{"/e/philosophical-concepts/argument/": {"t": "Argument", "s": "Premises directed toward a logical conclusion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/argument.webp", "c": "タバコはマーダー · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/epistemology/": {"t": "Epistemology", "s": "Philosophical study of knowledge, its sources, and its limits."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/experience/": {"t": "Experience", "s": "Conscious events and the knowledge they produce."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/truth/": {"t": "Truth", "s": "Conformity to reality or fact, with disputed definition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/truth.webp", "c": "Ida Roberta Bell · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/immanuel-kant/": {"t": "Immanuel Kant", "s": "Central thinker of the Enlightenment, known for transcendental idealism and the categorical imperative."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-philosophy/e/nonfiction-and-philosophy/critique-of-pure-reason/": {"t": "Critique of Pure Reason", "s": "Kant's work seeking the limits and scope of metaphysics."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/logical-positivism/": {"t": "Logical positivism", "s": "A movement seeking scientific philosophy through empirical verification."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/willard-van-orman-quine/": {"t": "Willard Van Orman Quine", "s": "American logician and philosopher who developed naturalized epistemology"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphysics/": {"t": "Metaphysics", "s": "Study of the most fundamental structure of reality."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/jerry-fodor/": {"t": "Jerry Fodor", "s": "American philosopher who shaped philosophy of mind and cognitive science."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/saul-kripke/": {"t": "Saul Kripke", "s": "American philosopher and logician who revolutionized modal logic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/philosophers-and-logicians/saul-kripke.webp", "c": "Oursipan · via Wikipedia: Saul Kripke · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/hilary-putnam/": {"t": "Hilary Putnam", "s": "American philosopher who changed positions through rigorous self-critique."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/euclid/": {"t": "Euclid", "s": "Ancient Greek mathematician, author of the Elements."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/thomism/": {"t": "Thomism", "s": "The philosophical and theological legacy of Thomas Aquinas."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz/": {"t": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "s": "German polymath and co-creator of calculus"}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/concept/": {"t": "Concept", "s": "Fundamental cognitive units that classify entities and encode shared features.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/concept.webp", "c": "So9q · CC0"}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/fact/": {"t": "Fact", "s": "A fact is a true datum about one or more aspects of a circumstance, or an occurrence in the real world."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/thought/": {"t": "Thought", "s": "Cognitive process of judging, reasoning, and problem solving."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/origin-of-language/": {"t": "Origin of language", "s": "Study of language origins, long banned, revived by modern methods."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/language/": {"t": "Language", "s": "A structured system of communication with grammar and vocabulary."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/inductive-reasoning/": {"t": "Inductive reasoning", "s": "Reasoning that yields probable, not certain, conclusions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/inductive-reasoning.webp", "c": "Brian Brondel at English Wikibooks · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/francis-bacon/": {"t": "Francis Bacon", "s": "English philosopher and statesman, father of empiricism, and founder of the scientific method."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/novum-organum/": {"t": "Novum Organum", "s": "A philosophical work proposing a new system of inductive logic, published as a scathing attack on Aristotelian logic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/anaximander/": {"t": "Anaximander", "s": "Pre-Socratic philosopher who introduced the apeiron and advanced early science."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-locke/": {"t": "John Locke", "s": "Father of liberalism and influential Enlightenment thinker"}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-philosophy/e/nonfiction-and-philosophy/an-essay-concerning-human-understanding/": {"t": "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding", "s": "Empiricist foundation of human knowledge from experience."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/shape/": {"t": "Shape", "s": "Geometric information remaining after removing location, scale, orientation, and reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/marsupials/e/marsupials/marsupial/": {"t": "Marsupial", "s": "Mammals with pouches: marsupials of Australasia and the Americas"}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/state-polity/": {"t": "State (polity)", "s": "A political entity with sovereignty over a definite territory."}, "https://codexery.com/stagecraft/e/stagecraft/performance/": {"t": "Performance", "s": "An act of presenting entertainment or accomplishing a task."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/dance/": {"t": "Dance", "s": "An art form of body movement with aesthetic and symbolic value."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/meaning-philosophy/": {"t": "Meaning (philosophy)", "s": "Philosophical study of sense, reference, and significance."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/ethics/": {"t": "Ethics", "s": "Philosophical study of moral phenomena and normative questions."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/islamic-philosophy/": {"t": "Islamic philosophy", "s": "Philosophy emerging from the Islamic tradition, blending reason and faith."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/sound/": {"t": "Sound", "s": "Mechanical wave propagating through an elastic medium."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/idealism/": {"t": "Idealism", "s": "The philosophical view that reality is fundamentally mental or idea-based."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/contemporary-philosophy/": {"t": "Contemporary philosophy", "s": "The present period in Western philosophy, beginning early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/natural-science/": {"t": "Natural science", "s": "Empirical study of natural phenomena through observation and experimentation."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/continental-philosophy/": {"t": "Continental philosophy", "s": "A diverse family of Western philosophies outside analytic tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/": {"t": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "s": "German philosopher and major figure in German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/gottlob-frege/": {"t": "Gottlob Frege", "s": "German philosopher, logician, and mathematician; father of analytic philosophy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/img/mathematicians/gottlob-frege.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gottlob Frege · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/bertrand-russell/": {"t": "Bertrand Russell", "s": "English philosopher, logician, and social reformer"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/g-e-moore/": {"t": "G. E. Moore", "s": "English philosopher, initiator of analytic philosophy, advocate of common sense."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/franz-brentano/": {"t": "Franz Brentano", "s": "German philosopher who revived intentionality and influenced phenomenology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers/img/philosophers/franz-brentano.webp", "c": "Franz Anton Brentano · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/rudolf-carnap/": {"t": "Rudolf Carnap", "s": "German philosopher and logician, major member of the Vienna Circle and advocate of logical positivism."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/german-philosophy/": {"t": "German philosophy", "s": "German philosophy spans rationalism to existentialism, shaping analytic and continental traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edmund-husserl/": {"t": "Edmund Husserl", "s": "Austrian and German philosopher who founded phenomenology."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/existence/": {"t": "Existence", "s": "The state of having being or reality, contrasted with nonexistence and essence."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-logic/e/set-theory-and-logic/quantifier-logic/": {"t": "Quantifier (logic)", "s": "Operators specifying how many individuals satisfy a property."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-and-foundations/e/set-theory-and-foundations/cardinal-number/": {"t": "Cardinal number", "s": "A number measuring the size of a set."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/american-philosophy/": {"t": "American philosophy", "s": "American philosophy reflects and shapes collective American identity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/img/philosophical-traditions/american-philosophy.webp", "c": "John Burnet (1863-1928) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/gilbert-ryle/": {"t": "Gilbert Ryle", "s": "British philosopher who critiqued Cartesian dualism."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/belief/": {"t": "Belief", "s": "A subjective attitude that something is true.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/belief.webp", "c": "Hagai Agmon-Snir حچاي اچمون-سنير חגי אגמון-שניר · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/inference/": {"t": "Inference", "s": "Logical reasoning from premises to conclusions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/inference.webp", "c": "Gnathan87 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sentence-linguistics/": {"t": "Sentence (linguistics)", "s": "A linguistic unit expressing a thought or speech act."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/logical-consequence/": {"t": "Logical consequence", "s": "A fundamental concept in logic describing valid inference."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/explanation/": {"t": "Explanation", "s": "A set of statements clarifying causes, context, and consequences of facts."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/dialectic/": {"t": "Dialectic", "s": "A method of reasoning that progresses through resolving contradictions."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/natural-language/": {"t": "Natural language", "s": "A language emerging organically in a human community."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-science/": {"t": "Computer science", "s": "Study of computation, information, and automation spanning theory to application."}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/sets-and-logic/tautology-logic/": {"t": "Tautology (logic)", "s": "A formula true under all interpretations, central to propositional logic."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/formal-fallacy/": {"t": "Formal fallacy", "s": "A flaw in logical structure making an argument invalid."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/informal-fallacy/": {"t": "Informal fallacy", "s": "Incorrect natural language arguments due to content and context."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/fallacy/": {"t": "Fallacy", "s": "Faulty reasoning that renders an argument logically unsound."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/michel-foucault/": {"t": "Michel Foucault", "s": "French philosopher who analyzed power, knowledge, and social control.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/michel-foucault.webp", "c": "Michel Curi · CC BY 2.0"}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/critical-thinking/": {"t": "Critical thinking", "s": "Analyzing facts and arguments to form rational judgments."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/life-stance/": {"t": "Life stance", "s": "A term for ultimate concern, encompassing religious and non-religious views."}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/introspection/": {"t": "Introspection", "s": "Examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/daniel-dennett/": {"t": "Daniel Dennett", "s": "American philosopher and cognitive scientist"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/mental-representation/": {"t": "Mental representation", "s": "Internal cognitive symbols representing external reality and abstractions."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/causality/": {"t": "Causality", "s": "Causality is the influence by which a cause produces an effect."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/ancient-greek-philosophy/": {"t": "Ancient Greek philosophy", "s": "Ancient Greek philosophy shaped Western thought from its 6th century BCE origins."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/stoicism/": {"t": "Stoicism", "s": "Ancient Greek philosophy emphasizing virtue and rational living."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/theaetetus-dialogue/": {"t": "Theaetetus (dialogue)", "s": "Platonic dialogue investigating the nature of knowledge."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/politics/": {"t": "Politics", "s": "Activity of settling affairs in an organized society via government."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-and-foundations/e/set-theory-and-foundations/axiom/": {"t": "Axiom", "s": "A foundational statement accepted as true without proof."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/prejudice/": {"t": "Prejudice", "s": "Prejudice is an affective feeling or preconceived evaluation of a person based on perceived group membership, often resistant to rational influence."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/superstition/": {"t": "Superstition", "s": "Beliefs considered irrational or supernatural by non-practitioners."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/ren-descartes/": {"t": "René Descartes", "s": "Father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/rationalism/": {"t": "Rationalism", "s": "Epistemological view that reason is the chief source of knowledge."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/empiricism/": {"t": "Empiricism", "s": "Knowledge derives from sensory experience and empirical evidence."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/scientific-methodology/": {"t": "Scientific methodology", "s": "Empirical method for knowledge through observation, hypothesis, and experiment."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/thomas-paine/": {"t": "Thomas Paine", "s": "The firebrand pamphleteer who ignited revolutions on both sides of the Atlantic."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution/": {"t": "American Revolution", "s": "Political movement that created the sovereign United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: American Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/hypothesis/": {"t": "Hypothesis", "s": "A proposed explanation requiring testable and reproducible prediction."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-behavior/e/animal-behavior/animal-cognition/": {"t": "Animal cognition", "s": "Study of mental capacities in non-human animals."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/cryptids/e/cryptids-and-folklore/unicorns/": {"t": "Unicorns", "s": "Legendary one-horned beast of purity and medieval allegory."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/middle-english/": {"t": "Middle English", "s": "Middle English was the language of England after the Norman Conquest.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/middle-english.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle English · see source"}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/abstraction/": {"t": "Abstraction", "s": "The process of generalizing rules and concepts from specific examples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/abstraction.webp", "c": "Simon Pierre Barrette ( Cephas ( talk )) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/a-priori-and-a-posteriori/": {"t": "A priori and a posteriori", "s": "Two categories of knowledge: independent of experience (a priori) or dependent on empirical evidence (a posteriori).", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/a-priori-and-a-posteriori.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/morality/": {"t": "Morality", "s": "A system of standards for evaluating actions and character."}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/emotion/": {"t": "Emotion", "s": "Emotions are complex states with no single agreed definition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emotions/img/emotions/emotion.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/central-nervous-system/": {"t": "Central nervous system", "s": "Central nervous system integrates and coordinates body activity."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/divinity/": {"t": "Divinity", "s": "A term for sacred power, from diffuse force to monotheistic essence."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/spirituality/": {"t": "Spirituality", "s": "A term evolving from religious re-formation to subjective sacred experience."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genetics/": {"t": "Genetics", "s": "Study of genes and heredity"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-biology-and-behavior/e/animal-biology-and-behavior/imprinting-psychology/": {"t": "Imprinting (psychology)", "s": "A rapid learning process during a critical developmental phase."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/bhagavad-gita/": {"t": "Bhagavad Gita", "s": "The Bhagavad Gita is a Hindu scripture, likely composed in the second or first century BCE, forming part of the epic Mahabharata.", "i": "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/img/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/bhagavad-gita.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bhagavad Gita · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/e/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/martin-luther/": {"t": "Martin Luther", "s": "German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/thomas-aquinas/": {"t": "Thomas Aquinas", "s": "Angelic Doctor and Universal Teacher", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/thomas-aquinas.webp", "c": "Carlo Crivelli · via Wikipedia: Thomas Aquinas · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-darwin/": {"t": "Charles Darwin", "s": "English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/sets-and-logic/type-theory/": {"t": "Type theory", "s": "A formal system classifying expressions by types, used in logic, programming, and mathematics."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-logic/e/set-theory-and-logic/propositional-logic/": {"t": "Propositional logic", "s": "Branch of classical logic dealing with propositions and logical connectives."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-logic/e/set-theory-and-logic/principle-of-explosion/": {"t": "Principle of explosion", "s": "From a contradiction, any proposition can be inferred."}, 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"https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/stephen-hawking.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stephen Hawking · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/e/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/many-worlds-interpretation/": {"t": "Many-worlds interpretation", "s": "Interpretation where all quantum outcomes are real in separate worlds."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/heritability/": {"t": "Heritability", "s": "Statistic estimating genetic contribution to trait variation in a population."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/baruch-spinoza/": {"t": "Baruch Spinoza", "s": "Radical philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/heraclitus/": {"t": "Heraclitus", "s": "Pre-Socratic philosopher known for his doctrine of universal flux.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/heraclitus.webp", "c": "Vienna Porcelain Manufactory (Austria, Vienna, active 18th century), Johann Chri · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/classical-mechanics/": {"t": "Classical mechanics", "s": "Theory of forces and motion for macroscopic objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/classical-mechanics.webp", "c": "David, but not Hilbert · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/contradiction/": {"t": "Contradiction", "s": "A proposition unconditionally false, central to logical proof."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/german-idealism/": {"t": "German idealism", "s": "A movement seeking to reconcile reason, freedom, and reality."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-schelling/": {"t": "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph 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"c": "via Wikipedia: I Ching · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/tabula-rasa/": {"t": "Tabula rasa", "s": "The mind as a blank slate shaped by experience."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-anatomy/e/physiology-and-anatomy/sense/": {"t": "Sense", "s": "Biological systems for gathering and processing environmental information."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/falsifiability/": {"t": "Falsifiability", "s": "A logical criterion for distinguishing scientific from non-scientific statements."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-boyle/": {"t": "Robert Boyle", "s": "Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-boyle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Boyle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/ka-da/": {"t": "Kaṇāda", "s": "Ancient Indian philosopher who founded atomistic Vaisheshika school."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/avicenna/": {"t": "Avicenna", "s": "Preeminent philosopher and physician of the Islamic Golden Age."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/aristotelianism/": {"t": "Aristotelianism", "s": "Philosophical tradition inspired by Aristotle's logic, ethics, and metaphysics."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/giordano-bruno/": {"t": "Giordano Bruno", "s": "Italian philosopher burned at the stake for heresy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/george-berkeley/": {"t": "George Berkeley", "s": "Anglo-Irish philosopher and founder of immaterialism"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/david-hume/": {"t": "David Hume", "s": "Scottish philosopher known for empiricism and scepticism."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/fallibilism/": {"t": "Fallibilism", "s": "Philosophical principle that propositions are open to revision."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/french-philosophy/": {"t": "French philosophy", "s": "French philosophy shaped Western thought from Abelard to postmodernism."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/indian-philosophy/": {"t": "Indian philosophy", "s": "Indian philosophy comprises the philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent, often called darśana (meaning 'to see' or 'looking at') and also referred t"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/chinese-philosophy/": {"t": "Chinese philosophy", "s": "Philosophical traditions originating and developing within China's historical context."}, "https://codexery.com/pasta/e/pasta-and-noodles/lasagne/": {"t": "Lasagne", "s": "A layered pasta dish with ancient roots and regional Italian variations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pasta/img/pasta-and-noodles/lasagne.webp", "c": "Sambawamba · via Wikipedia: Lasagna · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/medieval-philosophy/": {"t": "Medieval philosophy", "s": "Medieval philosophy integrated ancient thought with theological inquiry."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/applied-ethics/": {"t": "Applied ethics", "s": "Practical moral reasoning for real-world dilemmas across professions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/img/philosophical-traditions/applied-ethics.webp", "c": "D. P. Chase · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaethics/": {"t": "Metaethics", "s": "Study of the nature and meaning of moral judgment and values."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/e/reproduction-and-development/abortion/": {"t": "Abortion", "s": "Medical procedure ending pregnancy; subject of global legal and ethical debate."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/consequentialism/": {"t": "Consequentialism", "s": "Ethical theory judging acts by their consequences."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/deontology/": {"t": "Deontology", "s": "Ethical theory judging actions by rules, not consequences."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/courage/": {"t": "Courage", "s": "Courage is deliberate choice amid fear for a worthy goal."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/compassion/": {"t": "Compassion", "s": "Social emotion motivating relief of suffering in others and self."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/meaning-of-life/": {"t": "Meaning of life", "s": "A contested concept of inherent significance in human existence."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/aristotelian-ethics/": {"t": "Aristotelian ethics", "s": "Ethics as the pursuit of virtue for human flourishing."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/medical-ethics/": {"t": "Medical ethics", "s": "Analyzing the practice of clinical medicine and related scientific research."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/environmental-ethics/": {"t": "Environmental ethics", "s": "Field reconstructing arguments for protecting natural entities and sustainable resource use."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/g-e-m-anscombe/": {"t": "G. 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Anscombe", "s": "British analytic philosopher, student of Wittgenstein, introduced consequentialism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers/img/philosophers/g-e-m-anscombe.webp", "c": "Albarluque · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/duty/": {"t": "Duty", "s": "A commitment or expectation to perform an action."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/common-sense/": {"t": "Common sense", "s": "A shared capacity for sound judgment, debated since Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/common-sense.webp", "c": "Joyofmuseums · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/contingency-philosophy/": {"t": "Contingency (philosophy)", "s": "A statement that is neither necessary nor impossible."}, "https://codexery.com/holiday-characters/e/holiday-characters/santa-claus/": {"t": "Santa Claus", "s": "Legendary gift-bringer on Christmas Eve, rooted in Saint Nicholas."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/ancient-philosophy/": {"t": "Ancient philosophy", "s": "Ancient philosophy spans multiple cultures from the Axial Age to early medieval thought.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/img/philosophical-traditions/ancient-philosophy.webp", "c": "John Burnet (1863-1928) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/buddhist-philosophy/": {"t": "Buddhist philosophy", "s": "Ancient Indian system combining rational inquiry and meditation for liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/sets-and-logic/set-mathematics/": {"t": "Set (mathematics)", "s": "A set is a collection of different things, typically mathematical objects."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/martin-heidegger/": {"t": "Martin Heidegger", "s": "German philosopher who developed phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism, and whose work was shaped by his controversial Nazi involvement."}, "https://codexery.com/birds/e/birds/bird/": {"t": "Bird", "s": "Warm-blooded, feathered vertebrates that are the only living dinosaurs."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/choice/": {"t": "Choice", "s": "Choice is the range of different things from which a being can choose."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/altered-state-of-consciousness/": {"t": "Altered state of consciousness", "s": "A temporary mental state differing from normal waking consciousness.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/altered-state-of-consciousness.webp", "c": "missing name · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/mind-body-problem/": {"t": "Mind–body problem", "s": "Philosophical problem of how mind and body relate."}, "https://codexery.com/sensory-systems/e/sensory-systems/visual-perception/": {"t": "Visual perception", "s": "Visual perception is the active process of interpreting light to form meaningful representations of the environment."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/hallucination/": {"t": "Hallucination", "s": "A perception in the absence of an external stimulus, with the compelling sense of reality."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abraham-lincoln/": {"t": "Abraham Lincoln", "s": "16th president who led the Union through the Civil War and abolished slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-sanders-peirce/": {"t": "Charles Sanders Peirce", "s": "American scientist, mathematician, logician, and philosopher; father of pragmatism"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/roger-bacon/": {"t": "Roger Bacon", "s": "Medieval English polymath and early advocate of empiricism"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/thomas-kuhn/": {"t": "Thomas Kuhn", "s": "Historian and philosopher of science who popularized the term 'paradigm shift'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/philosophers-and-logicians/thomas-kuhn.webp", "c": "Bob Bielk · via Wikipedia: Thomas Kuhn · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-cent/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/percy-williams-bridgman/": {"t": "Percy Williams Bridgman", "s": "American physicist and Nobel laureate in high-pressure physics."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/common-law/": {"t": "Common law", "s": "Judge-made legal system originating in medieval England."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/jurisprudence/": {"t": "Jurisprudence", "s": "The philosophy of law, examining what law is and ought to be."}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/plaintiff/": {"t": "Plaintiff", "s": "Party who initiates a lawsuit seeking legal remedy."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/mass-media/": {"t": "Mass media", "s": "The definitive guide to mass media: history, classification, and influence."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/propaganda/": {"t": "Propaganda", "s": "Communication used to influence audiences and further an agenda."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/john-stuart-mill/": {"t": "John Stuart Mill", "s": "English philosopher of liberalism."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/protagoras/": {"t": "Protagoras", "s": "Pre-Socratic sophist who argued that truth is relative to each individual."}, "/e/philosophical-concepts/determinism/": {"t": "Determinism", "s": "The view that all events occur in only one possible way."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/epictetus/": {"t": "Epictetus", "s": "Greek Stoic philosopher who taught control of one's own actions."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/mind-body-dualism/": {"t": "Mind–body dualism", "s": "Views that mind and body are distinct and separable."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/thomas-reid/": {"t": "Thomas Reid", "s": "Thomas Reid (1710–1796) was a Scottish philosopher and religious minister who founded the Scottish School of Common Sense.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/philosophers-and-logicians/thomas-reid.webp", "c": "http://www.abcgallery.com/R/raeburn/raeburn4.html · via Wikipedia: Thomas Reid · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/niels-bohr/": {"t": "Niels Bohr", "s": "Danish physicist who revolutionized atomic theory and 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"https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/emergence/": {"t": "Emergence", "s": "Emergence describes wholes with properties not found in their parts."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/supernatural/": {"t": "Supernatural", "s": "Concept of phenomena beyond the laws of nature."}, "https://codexery.com/hallucinations/e/hallucinations/psychedelic-drug/": {"t": "Psychedelic drug", "s": "Classic hallucinogens that alter perception and cognition via serotonin receptors."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/absolute-philosophy/": {"t": "Absolute (philosophy)", "s": "A self-sufficient reality transcending all limitation and relativity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/img/philosophical-traditions/absolute-philosophy.webp", "c": "Mykola Swarnyk · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/jean-paul-sartre/": {"t": "Jean-Paul Sartre", "s": "French existentialist philosopher, political activist, and writer"}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-philosophy/e/nonfiction-and-philosophy/being-and-nothingness/": {"t": "Being and Nothingness", "s": "In Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology, published in 1943, Jean-Paul Sartre builds a philosophical system to support his existentialism"}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/three-dimensional-space/": {"t": "Three-dimensional space", "s": "Three coordinates define a point in space."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/day/": {"t": "Day", "s": "The time period of a full rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/chronology-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Chronology of 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"https://codexery.com/satellite-navigation-and-gps/e/satellite-navigation-and-gps/global-positioning-system/": {"t": "Global Positioning System", "s": "A satellite navigation system providing global positioning and timing."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/time-in-physics/": {"t": "Time in physics", "s": "Time is defined by measurement and is a fundamental quantity in physics."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/problem-of-time/": {"t": "Problem of time", "s": "A conflict between quantum mechanics and general relativity over time.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/img/relativity-and-spacetime/problem-of-time.webp", "c": "cmglee · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/international-system-of-units/": {"t": "International System of Units", "s": "The modern metric system used worldwide for measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/metrology/e/metrology/international-system-of-quantities/": {"t": "International System of Quantities", "s": "The standard system of quantities underlying the SI, codified in ISO/IEC 80000."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/paleolithic/": {"t": "Paleolithic", "s": "The Old Stone Age: from the first stone tools to the end of the Pleistocene."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/solstice/": {"t": "Solstice", "s": "Twice-yearly event when the Sun's declination appears to stand still."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox/": {"t": "Equinox", "s": "Twice-yearly moment when day and night are nearly equal worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox.webp", "c": "江戸村のとくぞう · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-gregory-xiii/": {"t": "Pope Gregory XIII", "s": "The pope who gave us the calendar"}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-cosmology/e/buddhist-cosmology/kalachakra/": {"t": "Kalachakra", "s": "A tantric tradition of time cycles and enlightened transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/christian-eschatology/": {"t": "Christian eschatology", "s": "Study of the 'last things' in Christian theology."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/eschatology/": {"t": "Eschatology", "s": "Study of end times across religions and philosophies."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-cosmology/e/buddhist-cosmology/wheel-of-time/": {"t": "Wheel of time", "s": "Cyclical time concept in multiple religious and cultural traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/minkowski-spacetime/": {"t": "Minkowski spacetime", "s": "Four-dimensional model unifying space and time in special relativity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/img/relativity-and-spacetime/minkowski-spacetime.webp", "c": "Simon Tyran, Vienna (Yukterez) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/light-year/": {"t": "Light-year", "s": "A unit of distance, not time, used for astronomical scales."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/william-james/": {"t": "William James", "s": "Father of American psychology and co-founder of pragmatism."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cerebral-cortex/": {"t": "Cerebral cortex", "s": "Outer neural layer of the cerebrum, key to higher cognition."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cerebellum/": {"t": "Cerebellum", "s": "The cerebellum fine-tunes movement and supports cognitive functions."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/circadian-rhythm/": {"t": "Circadian rhythm", "s": "Endogenous 24-hour cycles coordinating life with the environment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/img/ecology-and-behavior/circadian-rhythm.webp", "c": "Srruhh · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/psychoactive-drug/": {"t": "Psychoactive drug", "s": "Substances that alter brain function and consciousness across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/ailments-of-unknown-cause/e/ailments-of-unknown-cause/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/": {"t": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", "s": "A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and emotional dysregulation."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/stimulant/": {"t": "Stimulant", "s": "A class of drugs that increase alertness and sympathetic nervous system activity."}, "https://codexery.com/addictive-substances-medications/e/addictive-substances-and-medications/depressant/": {"t": "Depressant", "s": "Depressants reduce brain activity and are used medicinally and recreationally."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/neurotransmitter/": {"t": "Neurotransmitter", "s": "Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons or to target cells."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/norepinephrine/": {"t": "Norepinephrine", "s": "A catecholamine hormone and neurotransmitter that mobilizes the body for action."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/developmental-psychology/": {"t": "Developmental psychology", "s": "Scientific study of human growth and change across the lifespan."}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/feeling/": {"t": "Feeling", "s": "A self-contained phenomenal experience, subjective and evaluative.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emotions/img/emotions/feeling.webp", "c": "Adriaen Brouwer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-and-foundations/e/set-theory-and-foundations/axiomatic-system/": {"t": "Axiomatic system", "s": "Axiomatic systems: the deductive backbone of mathematics and logic."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/gravity/": {"t": "Gravity", "s": "Gravity is the fundamental attraction between objects with mass.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/gravity.webp", "c": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Nicoguaro · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/marcel-duchamp/": {"t": "Marcel Duchamp", "s": "French artist who created readymades as an antidote to retinal art."}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/sculpture/fountain-duchamp/": {"t": "Fountain (Duchamp)", "s": "A porcelain urinal that redefined art through choice."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andy-warhol/": {"t": "Andy Warhol", "s": "The most important artist of the second half of the 20th century"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/cubism/": {"t": "Cubism", "s": "Avant-garde movement that revolutionized visual art through multiple perspectives."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/dada/": {"t": "Dada", "s": "International art movement rejecting prevailing ideas of art and society."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/igor-stravinsky/": {"t": "Igor Stravinsky", "s": "Russian composer whose ballets for Diaghilev reshaped twentieth-century classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/igor-stravinsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Igor Stravinsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/jean-fran-ois-lyotard/": {"t": "Jean-François Lyotard", "s": "French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist known for articulating postmodernism after the late 1970s."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/modern-and-contemporary-artists/joseph-beuys/": {"t": "Joseph Beuys", "s": "German artist and theorist of humanism, Fluxus, and performance art.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/modern-and-contemporary-artists/joseph-beuys.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Joseph Beuys · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/rembrandt/": {"t": "Rembrandt", "s": "Dutch Golden Age master of light, shadow, and human emotion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/rembrandt.webp", "c": "Rembrandt · via Wikipedia: Rembrandt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach/": {"t": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "s": "Master of counterpoint and Baroque composition", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/on-the-soul/": {"t": "On the Soul", "s": "Aristotle's treatise classifying souls by their operations."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/zeno-of-citium/": {"t": "Zeno of Citium", "s": "Founder of Stoicism, philosopher from Citium, Cyprus"}, "https://codexery.com/legends/e/legends/feral-child/": {"t": "Feral child", "s": "Children isolated from human contact, lacking socialization and language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legends/img/legends/feral-child.webp", "c": "Theoryofrebecca · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/phaedo/": {"t": "Phaedo", "s": "Follower of Socrates and narrator of his final dialogue."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-philosophy/e/nonfiction-and-philosophy/apology-plato/": {"t": "Apology (Plato)", "s": "Plato's account of Socrates' trial defence against impiety and corruption."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/noam-chomsky/": {"t": "Noam Chomsky", "s": "Father of modern linguistics and influential political critic."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/gender-identity/": {"t": "Gender identity", "s": "Personal sense of one's own gender, distinct from assigned sex."}}