[{"n": "Duty", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/duty/", "s": "A commitment or expectation to perform an action."}, {"n": "Egoism", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/egoism/", "s": "Philosophy of self-interest as motivation and goal of action."}, {"n": "Emergence", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/emergence/", "s": "Emergence describes wholes with properties not found in their parts."}, {"n": "Essentially contested concept", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/essentially-contested-concept/", "s": "Abstract terms whose proper use invites endless disputes."}, {"n": "Evidence", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/evidence/", "s": "Evidence supports propositions, varying across fields and theories."}, {"n": "Explanation", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/explanation/", "s": "A set of statements clarifying causes, context, and consequences of facts."}, {"n": "Fallibilism", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/fallibilism/", "s": "Philosophical principle that propositions are open to revision."}, {"n": "Falsifiability", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/falsifiability/", "s": "A logical criterion for distinguishing scientific from non-scientific statements."}, {"n": "Fatalism", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/fatalism/", "s": "Belief that all events are predetermined and beyond human control."}, {"n": "Formal fallacy", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/formal-fallacy/", "s": "A flaw in logical structure making an argument invalid."}, {"n": "Idea", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/idea/", "s": "A fundamental concept in philosophy, debated since antiquity."}, {"n": "Inductivism", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/inductivism/", "s": "Philosophy that theories derive from neutral observation and induction."}, {"n": "Informal fallacy", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/informal-fallacy/", "s": "Incorrect natural language arguments due to content and context."}, {"n": "Informal logic", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/informal-logic/", "s": "Study of reasoning in ordinary language outside formal logic."}, {"n": "Inquiry", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/inquiry/", "s": "Inquiry is any process aimed at augmenting knowledge or resolving doubt."}, {"n": "Logical consequence", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/logical-consequence/", "s": "A fundamental concept in logic describing valid inference."}, {"n": "Logical positivism", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/logical-positivism/", "s": "A movement seeking scientific philosophy through empirical verification."}, {"n": "Materialism", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/materialism/", "s": "Matter is the fundamental substance of nature."}, {"n": "Meaning (philosophy)", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/meaning-philosophy/", "s": "Philosophical study of sense, reference, and significance."}, {"n": "Meaning of life", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/meaning-of-life/", "s": "A contested concept of inherent significance in human existence."}, {"n": "Mental representation", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/mental-representation/", "s": "Internal cognitive symbols representing external reality and abstractions."}, {"n": "Metaethics", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaethics/", "s": "Study of the nature and meaning of moral judgment and values."}, {"n": "Metaphilosophy", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphilosophy/", "s": "The self-reflective inquiry into the nature of philosophy."}, {"n": "Metaphysical naturalism", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphysical-naturalism/", "s": "Worldview that only natural elements and laws exist."}, {"n": "Metaphysics", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphysics/", "s": "Study of the most fundamental structure of reality."}, {"n": "Mimesis", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/mimesis/", "s": "Representation of reality in art and literature."}, {"n": "Mind–body dualism", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/mind-body-dualism/", "s": "Views that mind and body are distinct and separable."}, {"n": "Mind–body problem", "u": "/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/mind-body-problem/", "s": "Philosophical problem of how mind and body relate."}]