · via Wikipedia: T. H. Green · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/martin-heidegger/": {"t": "Martin Heidegger", "s": "German philosopher who developed phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism, and whose work was shaped by his controversial Nazi involvement."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/part-1/richard-rorty/": {"t": "Richard Rorty", "s": "American philosopher who argued knowledge is linguistic and contingent."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/part-1/german-idealism/": {"t": "German idealism", "s": "A movement seeking to reconcile reason, freedom, and reality."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/part-1/buddhist-philosophy/": {"t": "buddhist-philosophy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/gupta-empire/": {"t": "gupta-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/part-1/jainism/": {"t": "Jainism", "s": "Indian religion centered on nonviolence and spiritual liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/part-1/angkor-and-the-khmer-empire/": {"t": "angkor-and-the-khmer-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/part-1/shaivism/": {"t": "shaivism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/part-1/vaishnavism/": {"t": "vaishnavism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/part-1/shaktism/": {"t": "shaktism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/part-1/brahman/": {"t": "brahman", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/part-1/anatt/": {"t": "anatt", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/part-1/tamil-language/": {"t": "tamil-language", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/part-1/vedas/": {"t": "vedas", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ritual/e/part-1/m-m-s/": {"t": "Mīmāṃsā", "s": "A Vedic school focused on ritual action and hermeneutics of Dharma."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/part-1/vedanta/": {"t": "vedanta", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/part-1/mind-body-dualism/": {"t": "Mind–body dualism", "s": "Views that mind and body are distinct and separable."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/inference/": {"t": "Inference", "s": "Logical reasoning from premises to conclusions."}, "https://codexery.com/ritual/e/part-1/orthopraxy/": {"t": "Orthopraxy", "s": "Correct conduct, both ethical and liturgical, over correct belief."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/part-1/hermeneutics/": {"t": "Hermeneutics", "s": "Study of methodological principles of interpretation, especially of texts."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/part-1/kum-rila-bha-a/": {"t": "Kumārila Bhaṭṭa", "s": "Mīmāṃsā philosopher who defended Vedic ritualism against Buddhist idealism."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/e/part-1/mahayana/": {"t": "mahayana", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/sinosphere/": {"t": "Sinosphere", "s": "A historical cultural sphere shaped by Chinese influence in East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/part-1/culture-of-japan/": {"t": "Culture of Japan", "s": "Japanese culture blends ancient traditions with global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/part-1/culture-of-japan.webp", "c": "U.S. Air Force photo by Airman 1st Class David S. Calcote · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-anatomy/e/part-1/sense/": {"t": "Sense", "s": "Biological systems for gathering and processing environmental information."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/part-1/scientific-methodology/": {"t": "scientific-methodology", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/part-1/falsifiability/": {"t": "Falsifiability", "s": "A logical criterion for distinguishing scientific from non-scientific statements."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/hypothesis/": {"t": "Hypothesis", "s": "A proposed explanation requiring testable and reproducible prediction."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-and-foundations/e/part-1/axiom/": {"t": "Axiom", "s": "A foundational statement accepted as true without proof."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-locke/": {"t": "John Locke", "s": "Father of liberalism and influential Enlightenment thinker"}, 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