[{"n": "A priori and a posteriori", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/a-priori-and-a-posteriori/", "s": "Two categories of knowledge: independent of experience (a priori) or dependent on empirical evidence (a poster"}, {"n": "Abstraction", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/abstraction/", "s": "The process of generalizing rules and concepts from specific examples."}, {"n": "Aesthetics", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste."}, {"n": "Analytic philosophy", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/analytic-philosophy/", "s": "A school of thought emphasizing analysis, logic, and the linguistic turn."}, {"n": "Argument", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/argument/", "s": "Premises directed toward a logical conclusion."}, {"n": "Belief", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/belief/", "s": "A subjective attitude that something is true."}, {"n": "Common sense", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/common-sense/", "s": "A shared capacity for sound judgment, debated since Aristotle."}, {"n": "Concept", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/concept/", "s": "Fundamental cognitive units that classify entities and encode shared features."}, {"n": "Conscience", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/conscience/", "s": "Cognitive process eliciting emotion based on moral philosophy or value system."}, {"n": "Contradiction", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/contradiction/", "s": "A proposition unconditionally false, central to logical proof."}, {"n": "Critical thinking", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/critical-thinking/", "s": "Analyzing facts and arguments to form rational judgments."}, {"n": "Determinism", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/determinism/", "s": "The view that all events occur in only one possible way."}, {"n": "Dialectic", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/dialectic/", "s": "A method of reasoning that progresses through resolving contradictions."}, {"n": "Empiricism", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/empiricism/", "s": "Knowledge derives from sensory experience and empirical evidence."}, {"n": "Epistemology", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/epistemology/", "s": "Philosophical study of knowledge, its sources, and its limits."}, {"n": "Ethics", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/ethics/", "s": "Philosophical study of moral phenomena and normative questions."}, {"n": "Existence", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/existence/", "s": "The state of having being or reality, contrasted with nonexistence and essence."}, {"n": "Experience", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/experience/", "s": "Conscious events and the knowledge they produce."}, {"n": "Fact", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/fact/", "s": "A fact is a true datum about one or more aspects of a circumstance, or an occurrence in the real world."}, {"n": "Fallacy", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/fallacy/", "s": "Faulty reasoning that renders an argument logically unsound."}, {"n": "Free will", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/free-will/", "s": "The capacity to choose between different possible courses of action, central to moral responsibility and philo"}, {"n": "Hypothesis", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/hypothesis/", "s": "A proposed explanation requiring testable and reproducible prediction."}, {"n": "Idealism", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/idealism/", "s": "The philosophical view that reality is fundamentally mental or idea-based."}, {"n": "Inductive reasoning", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/inductive-reasoning/", "s": "Reasoning that yields probable, not certain, conclusions."}, {"n": "Inference", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/inference/", "s": "Logical reasoning from premises to conclusions."}, {"n": "Is–ought problem", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/is-ought-problem/", "s": "The is–ought problem questions whether moral 'ought' statements can be derived from factual 'is' statements."}, {"n": "Truth", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/truth/", "s": "Conformity to reality or fact, with disputed definition."}, {"n": "Transcendence (philosophy)", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/transcendence-philosophy/", "s": "Philosophical concept of going beyond limits of experience and knowledge."}, {"n": "Time", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/time/", "s": "Time is the fourth dimension, measured by clocks and calendars."}, {"n": "Thought", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/thought/", "s": "Cognitive process of judging, reasoning, and problem solving."}, {"n": "Theory of art", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/theory-of-art/", "s": "Treating art as a natural phenomenon for empirical investigation."}, {"n": "Tabula rasa", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts/tabula-rasa/", "s": "The mind as a blank slate shaped by experience."}]