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Green · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/surrey/": {"t": "Surrey", "s": "A historic county in South East England with dense woodland."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/evangelicalism/": {"t": "Evangelicalism", "s": "Interdenominational Protestant movement emphasizing evangelism and personal conversion."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/anglicanism/": {"t": "Anglicanism", "s": "A Western Christian tradition rooted in the Church of England."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/immanuel-kant/": {"t": "Immanuel Kant", "s": "Central thinker of the Enlightenment, known for transcendental idealism and the categorical imperative."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-philosophy/e/nonfiction-and-philosophy/critique-of-pure-reason/": {"t": "Critique of Pure Reason", "s": "Kant's work seeking the limits and scope of metaphysics."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphysics/": {"t": "Metaphysics", "s": "Study of the most fundamental structure of reality."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/": {"t": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "s": "German philosopher and major figure in German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/dialectic/": {"t": "Dialectic", "s": "A method of reasoning that progresses through resolving contradictions."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/empiricism/": {"t": "Empiricism", "s": "Knowledge derives from sensory experience and empirical evidence."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-locke/": {"t": "John Locke", "s": "Father of liberalism and influential Enlightenment thinker"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/david-hume/": {"t": "David Hume", "s": "Scottish philosopher known for empiricism and scepticism."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/german-idealism/": {"t": "German idealism", "s": "A movement seeking to reconcile reason, freedom, and reality."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/johann-gottlieb-fichte/": {"t": "Johann Gottlieb Fichte", "s": "German philosopher and founding figure of German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/epistemology/": {"t": "Epistemology", "s": "Philosophical study of knowledge, its sources, and its limits."}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/george-herbert-mead/": {"t": "George Herbert Mead", "s": "Pragmatist philosopher and founder of symbolic interactionism"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/pragmatism/": {"t": "Pragmatism", "s": "A philosophical tradition emphasizing practical consequences over abstract representation."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/richard-rorty/": {"t": "Richard Rorty", "s": "American philosopher who argued knowledge is linguistic and contingent."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/g-e-moore/": {"t": "G. 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Eliot", "s": "Anglo-Catholic poet linked to the broader Catholic literary revival."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/analytic-philosophy/": {"t": "Analytic philosophy", "s": "A school of thought emphasizing analysis, logic, and the linguistic turn."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/tractatus-logico-philosophicus/": {"t": "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus", "s": "A philosophical work on language, reality, and the limits of science.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/img/philosophy-and-theory/tractatus-logico-philosophicus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/archbishop-of-canterbury/": {"t": "Archbishop of Canterbury", "s": "Senior bishop and primate of the Church of England, spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/e/psychologists-and-education-theorists/a-s-neill/": {"t": "A. 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Neill · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/economists-and-economic-thinkers/e/economists-and-economic-thinkers/piero-sraffa/": {"t": "Piero Sraffa", "s": "Italian political economist who founded the neo-Ricardian school.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economists-and-economic-thinkers/img/economists-and-economic-thinkers/piero-sraffa.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Piero Sraffa · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/italians/": {"t": "Italians", "s": "An ethnic group native to Italy with a global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/philosophical-investigations/": {"t": "Philosophical Investigations", "s": "Posthumous work ranked most important 20th-century philosophy book."}, "https://codexery.com/zoonoses/e/zoonoses/leptospirosis/": {"t": "Leptospirosis", "s": "A bacterial blood infection affecting humans and animals worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/decidability-logic/": {"t": "Decidability (logic)", "s": "Decidability concerns effective methods for logical membership."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-scientists-and-programmers/e/computer-scientists-and-programmers/alonzo-church/": {"t": "Alonzo Church", "s": "Founder of computer science and inventor of lambda calculus."}, "https://codexery.com/combinatorics/e/combinatorics/combinatorics/": {"t": "Combinatorics", "s": "Mathematics of counting, arrangement, and optimization in finite systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/combinatorics/img/combinatorics/combinatorics.webp", "c": "Dom walden · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/combinatorics/e/combinatorics/ramsey-theory/": {"t": "Ramsey theory", "s": "Branch of combinatorics on guaranteed order in large structures."}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/sets-and-logic/type-theory/": {"t": "Type theory", "s": "A formal system classifying expressions by types, used in logic, programming, and mathematics."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/alfred-north-whitehead/": {"t": "Alfred North Whitehead", "s": "English mathematician and philosopher who founded process philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/principia-mathematica/": {"t": "Principia Mathematica", "s": "Three-volume work on foundations of mathematics by Whitehead and Russell."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/kurt-g-del/": {"t": "Kurt Gödel", "s": "Logician who proved limits of formal axiomatic systems."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edmund-husserl/": {"t": "Edmund Husserl", "s": "Austrian and German philosopher who founded phenomenology."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/tom-s-masaryk/": {"t": "Tomás Masaryk", "s": "First president and founding father of Czechoslovakia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/tom-s-masaryk.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tomáš Masaryk · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/rudolf-steiner/": {"t": "Rudolf Steiner", "s": "Austrian founder of anthroposophy and spiritual science."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/contemporary-philosophy/": {"t": "Contemporary philosophy", "s": "The present period in Western 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and Hegel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers/img/philosophers/friedrich-wilhelm-joseph-schelling.webp", "c": "Rufus46 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/lutheranism/": {"t": "Lutheranism", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism arising from Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/poets-and-lyricists/e/poets-and-lyricists/novalis/": {"t": "Novalis", "s": "German poet and philosopher of Jena Romanticism."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/heraclitus/": {"t": "Heraclitus", "s": "Pre-Socratic philosopher known for his doctrine of universal flux.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/heraclitus.webp", "c": "Vienna Porcelain Manufactory (Austria, Vienna, active 18th century), Johann Chri · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bordeaux/": {"t": "Bordeaux", "s": 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"https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/hermeneutics/": {"t": "Hermeneutics", "s": "Study of methodological principles of interpretation, especially of texts."}, "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-theologians/e/protestant-reformers-and-theologians/karl-barth/": {"t": "karl-barth", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/wroc-aw/": {"t": "Wrocław", "s": "Historical capital of Silesia on the Oder River."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/rationalism/": {"t": "Rationalism", "s": "Epistemological view that reason is the chief source of knowledge."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/baruch-spinoza/": {"t": "Baruch Spinoza", "s": "Radical philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/ethics/": {"t": "Ethics", "s": "Philosophical study of moral phenomena and normative questions."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/politics/": {"t": "Politics", "s": "Activity of settling affairs in an organized society via government."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/pedagogy/": {"t": "Pedagogy", "s": "The theory and 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"https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/gotthold-ephraim-lessing/": {"t": "Gotthold Ephraim Lessing", "s": "German Enlightenment philosopher, dramatist, and first dramaturg."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "/e/philosophers/friedrich-h-lderlin/": {"t": "Friedrich Hölderlin", "s": "German poet and philosopher of German Romanticism and Idealism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers/img/philosophers/friedrich-h-lderlin.webp", "c": "Johannes Baier · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/baden-w-rttemberg/": {"t": "Baden-Württemberg", "s": "A prosperous German state formed from Baden, Württemberg, and Hohenzollern."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/ancient-greek-philosophy/": {"t": "Ancient Greek philosophy", "s": "Ancient Greek 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"https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin/": {"t": "Mikhail Bakunin", "s": "Russian revolutionary anarchist and political philosopher", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin.webp", "c": "chrisaliv · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historians-and-philosophers-of-history/e/historians-and-philosophers-of-history/jacob-burckhardt/": {"t": "Jacob Burckhardt", "s": "Swiss historian who shaped the study of the Renaissance and cultural history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/friedrich-engels/": {"t": "Friedrich Engels", "s": "Revolutionary socialist and co-founder of Marxism"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/consequentialism/": {"t": "Consequentialism", "s": "Ethical theory judging acts by their consequences."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/irish-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Irish War of Independence", "s": "Guerrilla war between IRA and British forces, 1919–1921."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/hiroshima/": {"t": "Hiroshima", "s": "First city targeted by a nuclear weapon in history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/c-s-lewis/": {"t": "C. 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Lewis", "s": "Author of The Chronicles of Narnia and Christian apologist"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/logical-positivism/": {"t": "Logical positivism", "s": "A movement seeking scientific philosophy through empirical verification."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/belief/": {"t": "Belief", "s": "A subjective attitude that something is true.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/belief.webp", "c": "Hagai Agmon-Snir حچاي اچمون-سنير חגי אגמון-שניר · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/roger-scruton/": {"t": "Roger Scruton", "s": "English philosopher and conservative thinker who shaped modern aesthetics."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/henri-bergson/": {"t": "Henri Bergson", "s": "French philosopher of intuition and time, Nobel laureate in literature."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/paul-ric-ur/": {"t": "Paul Ricœur", "s": "French philosopher of hermeneutic phenomenology"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/french-philosophy/": {"t": "French philosophy", "s": "French philosophy shaped Western thought from Abelard to postmodernism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/jean-paul-sartre/": {"t": "Jean-Paul Sartre", "s": "French existentialist philosopher, political activist, and writer"}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-red-cross-and-red-crescent-movement/": {"t": "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement", "s": "Humanitarian movement founded to alleviate suffering and protect human life."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/materialism/": {"t": 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"michel-foucault", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/jacques-derrida/": {"t": "Jacques Derrida", "s": "French philosopher who developed deconstruction, influencing humanities and social sciences.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/jacques-derrida.webp", "c": "Frege-Pierre Dubois · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/pierre-bourdieu/": {"t": "Pierre Bourdieu", "s": "French sociologist and public intellectual known for concepts such as habitus, field, and cultural capital."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-political-theorists-and-sociologi/e/modern-political-theorists-and-sociologists/bruno-latour/": {"t": "bruno-latour", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/a-priori-and-a-posteriori/": {"t": "A priori and a posteriori", "s": "Two categories of knowledge: independent of experience (a 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Agence photographique (commanditaire) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/claude-l-vi-strauss/": {"t": "Claude Lévi-Strauss", "s": "Belgian-born French anthropologist and key figure in structuralism"}, "https://codexery.com/ritual/e/ritual/potlatch/": {"t": "Potlatch", "s": "Gift-giving feast central to Indigenous governance and economy."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/simone-weil/": {"t": "Simone Weil", "s": "French philosopher, mystic, and activist who lived by her uncompromising ethics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/philosophers-and-logicians/simone-weil.webp", "c": "Unknown · via Wikipedia: Simone Weil · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/the-phenomenology-of-spirit/": {"t": "The Phenomenology of Spirit", "s": "Hegel's first major work on the development of consciousness."}, "https://codexery.com/famous-paintings/e/famous-paintings/vitruvian-man/": {"t": "Vitruvian Man", "s": "Leonardo da Vinci's iconic study of ideal human proportions."}, "https://codexery.com/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/e/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/james-george-frazer/": {"t": "James George Frazer", "s": "Scottish anthropologist who studied myth, ritual, and cultural evolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/img/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/james-george-frazer.webp", "c": "Contemporary photograph · via Wikipedia: James George Frazer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/thomas-aquinas/": {"t": "Thomas Aquinas", "s": "Angelic Doctor and Universal Teacher", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/thomas-aquinas.webp", "c": "Maksim Sokolov (Maxergon) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/philosophers/gaston-bachelard/": {"t": "Gaston Bachelard", "s": "French philosopher who contributed to poetics and the philosophy of science."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/medical-doctor/": {"t": "Medical doctor", "s": "Health professional who practices medicine to promote and restore health."}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/raymond-aron/": {"t": "Raymond Aron", "s": "French philosopher and journalist, critic of Marxism and defender of liberal democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/toulouse/": {"t": "Toulouse", "s": "The Pink City"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/auvergne/": {"t": "Auvergne", "s": "Central French region of volcanoes, Arverni heritage, and agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-psychiatrists/e/psychologists-and-psychiatrists/jacques-lacan/": {"t": "jacques-lacan", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historian/": {"t": "Historian", "s": "Scholar who studies and writes about the past.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historian.webp", "c": "Anasuyas · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/semiotics/": {"t": "Semiotics", "s": "The study of signs and meaning-making across all domains."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/aphorism/": {"t": "Aphorism", "s": "A short saying that requires interpretation."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/jurisprudence/": {"t": "Jurisprudence", "s": "The philosophy of law, examining what law is and ought to be."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/aristotelianism/": {"t": "Aristotelianism", "s": "Philosophical tradition inspired by Aristotle's logic, ethics, and metaphysics."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cicero/": {"t": "Cicero", "s": "Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who shaped Latin rhetoric and thought."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/samuel-beckett/": {"t": "Samuel Beckett", "s": "Irish playwright, novelist, and poet; key figure in the Theatre of the Absurd.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/samuel-beckett.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Samuel Beckett · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/e/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce/": {"t": "James Joyce", "s": "Modernist prose master whose works center on Dublin and revolutionized literary style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/img/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Joyce · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/novels-major-fiction/e/novels-and-major-fiction/finnegans-wake/": {"t": "Finnegans Wake", "s": "A novel by James Joyce, published on 4 May 1939 after seventeen years of composition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/novels-major-fiction/img/novels-and-major-fiction/finnegans-wake.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Finnegans Wake · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/karl-marx/": {"t": "Karl Marx", "s": "German philosopher and revolutionary socialist who developed Marxism."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/equality-before-the-law/": {"t": "Equality before the law", "s": "All are equal before the law without discrimination."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/orientalism-book/": {"t": "Orientalism (book)", "s": "Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978) argues that Western scholarship about the Eastern world—encompassing Asia and North Africa—is fundamentally tied to the imperia"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/daniel-dennett/": {"t": "Daniel Dennett", "s": "American philosopher and cognitive scientist"}, "/e/philosophers/franz-brentano/": {"t": "Franz Brentano", "s": "German philosopher who revived intentionality and influenced phenomenology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers/img/philosophers/franz-brentano.webp", "c": "Franz Anton Brentano · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/mind-body-dualism/": {"t": "Mind–body dualism", "s": "Views that mind and body are distinct and separable."}, "https://codexery.com/maps-their-symbols/e/maps-and-their-symbols/cartography/": {"t": "Cartography", "s": "The art and science of making and using maps."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geography/": {"t": "Geography", "s": "Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/noam-chomsky/": {"t": "Noam Chomsky", "s": "Father of modern linguistics and influential political critic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herbert-a-simon/": {"t": "Herbert A. Simon", "s": "Pioneer of bounded rationality and artificial intelligence"}, "/e/philosophers/jerry-fodor/": {"t": "Jerry Fodor", "s": "American philosopher who shaped philosophy of mind and cognitive science."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/sapienza-university-of-rome/": {"t": "Sapienza University of Rome", "s": "Oldest pontifical university and Europe's largest by enrollment."}, "/e/philosophers/georges-bataille/": {"t": "Georges Bataille", "s": "French writer and theorist of transgression, expenditure, and the sacred."}, "/e/philosophers/hannah-arendt/": {"t": "Hannah Arendt", "s": "German-Jewish philosopher and political theorist whose coverage of the Eichmann trial introduced 'the banality of evil.'"}, "/e/philosophers/jean-fran-ois-lyotard/": {"t": "Jean-François Lyotard", "s": "French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist known for articulating postmodernism after the late 1970s."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/roman-law/": {"t": "Roman law", "s": "The legal system of ancient Rome, spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence and influencing much of Western and Eastern European law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/img/international-law-and-diplomacy/roman-law.webp", "c": "Jebulon · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/christian-theology/": {"t": "Christian theology", "s": "Systematic study of Christian belief and practice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/img/christian-theology/christian-theology.webp", "c": "Montignac · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustine-of-hippo/": {"t": "Augustine of Hippo", "s": "Influential Christian theologian and philosopher of the Patristic Period."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/carl-schmitt/": {"t": "Carl Schmitt", "s": "Controversial German jurist and Nazi legal theorist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/carl-schmitt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Carl Schmitt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/fingerprint/": {"t": "Fingerprint", "s": "Unique friction ridge impressions used for human identification."}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-film-directors/e/auteur-film-directors/pier-paolo-pasolini/": {"t": "Pier Paolo Pasolini", "s": "Italian poet, filmmaker, and Marxist intellectual", "i": "https://codexery.com/auteur-film-directors/img/auteur-film-directors/pier-paolo-pasolini.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alice Rohrwacher · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/guy-debord/": {"t": "Guy Debord", "s": "French Marxist theorist and filmmaker who founded the Situationist International and authored The Society of the Spectacle."}, "https://codexery.com/sociologists-and-political-theorists/e/sociologists-and-political-theorists/antonio-negri/": {"t": "Antonio Negri", "s": "Italian autonomist Marxist philosopher and co-author of Empire"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/herman-melville/": {"t": "Herman Melville", "s": "American writer of the American Renaissance period, best known for Moby-Dick."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/concentration-camp/": {"t": "Concentration camp", "s": "From colonial reconcentración to industrial genocide—a tool of oppression.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/concentration-camp.webp", "c": "Ozzy Chatgris · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/state-of-emergency/": {"t": "State of emergency", "s": "Government empowerment to act beyond normal limits for citizen safety."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/max-weber/": {"t": "Max Weber", "s": "German sociologist and key theorist of rationalisation and authority."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/e/psychologists-and-education-theorists/francis-galton/": {"t": "Francis Galton", "s": "English polymath who originated eugenics and pioneered statistical analysis of human traits."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/surveillance/": {"t": "Surveillance", "s": "Systematic observation for information gathering, influence, or control."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/vichy-france/": {"t": "Vichy France", "s": "French rump state headed by Philippe Pétain during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/luigi-pirandello/": {"t": "Luigi Pirandello", "s": "Italian dramatist awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/anti-clericalism/": {"t": "Anti-clericalism", "s": "Opposition to religious authority, often targeting the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/totalitarianism/": {"t": "Totalitarianism", "s": "A political system that completely controls public and private life through ideology, repression, and state terror."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-schopenhauer/": {"t": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "s": "German philosopher known for pessimism and The World as Will and Representation."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/humanism/": {"t": "Humanism", "s": "A philosophy centered on human agency, reason, and well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/hungarian-communist-party/": {"t": "Hungarian Communist Party", "s": "Communist party that ruled Hungary briefly in 1919 and after WWII."}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/georg-simmel/": {"t": "Georg Simmel", "s": "German sociologist, philosopher, and critic; a founding figure of sociology and pioneer of relational sociology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/img/political-and-social-theorists/georg-simmel.webp", "c": "OTFW , Berlin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin/": {"t": "Vladimir Lenin", "s": "First head of Soviet Russia and founder of Leninism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/modernism/": {"t": "Modernism", "s": "Early 20th-century movement emphasizing experimentation and subjective experience."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/henrik-ibsen/": {"t": "Henrik Ibsen", "s": "Norwegian playwright considered father of modern drama."}, "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/e/playwrights-and-dramatists/august-strindberg/": {"t": "August Strindberg", "s": "Swedish playwright and novelist, father of modern Swedish literature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/img/playwrights-and-dramatists/august-strindberg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: August Strindberg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/karl-mannheim/": {"t": "Karl Mannheim", "s": "Hungarian sociologist and seminal figure in the study of generations."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/b-la-bart-k/": {"t": "Béla Bartók", "s": "Hungarian composer and ethnomusicologist"}, "https://codexery.com/european-literary-masters/e/european-literary-masters/thomas-mann/": {"t": "Thomas Mann", "s": "Nobel laureate and chronicler of the European soul", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-literary-masters/img/european-literary-masters/thomas-mann.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge/": {"t": "Great Purge", "s": "A Soviet political purge targeting dissenters and perceived enemies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge.webp", "c": "Stefanguzvica · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/tashkent/": {"t": "Tashkent", "s": "The Stone City at the Crossroads of Cultures", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/img/asian-cities/tashkent.webp", "c": "Sneedicture · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/hungarian-language/": {"t": "Hungarian language", "s": "A Ugric language of the Uralic family, spoken by 14 million people."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/e/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/adolf-eichmann/": {"t": "Adolf Eichmann", "s": "Nazi organizer of the Holocaust, captured by Mossad in Argentina and executed in Israel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/img/infamous-spies-assassins-and-criminals/adolf-eichmann.webp", "c": "Willem van de Poll · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university/": {"t": "Heidelberg University", "s": "Germany's oldest university, founded in 1386.", "i": 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"https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/karl-popper/": {"t": "Karl Popper", "s": "Philosopher of science who championed falsifiability and the open society."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions/": {"t": "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", "s": "In 1962, the philosopher Thomas S.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/img/philosophy-and-theory/the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions.webp", "c": "Thomas Kuhn · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustin-jean-fresnel/": {"t": "Augustin-Jean Fresnel", "s": "French civil engineer and physicist who pioneered the wave theory of light and invented the Fresnel lens."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/neoclassical-economics/": {"t": "Neoclassical economics", "s": "Dominant microeconomic approach emphasizing supply, demand, and utility maximization."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/paul-feyerabend/": {"t": "Paul Feyerabend", "s": "Austrian philosopher who argued against universal scientific methods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/philosophers-and-logicians/paul-feyerabend.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/topology-and-abstract-spaces/e/topology-and-abstract-spaces/euler-characteristic/": {"t": "Euler characteristic", "s": "Topological invariant describing shape regardless of bending."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/algebraic-topology/": {"t": "Algebraic topology", "s": "Branch of mathematics using algebra to study topological spaces."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustin-louis-cauchy/": {"t": "Augustin-Louis Cauchy", "s": "Pioneer of real and 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"https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/newton-s-laws-of-motion/": {"t": "Newton's laws of motion", "s": "Three laws describing motion and force relationships."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/thomas-nagel/": {"t": "Thomas Nagel", "s": "American postanalytic philosopher known for philosophy of mind, ethics, and political philosophy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/philosophers-and-logicians/thomas-nagel.webp", "c": "Nagelt · via Wikipedia: Thomas Nagel · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/morphology-linguistics/": {"t": "Morphology (linguistics)", "s": "Study of word structure and formation in language."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/theaetetus-dialogue/": {"t": "Theaetetus (dialogue)", "s": "Platonic dialogue investigating the nature of knowledge."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/e/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer/": {"t": "Lung cancer", "s": "Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally.", "i": "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/img/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer.webp", "c": "Modificado de OpenStax College · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/semantics/": {"t": "Semantics", "s": "The study of linguistic meaning, from words to worlds."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/jane-austen/": {"t": "Jane Austen", "s": "English novelist known for her six novels critiquing the landed gentry."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/idealism/": {"t": "Idealism", "s": "The philosophical view that reality is fundamentally mental 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"https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/richard-dawkins/": {"t": "Richard Dawkins", "s": "Evolutionary biologist and prominent atheist author.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/richard-dawkins.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of biologists · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/the-selfish-gene/": {"t": "The Selfish Gene", "s": "The Selfish Gene is a 1976 popular science book by Richard Dawkins that presents the gene-centred view of evolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/img/philosophy-and-theory/the-selfish-gene.webp", "c": "Chiswick Chap · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/spirituality/": {"t": "Spirituality", "s": "A term evolving from religious re-formation to subjective sacred experience."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/summa-theologica/": {"t": "Summa Theologica", "s": "The best-known work of Thomas Aquinas, a compendium of Catholic theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-works/img/literary-works/summa-theologica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Five Ways (Aquinas) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/toronto/": {"t": "Toronto", "s": "Canada's largest city and a global hub of multiculturalism, finance, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/benedictines/": {"t": "Benedictines", "s": "Oldest Latin Church order, following the Rule of Saint Benedict."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/alsace/": {"t": "Alsace", "s": "A border region blending German and French cultures, historically contested."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/christian-philosophy/": {"t": "Christian philosophy", "s": "The philosophical tradition that reconciles reason, science, and faith through Christian revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/existence-of-god/": {"t": "Existence of God", "s": "Debate on God's existence spans logical, empirical, and metaphysical arguments."}, "https://codexery.com/activists-reformers/e/activists-and-reformers/saul-alinsky/": {"t": "Saul Alinsky", "s": "Community activist who defended confrontation and compromise for social justice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/activists-reformers/img/activists-and-reformers/saul-alinsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saul Alinsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/christendom/": {"t": "Christendom", "s": "The global Christian community and its historical polity."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, 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"s": "Armed conflict leading to Algerian independence from France."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/johns-hopkins-university/": {"t": "Johns Hopkins University", "s": "First U.S. research university, founded by a Quaker philanthropist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/johns-hopkins-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/quebec/": {"t": "Quebec", "s": "Canada's largest province, heart of Francophone culture in North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/quebec.webp", "c": "Wilfredor · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-modernists/e/european-modernists/michel-butor/": {"t": "Michel Butor", "s": "French experimental novelist and poet associated with structuralism."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/st-phane-mallarm/": {"t": "Stéphane Mallarmé", "s": "French Symbolist poet whose work inspired early 20th-century avant-garde movements."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/common-sense/": {"t": "Common sense", "s": "A shared capacity for sound judgment, debated since Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/common-sense.webp", "c": "Joyofmuseums · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/paul-c-zanne/": {"t": "Paul Cézanne", "s": "French Post-Impressionist painter who bridged Impressionism and Cubism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/paul-c-zanne.webp", "c": "Unknown; Cézanne was born in 1839 and died in 1906 · via Wikipedia: Paul Cézanne · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/wassily-kandinsky/": {"t": "Wassily Kandinsky", "s": "Pioneer of abstraction and art theorist", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/wassily-kandinsky.webp", "c": "Vassily Kandinsky by Adolf Elnain\n\nPhoto credits : Georges Meguerditchian - Centre Pompidou, MNAM-CCI /Dist. RMN-GP Image reference : 4N55985 · via Wikipedia: Wassily Kandinsky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/marcel-duchamp/": {"t": "Marcel Duchamp", "s": "French American artist, chess player, and inventor; key figure in avant-garde and conceptual art.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/marcel-duchamp.webp", "c": "Man Ray · via Wikipedia: Marcel Duchamp · PD-US"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/modernist-and-contemporary-pioneers/joseph-kosuth/": {"t": "Joseph Kosuth", "s": "American conceptual artist known for language-based works."}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/libido/": {"t": "Libido", "s": "Psychological energy underlying sexual desire and life processes."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/nirvana/": {"t": "Nirvana", "s": "The extinguishing of passions and liberation from samsara in Indian religions."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/deconstruction/": {"t": "Deconstruction", "s": "A method of analyzing text by exposing its internal contradictions."}, "/e/philosophers/giorgio-agamben/": {"t": "Giorgio Agamben", "s": "Italian philosopher known for homo sacer and bare life."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/free-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Free University of Berlin", "s": "A public research university founded in West Berlin in 1948, known for its excellence and commitment to academic freedom.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/free-university-of-berlin.webp", "c": "Gunnar Klack · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/film-directors-international/e/film-directors-international/abbas-kiarostami/": {"t": "abbas-kiarostami", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/experience/": {"t": "Experience", "s": "Conscious events and the knowledge they produce."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/individual/": {"t": "Individual", "s": "A distinct entity with unique needs, rights, and responsibilities."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/existence/": {"t": "Existence", "s": "The state of having being or reality, contrasted with nonexistence and essence."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/contingency-philosophy/": {"t": "Contingency (philosophy)", "s": "A statement that is neither necessary nor impossible."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/war/": {"t": "War", "s": "Armed conflict between states or organized groups, often for political aims."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy/": {"t": "Foreign policy", "s": "A state's strategies for interacting with other states and entities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy.webp", "c": "U.S. Department of State · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/bertolt-brecht/": {"t": "Bertolt Brecht", "s": "German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/bertolt-brecht.webp", "c": "Kolbe, Jörg · via Wikipedia: Bertolt Brecht · CC BY-SA 3.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/kyoto/": {"t": "Kyoto", "s": "The thousand-year capital of Japan, where imperial history and cultural heritage endure."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/claudio-monteverdi/": {"t": "Claudio Monteverdi", "s": "Italian composer and pioneer of opera, bridging Renaissance and Baroque."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ferdinand-de-saussure/": {"t": "Ferdinand de Saussure", "s": "Swiss linguist and semiotician who laid the foundation for 20th-century linguistics and semiotics."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/neologism/": {"t": "Neologism", "s": "A newly formed word gaining mainstream acceptance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/adam-smith/": {"t": "Adam Smith", "s": "Scottish economist and philosopher, father of modern economics"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/francis-fukuyama/": {"t": "Francis Fukuyama", "s": "American political scientist known for 'The End of History and the Last Man'"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/globalization/": {"t": "Globalization", "s": "Process of increasing global interdependence and integration."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity/": {"t": "Escape velocity", "s": "Minimum speed to escape a body's gravitational pull.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity.webp", "c": "Richard West · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/e/modernist-prose-masters/susan-sontag/": {"t": "Susan Sontag", "s": "American writer and critic known for her essays on culture, photography, and illness.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/img/modernist-prose-masters/susan-sontag.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Susan Sontag · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/hilary-putnam/": {"t": "Hilary Putnam", "s": "American philosopher who changed positions through rigorous self-critique."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/natural-selection/": {"t": "Natural selection", "s": "The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in fitness."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/rudolf-carnap/": {"t": "Rudolf Carnap", "s": "German philosopher and logician, major member of the Vienna Circle and advocate of logical positivism."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-alternative-medicine-and-pse/e/pioneers-of-alternative-medicine-and-pseudoscience/franz-joseph-gall/": {"t": "Franz Joseph Gall", "s": "German physician who founded the pseudoscience of phrenology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-alternative-medicine-and-pse/img/pioneers-of-alternative-medicine-and-pseudoscience/franz-joseph-gall.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/atomism/": {"t": "Atomism", "s": "Philosophy that all matter is composed of indivisible atoms."}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/evolutionary-psychology/": {"t": "Evolutionary psychology", "s": "A theoretical approach applying evolutionary principles to human psychology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychology/img/psychology/evolutionary-psychology.webp", "c": "William James · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/abductive-reasoning/": {"t": "Abductive reasoning", "s": "Logical inference seeking simplest, most likely conclusions from observations."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/behaviorism/": {"t": "Behaviorism", "s": "Systematic approach focusing on observable behavior and environmental events.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/behaviorism.webp", "c": "Tekks · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-darwin/": {"t": "Charles Darwin", "s": "English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection."}}