{"https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/bhikkhu/": {"t": "Bhikkhu", "s": "Ordained male monastic in Buddhist tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/chinese-buddhism/": {"t": "Chinese Buddhism", "s": "Sinicized Mahayana Buddhism, largest religion in mainland China."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/e/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/mahayana/": {"t": "Mahayana", "s": "Largest Buddhist branch emphasizing the bodhisattva path to buddhahood.", "i": "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/img/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/mahayana.webp", "c": "VargaA · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/e/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/nagarjuna/": {"t": "Nagarjuna", "s": "Indian monk-philosopher who founded the Madhyamaka school of emptiness."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sixteen-kingdoms/": {"t": "Sixteen Kingdoms", "s": "Non-Han rulers governed northern China before reunification by the Northern Wei."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/abhidharma/": {"t": "Abhidharma", "s": "Scholastic systemization of Buddhist doctrine into ultimate truth."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/vinaya/": {"t": "Vinaya", "s": "Buddhist monastic code of discipline and ethical training."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-silk-road-and-beyond/e/explorers-of-the-silk-road-and-beyond/xuanzang/": {"t": "Xuanzang", "s": "7th-century Chinese monk who journeyed to India and translated Buddhist scriptures."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/buddhist-meditation/": {"t": "Buddhist meditation", "s": "Buddhist meditation is the practice of mental development and meditative absorption."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/bodhisattva/": {"t": "Bodhisattva", "s": "A being who delays nirvana to help others awaken."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/anatt/": {"t": "Anattā", "s": "Buddhist doctrine of non-self, one of the Three Marks of Existence."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/assam/": {"t": "Assam", "s": "The land of the Brahmaputra, tea, and one-horned rhinos.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/assam.webp", "c": "Medhi jyoti · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/jerry-fodor/": {"t": "Jerry Fodor", "s": "American philosopher who shaped philosophy of mind and cognitive science."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/tamil-language/": {"t": "Tamil language", "s": "Tamil (தமிழ், Tamiḻ) is a Dravidian language native to the Tamil people, primarily spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherr"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/holism/": {"t": "Holism", "s": "Systems possess properties as wholes beyond their parts."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/vedas/": {"t": "Vedas", "s": "Oldest scriptures of Hinduism, composed in Vedic Sanskrit."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/cosmological-argument/": {"t": "Cosmological argument", "s": "Argument for God's existence from causation or contingency."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/nalanda-mahavihara/": {"t": "Nalanda mahavihara", "s": "A renowned Buddhist mahavihara and ancient centre of learning."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/japanese-language/": {"t": "Japanese language", "s": "The principal language of the Japonic family, spoken by over 123 million people, primarily in Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/kyoto/": {"t": "Kyoto", "s": "The thousand-year capital of Japan, where imperial history and cultural heritage endure."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/fujiwara-clan/": {"t": "Fujiwara clan", "s": "Powerful family of imperial regents dominating Japan's court."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/xi-an/": {"t": "Xi'an", "s": "Ancient capital, modern hub of Western China."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/t-dai-ji/": {"t": "Tōdai-ji", "s": "Buddhist temple complex in Nara, home to the Great Buddha."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/civil-engineering/": {"t": "Civil engineering", "s": "Professional discipline designing and maintaining the built environment."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/e/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/padmasambhava/": {"t": "Padmasambhava", "s": "Semi-legendary Indian master who established Vajrayana in Tibet."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/vayu/": {"t": "Vayu", "s": "Hindu god of winds, divine messenger, and life breath."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/vedanta/": {"t": "Vedanta", "s": "One of six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, focusing on the Vedas' conclusion."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/karnataka/": {"t": "Karnataka", "s": "The Land of Elevated Heritage and Innovation", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/karnataka.webp", "c": "Rajeshodayanchal · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/bhagavad-gita/": {"t": "Bhagavad Gita", "s": "The Bhagavad Gita is a Hindu scripture, likely composed in the second or first century BCE, forming part of the epic Mahabharata.", "i": "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/img/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/bhagavad-gita.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bhagavad Gita · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-gurus-and-philosophers/e/hindu-gurus-and-philosophers/ramanuja/": {"t": "Ramanuja", "s": "Indian philosopher and chief proponent of Vishishtadvaita Vedānta."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/brahman/": {"t": "Brahman", "s": "Ultimate reality and source of all existence in Hindu thought."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/vaishnavism/": {"t": "Vaishnavism", "s": "One of the major Hindu denominations, centered on Vishnu as supreme."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/mahabharata/": {"t": "Mahabharata", "s": "Major Sanskrit epic of ancient India, revered in Hinduism."}, "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/e/plants-and-crops/tamarind/": {"t": "Tamarind", "s": "A versatile tropical tree bearing sweet-sour pods, used in cuisines worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/img/plants-and-crops/tamarind.webp", "c": "Flocci Nivis · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/epistemology/": {"t": "Epistemology", "s": "Philosophical study of knowledge, its sources, and its limits."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphysics/": {"t": "Metaphysics", "s": "Study of the most fundamental structure of reality."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-kidnapped-people/e/mythological-kidnapped-people/aniruddha/": {"t": "Aniruddha", "s": "The unstoppable grandson of Krishna, a Vrishni hero and avatar of Vishnu."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/jainism/": {"t": "Jainism", "s": "Indian religion centered on nonviolence and spiritual liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-gurus-and-philosophers/e/hindu-gurus-and-philosophers/p-r-van-tha/": {"t": "Pārśvanātha", "s": "23rd Jain tīrthaṅkara, earliest historical figure in Jainism."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/tirthankara/": {"t": "Tirthankara", "s": "Ford-makers who establish a path across the sea of rebirth."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/bihar/": {"t": "Bihar", "s": "Land of ancient Buddhist monasteries and the birthplace of empires.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/bihar.webp", "c": "Nirinsanity · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mathura/": {"t": "Mathura", "s": "Ancient city, birthplace of Krishna, and historic trade hub."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/ajatashatru/": {"t": "Ajatashatru", "s": "King of Magadha who conquered Vaishali and expanded the Haryanka dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/pilgrimage/": {"t": "Pilgrimage", "s": "A journey to a holy place for spiritual transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/indo-gangetic-plain/": {"t": "Indo-Gangetic Plain", "s": "Alluvial plain in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/indo-gangetic-plain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alluvial plain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-mythology/e/buddhist-mythology/mount-meru/": {"t": "Mount Meru", "s": "Sacred five-peaked mountain at the center of cosmic universes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/buddhist-mythology/img/buddhist-mythology/mount-meru.webp", "c": "Anonymous Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/foot-unit/": {"t": "Foot (unit)", "s": "A forgotten unit born from rods and rain, not left feet."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mahatma-gandhi/": {"t": "Mahatma Gandhi", "s": "Leader of India's nonviolent independence movement"}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/rishabhanatha/": {"t": "Rishabhanatha", "s": "First Tirthankara of Jainism, founder of the Ikshvaku dynasty, and a ford-maker who taught arts and sciences."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/marble/": {"t": "Marble", "s": "Metamorphic rock prized for sculpture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/imam/": {"t": "Imam", "s": "Islamic leadership role with differing Sunni and Shia interpretations."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/jurisprudence/": {"t": "Jurisprudence", "s": "The philosophy of law, examining what law is and ought to be."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hadith/": {"t": "Hadith", "s": "The second authority after the Quran, shaping Islamic law and doctrine through reported words and deeds of the Prophet."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/maliki-school/": {"t": "Maliki school", "s": "A Sunni school prioritizing Medinan practice as living Sunnah."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/fiqh/": {"t": "Fiqh", "s": "Islamic jurisprudence: human understanding of divine law"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/medina/": {"t": "Medina", "s": "Second holiest city in Islam, cradle of Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ja-far-al-sadiq/": {"t": "Ja'far al-Sadiq", "s": "Sixth Shia Imam and founder of the Ja'fari school of law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/img/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ja-far-al-sadiq.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/sudan/": {"t": "Sudan", "s": "Northeast African nation with ancient kingdoms and modern conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sufism/": {"t": "Sufism", "s": "The inward dimension of Islam, focusing on purification and direct experience of the divine."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/ijma/": {"t": "Ijma", "s": "Consensus of the Islamic community on points of law."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/sunnah/": {"t": "Sunnah", "s": "Body of traditions and practices of Muhammad for Muslims."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/quran/": {"t": "Quran", "s": "Central religious text of Islam, believed to be divine revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-hazm/": {"t": "Ibn Hazm", "s": "Andalusi polymath and Zahiri jurist", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/img/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-hazm.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ibn Arabi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/uthman/": {"t": "Uthman", "s": "Third Rashidun caliph who standardized the Quran."}, "https://codexery.com/activists-reformers/e/activists-and-reformers/ralph-abernathy/": {"t": "Ralph Abernathy", "s": "Baptist minister, civil rights leader and Martin Luther King Jr.'s closest partner in the movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/activists-reformers/img/activists-and-reformers/ralph-abernathy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ralph Abernathy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/baptists/": {"t": "Baptists", "s": "Protestant tradition emphasizing believer's baptism and local church autonomy."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/black-church/": {"t": "Black church", "s": "Independent Christian congregations formed by African Americans amid slavery and segregation."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/criminals-outlaws/e/criminals-and-outlaws/james-earl-ray/": {"t": "James Earl Ray", "s": "Convicted assassin of Martin Luther King Jr.", "i": "https://codexery.com/criminals-outlaws/img/criminals-and-outlaws/james-earl-ray.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Earl Ray · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/georgia-u-s-state/": {"t": "Georgia (U.S. state)", "s": "Southern state, last of the Thirteen Colonies, civil rights hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/georgia-u-s-state.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/reformation/": {"t": "Reformation", "s": "A 16th-century movement that challenged Catholic authority and birthed Protestantism."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/suicide/": {"t": "Suicide", "s": "The act of intentionally causing one's own death, with complex risk factors and prevention strategies."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-violin/": {"t": "The Violin", "s": "A 2005 Mexican drama film directed by Francisco Vargas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-violin.webp", "c": "unknown, released with CC0 license by Smithsonian · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-piano/": {"t": "The Piano", "s": "A haunting, unpredictable tale of love and sex told from a woman's point of view.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-piano.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity/": {"t": "Reformed Christianity", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism emphasizing the sovereignty of God and covenant theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity.webp", "c": "Toby Hudson based on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics · CC BY-SA 3.0 au"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abraham-lincoln/": {"t": "Abraham Lincoln", "s": "16th president who led the Union through the Civil War and abolished slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/hypochondria/": {"t": "Hypochondria", "s": "A condition of excessive worry about serious illness."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/slavery/": {"t": "Slavery", "s": "Slavery is the ownership of a person as property."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-hampshire/": {"t": "New Hampshire", "s": "First to establish an independent government and state constitution; first primary in U.S. elections."}, "https://codexery.com/spirits/e/spirits/ectoplasm-paranormal/": {"t": "Ectoplasm (paranormal)", "s": "A disputed spiritual substance, often exposed as fraudulent.", "i": "https://codexery.com/spirits/img/spirits/ectoplasm-paranormal.webp", "c": "No machine-readable author provided. TheOne~commonswiki assumed (based on copyri · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/unitarianism/": {"t": "Unitarianism", "s": "Nontrinitarian Christian movement affirming the unitary nature of God."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/enlightenment-in-buddhism/": {"t": "Enlightenment in Buddhism", "s": "Western translation of Buddhist terms for awakening and liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/sangha/": {"t": "Sangha", "s": "The Buddhist monastic and noble community, third refuge."}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/ghost-festival/": {"t": "Ghost Festival", "s": "Traditional festival honoring deceased ancestors and wandering spirits."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/theravada/": {"t": "Theravada", "s": "Buddhism's oldest existing school, preserving the Pāli Canon."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pali/": {"t": "Pali", "s": "Sacred language of Theravada Buddhism and the Tipiṭaka."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/arhat/": {"t": "Arhat", "s": "One who has achieved nirvana and liberation from rebirth."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/skandha/": {"t": "Skandha", "s": "Five aggregates of clinging central to Buddhist analysis of suffering."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/dhammapada/": {"t": "Dhammapada", "s": "A collection of the Buddha's sayings in verse form."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/e/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/d-t-suzuki/": {"t": "D. T. Suzuki", "s": "Scholar who brought Zen Buddhism to Western audiences."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/buddhahood/": {"t": "Buddhahood", "s": "The state of an awakened being who has attained Nirvāṇa."}, "/e/philosophers-and-theologians/muslim-ibn-al-hajjaj/": {"t": "Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj", "s": "Compiler of Sahih Muslim, a canonical hadith collection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/img/philosophers-and-theologians/muslim-ibn-al-hajjaj.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/bukhara/": {"t": "Bukhara", "s": "Ancient Silk Road city and center of Islamic scholarship.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/img/asian-cities/bukhara.webp", "c": "Olim Guli · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/kutub-al-sittah/": {"t": "Kutub al-Sittah", "s": "Six canonical hadith collections of Sunni Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "/e/philosophers-and-theologians/malik-ibn-anas/": {"t": "Malik ibn Anas", "s": "Eponym of the Maliki school and compiler of al-Muwatta'."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hajj/": {"t": "Hajj", "s": "Annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a required religious duty."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mecca/": {"t": "Mecca", "s": "Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/basra/": {"t": "Basra", "s": "Ancient port city, hub of trade and conflict in southern Iraq."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mosque/": {"t": "Mosque", "s": "A place of worship and community for Muslims worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/ethics/": {"t": "Ethics", "s": "Philosophical study of moral phenomena and normative questions."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/qiyas/": {"t": "Qiyas", "s": "Deductive analogy in Islamic jurisprudence."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/shiraz/": {"t": "Shiraz", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, trade center, and home to poets Hafez and Saadi."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/shia-islam/": {"t": "Shia Islam", "s": "The second-largest branch of Islam, rooted in the belief that Ali was Muhammad's chosen successor."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/islamic-philosophy/": {"t": "Islamic philosophy", "s": "Philosophy emerging from the Islamic tradition, blending reason and faith."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/ulama/": {"t": "Ulama", "s": "Guardians and interpreters of Islamic doctrine and law."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/morality/": {"t": "Morality", "s": "A system of standards for evaluating actions and character."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-arabi/": {"t": "Ibn Arabi", "s": "Sunni Muslim scholar and mystic who shaped Sufi metaphysics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/img/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-arabi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ibn Arabi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-and-sufi-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-sufi-mystics/al-farabi/": {"t": "Al-Farabi", "s": "Early Islamic philosopher and music theorist, known as the Second Master."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/avicenna/": {"t": "Avicenna", "s": "Preeminent philosopher and physician of the Islamic Golden Age."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/safavid-dynasty/": {"t": "Safavid dynasty", "s": "The Safavid dynasty: founders of modern Iran and champions of Twelver Shi'ism."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/fars-province/": {"t": "Fars province", "s": "Ancient Persian homeland, cradle of Achaemenid and Sasanian empires.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/fars-province.webp", "c": "Bryn Pinzgauer · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/equestrianism/": {"t": "Equestrianism", "s": "Horse riding spans work, sport, therapy, and tradition worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/isfahan/": {"t": "Isfahan", "s": "The third-most populous city in Iran, a historic crossroads of culture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/hermeneutics/": {"t": "Hermeneutics", "s": "Study of methodological principles of interpretation, especially of texts."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/mir-damad/": {"t": "Mir Damad", "s": "Teacher of Mulla Sadra and master of Peripatetic and Illuminationist philosophy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/img/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/mir-damad.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mulla Sadra · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/khorasan/": {"t": "Khorasan", "s": "Historical eastern region of the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/hafiz-quran/": {"t": "Hafiz (Quran)", "s": "A person who has memorized the entire Qur'an."}, "/e/philosophers-and-theologians/muhammad-al-bukhari/": {"t": "Muhammad al-Bukhari", "s": "9th-century hadith scholar who compiled Sahih al-Bukhari.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/img/philosophers-and-theologians/muhammad-al-bukhari.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Muhammad al-Bukhari · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula/": {"t": "Arabian Peninsula", "s": "World's largest peninsula, formed by a divergent tectonic boundary.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun/": {"t": "Ibn Khaldun", "s": "Arab scholar and forerunner of modern social sciences.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun.webp", "c": "Reda Kerbush · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/hamadan/": {"t": "Hamadan", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, once capital of the Medes and Seljuks."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sharia/": {"t": "Sharia", "s": "Islamic divine law based on the Qur'an and hadith, distinct from fiqh."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mosul/": {"t": "Mosul", "s": "Major northern Iraqi city on the Tigris, near ancient Nineveh."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/genghis-khan/": {"t": "Genghis Khan", "s": "Temüjin, the steppe chieftain's son who united the Mongols and founded their empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/lore/genghis-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Genghis Khan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/e/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/alamut-castle/": {"t": "Alamut Castle", "s": "Mountain fortress and Nizari Ismaili headquarters from 1090 to 1256.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/img/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/alamut-castle.webp", "c": "Ninara from Helsinki, Finland · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/nicolaus-copernicus/": {"t": "Nicolaus Copernicus", "s": "Renaissance polymath who proposed the Sun-centered model of the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/oral-literature/e/oral-literature/sanskrit-literature/": {"t": "Sanskrit literature", "s": "Sanskrit literature spans Vedic hymns to classical poetry and science."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/surendranath-dasgupta/": {"t": "Surendranath Dasgupta", "s": "Indian scholar of Sanskrit and Indian philosophy, author of 'A History of Indian Philosophy'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/philosophers-and-logicians/surendranath-dasgupta.webp", "c": "The Yoga Institute · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/maurya-empire/": {"t": "Maurya Empire", "s": "Iron Age empire unifying much of South Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tamils/": {"t": "Tamils", "s": "Dravidian ethnic group with over two millennia of written history."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/aphorism/": {"t": "Aphorism", "s": "A short saying that requires interpretation."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/yoga/": {"t": "Yoga", "s": "Ancient Indian practices for body, mind, and liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-new-religious-movements/e/founders-of-new-religious-movements/swami-vivekananda/": {"t": "Swami Vivekananda", "s": "Indian Hindu monk who introduced Vedanta and Yoga to the West."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/phoneme/": {"t": "Phoneme", "s": "Basic sound unit that distinguishes meaning in language."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/morphology-linguistics/": {"t": "Morphology (linguistics)", "s": "Study of word structure and formation in language."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Russian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church tracing origins to 988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexis-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexis of Russia", "s": "Tsar of all Russia from 1645 to 1676, known for legal reforms, military modernization, and territorial expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/white-sea/": {"t": "White Sea", "s": "Southern inlet of the Barents Sea, key to Russian maritime trade."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-romanov/": {"t": "House of Romanov", "s": "They achieved prominence after Anastasia Romanovna married Ivan the Terrible, the first crowned tsar of all Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/saint-basil-s-cathedral/": {"t": "Saint Basil's Cathedral", "s": "Russian Orthodox cathedral on Red Square, built by Ivan the Terrible.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/saint-basil-s-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saint Basil's Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/ferapontov-monastery/": {"t": "Ferapontov Monastery", "s": "Russian Orthodox monastery founded in 1398, famed for Dionisius frescoes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/img/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/ferapontov-monastery.webp", "c": "Vitold Muratov · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yaroslavl/": {"t": "Yaroslavl", "s": "Ancient city on the Volga, a World Heritage Site and key industrial hub of the Golden Ring."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/lutheranism/": {"t": "Lutheranism", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism arising from Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/e/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/john-calvin/": {"t": "John Calvin", "s": "French theologian and reformer, key figure in Calvinism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/img/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/john-calvin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Calvin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university/": {"t": "Heidelberg University", "s": "Germany's oldest university, founded in 1386.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university.webp", "c": "Max Adamo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/erasmus/": {"t": "Erasmus", "s": "Dutch humanist and theologian, key figure of the Northern Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-renaissance-theologians/e/medieval-and-renaissance-theologians/johann-eck/": {"t": "Johann Eck", "s": "German Catholic theologian and opponent of Luther", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-renaissance-theologians/img/medieval-and-renaissance-theologians/johann-eck.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johann Eck · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/e/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/gospel-of-matthew/": {"t": "Gospel of Matthew", "s": "First Gospel, presenting Jesus as Jewish Messiah fulfilling scripture."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/e/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/epistle-to-the-romans/": {"t": "Epistle to the Romans", "s": "Pauline epistle outlining salvation through faith in Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/prince-elector/": {"t": "Prince-elector", "s": "Electors chose the emperor and held unique imperial privileges."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/huldrych-zwingli/": {"t": "Huldrych Zwingli", "s": "Swiss theologian and leader of the Reformation in Switzerland."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/lombardy/": {"t": "Lombardy", "s": "The most populous region of Italy, second-most populous in the EU, and a global centre for business, fashion, and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/ecumenism/": {"t": "Ecumenism", "s": "Movement for cooperation and unity among Christian denominations."}, "https://codexery.com/catholic-saints-popes/e/catholic-saints-and-popes/pope-francis/": {"t": "Pope Francis", "s": "First Latin American pope, known for humility and reform."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/seminary/": {"t": "Seminary", "s": "Educational institutions for training clergy and ministers in theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/seminary.webp", "c": "Aren Noronha · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/bergamo/": {"t": "Bergamo", "s": "City of two centers, UNESCO walls, and the 'City of the Thousand.'"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/catholic-saints-popes/e/catholic-saints-and-popes/pope-benedict-xv/": {"t": "Pope Benedict XV", "s": "Pope during World War I, focused on peace and humanitarian relief."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/the-holocaust/": {"t": "The Holocaust", "s": "The Holocaust, called the Shoah in Hebrew, refers to the systematic murder of European Jews carried out during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/beirut/": {"t": "Beirut", "s": "Capital and largest city of Lebanon, ancient port and economic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-mark-s-basilica/": {"t": "St Mark's Basilica", "s": "Venetian state sanctuary and cathedral holding relics of Saint Mark.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-mark-s-basilica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St Mark's Basilica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/polio/": {"t": "Polio", "s": "A highly infectious viral disease preventable by vaccination."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-peter-s-basilica/": {"t": "St. Peter's Basilica", "s": "The Vatican's Renaissance basilica over the traditional tomb of Saint Peter.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-peter-s-basilica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St. Peter's Basilica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/croatia/": {"t": "Croatia", "s": "A country in Central and Southeastern Europe on the Adriatic Sea, with a rich history and a modern high-income economy."}}