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A. Saarinen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/odesa/": {"t": "Odesa", "s": "Pearl by the Sea"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/death-customs/e/death-customs/ancestor-worship/": {"t": "Ancestor worship", "s": "Veneration of ancestors based on love and respect."}, "https://codexery.com/human-evolution/e/human-evolution/human-evolution/": {"t": "Human evolution", "s": "Human evolution is a weblike process studied across multiple scientific disciplines."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/renewable-energy/": {"t": "Renewable energy", "s": "Energy from replenished natural resources, increasingly replacing fossil fuels."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/solar-power/": {"t": "Solar power", "s": "Conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaics or 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"s": "Philosophical study of knowledge, its sources, and its limits."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/william-james/": {"t": "William James", "s": "Father of American psychology and co-founder of pragmatism."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/bayesian-inference/": {"t": "Bayesian inference", "s": "Statistical method using Bayes' theorem to update hypothesis probabilities."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/continental-philosophy/": {"t": "Continental philosophy", "s": "A diverse family of Western philosophies outside analytic tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/christian-theology/": {"t": "Christian theology", "s": "Systematic study of 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"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/martin-heidegger/": {"t": "Martin Heidegger", "s": "German philosopher who developed phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism, and whose work was shaped by his controversial Nazi involvement."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/hans-georg-gadamer/": {"t": "Hans-Georg Gadamer", "s": "German philosopher of hermeneutics, author of Truth and Method"}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/myth/": {"t": "Myth", "s": "A sacred narrative central to a society's values and worldview."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/exegesis/": {"t": "Exegesis", "s": "Critical interpretation of texts, from Bible to ancient cuneiform."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/huguenots/": {"t": "Huguenots", "s": "French Protestants of the Reformed tradition, persecuted and exiled under Louis XIV."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edmund-husserl/": {"t": "Edmund Husserl", "s": "Austrian and German philosopher who founded phenomenology."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/ancient-philosophy/": {"t": "Ancient philosophy", "s": "Ancient philosophy spans multiple cultures from the Axial Age to early medieval thought.", "i": 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awareness, central to philosophy and Gnostic cosmology."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/christian-philosophy/": {"t": "Christian philosophy", "s": "The philosophical tradition that reconciles reason, science, and faith through Christian revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/gnosticism/": {"t": "Gnosticism", "s": "A diverse collection of ancient religious and philosophical systems emphasizing personal spiritual knowledge (gnosis) over institutional authority."}, "/e/philosophers-and-logicians/porphyry-of-tyre/": {"t": "Porphyry of Tyre", "s": "Neoplatonic philosopher, editor of Plotinus, and influential logician."}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/upper-egypt/": {"t": "Upper Egypt", "s": "Southern Nile valley region, cradle of pharaonic unification.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/img/geography-of-ancient-egypt/upper-egypt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Upper Egypt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/lower-egypt/": {"t": "Lower Egypt", "s": "Northern region of Egypt comprising the Nile Delta.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/img/geography-of-ancient-egypt/lower-egypt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lower Egypt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/mimesis/": {"t": "Mimesis", "s": "Representation of reality in art and literature."}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/human-body/": {"t": "Human body", "s": "The human body is studied by health professionals, physiologists, anatomists, and artists to assist them in their work."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/stoicism/": {"t": "Stoicism", "s": "Ancient Greek philosophy emphasizing virtue and rational living."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/indian-philosophy/": {"t": "Indian philosophy", "s": "Indian philosophy comprises the philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent, often called darśana (meaning 'to see' or 'looking at') and also referred t"}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/gordian-iii/": {"t": "Gordian III", "s": "Teenaged emperor whose reign saw Persian war and earthquake response."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/sassanid-empire/": {"t": "Sassanid Empire", "s": "The Sasanian Empire: Iran's late antique power, from 224 to 651 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/philip-the-arab/": {"t": "Philip the Arab", "s": "Roman emperor who celebrated Rome's millennium and was later called a Christian."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/tuscany/": {"t": "Tuscany", "s": "Central Italian region, birthplace of the Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list/e/world-heritage-tentative-list/beit-she-an/": {"t": "Beit She'an", "s": "Ancient crossroads of civilizations in the Beit She'an Valley."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-magic/e/history-of-magic/iamblichus/": {"t": "Iamblichus", "s": "Syrian Neoplatonist who systematized theurgy and Pythagorean number theory."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/gallienus/": {"t": "Gallienus", "s": "Roman emperor whose reforms shaped the later Dominate."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/campania/": {"t": "Campania", "s": "Southern Italian region rich in history, culture, and UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/miracles-of-jesus/e/miracles-of-jesus/malchus/": {"t": "Malchus", "s": "Servant of Caiaphas whose ear was cut off by Peter."}, "/e/philosophers-and-logicians/plotinus/": {"t": "Plotinus", "s": "Founder of Neoplatonism and philosopher of the One."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia/": {"t": "Phoenicia", "s": "Ancient Semitic maritime traders who spread the alphabet across the Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia.webp", "c": "Kordas, based on Alvaro's work · via Wikipedia: Phoenicia · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/food-cooking/e/food-and-cooking/vegetarianism/": {"t": "Vegetarianism", "s": "Abstention from meat, rooted in ethics, health, and religion."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-daniel/": {"t": "Book of Daniel", "s": "Biblical apocalypse set in the 6th century BC, written in the 2nd century BC."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/constantine-the-great/": {"t": "Constantine the Great", "s": "First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "https://codexery.com/blood-libel/e/blood-libel/pieter-willem-van-der-horst/": {"t": "Pieter Willem van der Horst", "s": "Scholar of early Christianity and Jewish-Hellenistic context."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geographer/": {"t": "Geographer", "s": "Geographers study Earth's environment and human society and their interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historian/": {"t": "Historian", "s": "Scholar who studies and writes about the past.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historian.webp", "c": "Anasuyas · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/liguria/": {"t": "Liguria", "s": "A narrow Italian region between the Alps, Apennines, and Ligurian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pompey/": {"t": "Pompey", "s": "Roman general and statesman, rival of Julius Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pompey.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · via Wikipedia: Pompey · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cicero/": {"t": "Cicero", "s": "Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who shaped Latin rhetoric and thought."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "Hellenistic period", "s": "Era of Greek cultural expansion after Alexander the Great's conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus/": {"t": "Diodorus Siculus", "s": "Greek historian who compiled the vast universal history Bibliotheca Historica.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bibliotheca Historica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/earth-s-circumference/": {"t": "Earth's circumference", "s": "The distance around Earth, measured equatorially and polarly."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomers/e/ancient-greek-astronomers/ptolemy/": {"t": "Ptolemy", "s": "Greco-Roman scholar who authored the Almagest and Geography."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/polybius/": {"t": "Polybius", "s": "Ancient Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period, author of The Histories"}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/posidonius-crater/": {"t": "Posidonius (crater)", "s": "A lunar impact crater on the north-eastern edge of Mare Serenitatis."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/complexity-theory/e/complexity-theory/theory-of-computation/": {"t": "Theory of computation", "s": "Study of computability, complexity, and models of computation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/reconquista/": {"t": "Reconquista", "s": "Series of Christian campaigns ending Muslim rule in Iberia."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/balearic-islands/": {"t": "Balearic Islands", "s": "Spanish archipelago in the western Mediterranean, known for tourism and slinger history."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/crown-of-aragon/": {"t": "Crown of Aragon", "s": "A medieval Mediterranean thalassocracy of autonomous realms under one king."}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/troubadour/": {"t": "Troubadour", "s": "Composers and performers of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francis-of-assisi/": {"t": "Francis of Assisi", "s": "Italian mystic, poet, and founder of the Franciscan Order"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/bildungsroman/": {"t": "Bildungsroman", "s": "A literary genre of psychological and moral coming-of-age."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/ethics/": {"t": "Ethics", "s": "Philosophical study of moral phenomena and normative questions."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphilosophy/": {"t": "Metaphilosophy", "s": "The self-reflective inquiry into the nature of philosophy."}, "/e/philosophers-and-logicians/rudolf-carnap/": {"t": "Rudolf Carnap", "s": "German philosopher and logician, major member of the Vienna Circle and advocate of logical positivism."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united-states/university-of-virginia/": {"t": "University of Virginia", "s": "Founded by Thomas Jefferson, home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/stanford-university/": {"t": "Stanford University", "s": "Private research university in Stanford, California, founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/stanford-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stanford University · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-trotsky/": {"t": "Leon Trotsky", "s": "Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/j-rgen-habermas/": {"t": "Jürgen Habermas", "s": "German philosopher and social theorist known for communicative rationality and the public sphere."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/mormonism/": {"t": "Mormonism", "s": "The theology and religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/pragmatism/": {"t": "Pragmatism", "s": "A philosophical tradition emphasizing 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"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abraham-lincoln/": {"t": "Abraham Lincoln", "s": "16th president who led the Union through the Civil War and abolished slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-darwin/": {"t": "Charles Darwin", "s": "English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/the-descent-of-man-and-selection-in-relation-to-sex/": {"t": "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex", "s": "Applies evolutionary theory to human evolution and sexual selection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/img/part-1/the-descent-of-man-and-selection-in-relation-to-sex.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch 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"https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/cecil-rhodes/": {"t": "Cecil Rhodes", "s": "British mining magnate, Cape prime minister, founder of Rhodesia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/img/british-colonisation-in-africa/cecil-rhodes.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cecil Rhodes · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/duchy-of-brunswick/": {"t": "Duchy of Brunswick", "s": "A German duchy from 1815 to 1918, centered on Braunschweig."}, 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"https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/moscow-state-university.webp", "c": "Suicasmo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/e/pioneers-of-medicine/jonas-salk/": {"t": "Jonas Salk", "s": "American virologist whose polio vaccine, announced in 1955, was given to the world unpatented."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francis-crick/": {"t": "Francis Crick", "s": "Co-discoverer of the helical structure of DNA"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich/": {"t": "ETH Zurich", "s": "Swiss federal STEM university with 22 Nobel laureates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich.webp", "c": "Ank Kumar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/london-school-of-economics/": {"t": "London School of Economics", "s": "A leading social science university in London."}, "/e/philosophers-and-logicians/thomas-kuhn/": {"t": "Thomas Kuhn", "s": "Historian and philosopher of science who popularized the term 'paradigm shift'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/philosophers-and-logicians/thomas-kuhn.webp", "c": "Bob Bielk · via Wikipedia: Thomas Kuhn · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/imre-lakatos/": {"t": "Imre Lakatos", "s": "Hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Eastern Front (World War II)", "s": "The decisive theatre of World War II where the Axis powers were defeated on the Eastern Front.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii.webp", "c": "FOTO:Fortepan — ID 27693 : Adományozó/Donor: Konok Tamás id. archive copy at the · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/bisexuality/": {"t": "Bisexuality", "s": "Sexual orientation encompassing attraction to more than one gender."}, "https://codexery.com/alternative-medicine-organizations/e/alternative-medicine-organizations/american-college-of-orgonomy/": {"t": "American College of Orgonomy", "s": "Organization advancing Wilhelm Reich's orgone energy theories."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/peter-kropotkin/": {"t": "Peter Kropotkin", "s": "Russian anarchist philosopher and geographer who championed anarchist communism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/peter-kropotkin.webp", "c": "Foreign Bureau Communication Anarcho-Syndicalists · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/avant-garde/": {"t": "Avant-garde", "s": "Experimental art challenging societal norms and artistic conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/conscription/": {"t": "Conscription", "s": "Compulsory enlistment in national service, enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-social-scientists/e/psychologists-and-social-scientists/fritz-perls/": {"t": "Fritz Perls", "s": "German-born psychiatrist who co-founded Gestalt therapy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-orwell/": {"t": "George Orwell", "s": "English writer known for his critiques of totalitarianism and social injustice."}, "https://codexery.com/song-forms/e/song-forms/art-song/": {"t": "Art song", "s": "A classical vocal genre for voice and piano, setting poetry."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/rationalism/": {"t": "Rationalism", "s": "Epistemological view that reason is the chief source of knowledge."}, "/e/philosophers-and-logicians/r-m-hare/": {"t": "R. M. Hare", "s": "British philosopher; pupil of R.M. Hare at Balliol College, Oxford; Fellow of the British Academy."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/bioethics/": {"t": "Bioethics", "s": "Field studying ethical issues in health, biology, and medicine."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/applied-ethics/": {"t": "Applied ethics", "s": "Practical moral reasoning for real-world dilemmas across professions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/img/philosophical-traditions/applied-ethics.webp", "c": "D. P. Chase · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/food-cooking/e/food-and-cooking/veganism/": {"t": "Veganism", "s": "A philosophy excluding animal exploitation as far as possible."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss/": {"t": "Anschluss", "s": "Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/e/psychologists-and-education-theorists/alfred-adler/": {"t": "Alfred Adler", "s": "Austrian medical doctor and founder of individual psychology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/img/psychologists-and-education-theorists/alfred-adler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alfred Adler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/the-phenomenology-of-spirit/": {"t": "The 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Cary, John Murray · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/gymnastics/": {"t": "Gymnastics", "s": "The governing body for competition in gymnastics throughout the world is World Gymnastics, formerly known as the International Gymnastics Federation or FIG."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/dithyramb/": {"t": "Dithyramb", "s": "Ancient Greek hymn and dance honoring Dionysus, origin of tragedy."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/leo-strauss/": {"t": "Leo Strauss", "s": "German-American political philosopher who revived classical political thought."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/irony/": {"t": "Irony", "s": "A juxtaposition of surface and underlying meaning."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-mythological-heroes/e/greek-mythological-heroes/academus/": {"t": "Academus", "s": "Attic hero 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{"t": "Natural environment", "s": "The natural world includes all living and non-living things occurring without human artifice."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/ancient-olympic-games/": {"t": "Ancient Olympic Games", "s": "Ancient athletic contests held at Olympia in honor of Zeus."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/theaetetus-dialogue/": {"t": "Theaetetus (dialogue)", "s": "Platonic dialogue investigating the nature of knowledge."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/agnosticism/": {"t": "Agnosticism", "s": "A stance questioning the existence of God or the divine."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/atheism/": {"t": "Atheism", "s": "Atheism is the absence or rejection of belief in deities."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/ionian-sea/": {"t": "Ionian Sea", "s": "Deepest 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"Jainism", "s": "Indian religion centered on nonviolence and spiritual liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/contemporary-philosophy/": {"t": "Contemporary philosophy", "s": "The present period in Western philosophy, beginning early 20th century."}, "/e/philosophers-and-logicians/peter-singer/": {"t": "Peter Singer", "s": "British philosopher and Professor of Logic at the University of Leeds, known for work in philosophical logic, ethics, and analytical Thomism."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/fall-of-singapore/": {"t": "Fall of Singapore", "s": "Japan captured Singapore from Britain in February 1942.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/fall-of-singapore.webp", "c": "Moheen Reeyad · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/slavery/": {"t": "Slavery", "s": "Slavery is the ownership of a person as property."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/consequentialism/": {"t": "Consequentialism", "s": "Ethical theory judging acts by their consequences."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/categorical-imperative/": {"t": "Categorical imperative", "s": "Central concept in Kant's deontological moral philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/religion-in-the-british-empire/e/religion-in-the-british-empire/anglican-communion/": {"t": "Anglican Communion", "s": "Global fellowship of autonomous Anglican churches in communion with Canterbury.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religion-in-the-british-empire/img/religion-in-the-british-empire/anglican-communion.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Anglican Communion · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/suffolk/": {"t": "Suffolk", "s": "A county of ancient coasts, royal ship burials, and enduring rural character."}, "https://codexery.com/folk-religions/e/folk-religions/folk-saint/": {"t": "Folk saint", "s": "Unofficial saints venerated by popular devotion."}, "https://codexery.com/apocalyptic-literature/e/apocalyptic-literature/testaments-of-the-twelve-patriarchs/": {"t": "Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs", "s": "Apocryphal work of the dying commands of Jacob's twelve sons."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/shropshire/": {"t": "Shropshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in the West Midlands of England, on the border with Wales."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/roger-bacon/": {"t": "Roger Bacon", "s": "Medieval English polymath and early advocate of empiricism"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-genesis/": {"t": "Book of Genesis", "s": 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Nightstallion assumed (based on copyright c · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/new-statesman/": {"t": "New Statesman", "s": "A British left-wing political and literary weekly since 1913.", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/new-statesman.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Statesman · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/v-clav-havel/": {"t": "Václav Havel", "s": "Czech dissident, playwright, and post-communist president.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/v-clav-havel.webp", "c": "Kingkongphoto & www.celebrity-photos.com from Laurel  Maryland, USA · via Wikipedia: Václav Havel · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/yorkshire/": {"t": "Yorkshire", "s": "God's own country"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/grammar-school/": {"t": "Grammar school", "s": "A historically Latin-teaching school, now a selective secondary institution."}, "https://codexery.com/children-s-and-young-adult-literature/e/childrens-and-young-adult-literature/beatrix-potter/": {"t": "Beatrix Potter", "s": "English writer, illustrator, natural scientist, and conservationist."}, "/e/philosophers-and-logicians/oswald-spengler/": {"t": "Oswald Spengler", "s": "German polymath who predicted the decline of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/london-underground/": {"t": "London Underground", "s": "First new deep level tube stock since 1997; entered service 2009–2011."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/john-stuart-mill/": {"t": "John Stuart Mill", "s": "English philosopher of liberalism."}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/breast-cancer/": {"t": "Breast cancer", "s": "A cancer from breast tissue; leading cancer in women."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/a-priori-and-a-posteriori/": {"t": "A priori and a posteriori", "s": "Two categories of knowledge: independent of experience (a priori) or dependent on empirical evidence (a posteriori).", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/a-priori-and-a-posteriori.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sacred-languages/e/sacred-languages/biblical-hebrew/": {"t": "Biblical Hebrew", "s": "Archaic Hebrew of the Hebrew Bible and ancient Israelite inscriptions."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-logic/e/set-theory-and-logic/reflexive-relation/": {"t": "Reflexive relation", "s": "A binary relation where every element relates to itself."}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/sets-and-logic/tautology-logic/": {"t": "Tautology (logic)", "s": "A formula true under all interpretations, central to propositional logic."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/french-philosophy/": {"t": "French philosophy", "s": "French philosophy shaped Western thought from Abelard to postmodernism."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/mysticism/": {"t": "Mysticism", "s": "Mysticism involves personal transformation through religious practices and experiences."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-civil-war/": {"t": "Spanish Civil War", "s": "The Spanish Civil War, which raged in Spain from 1936 to 1939, pitted the Republican faction against the Nationalist rebels."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/alsace-lorraine/": {"t": "Alsace–Lorraine", "s": "Imperial territory annexed from France after the Franco-Prussian War."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/rostov-on-don/": {"t": "Rostov-on-Don", "s": "Port city on the Don River, cultural and logistical centre of Southern Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/e/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/appendicitis/": {"t": "Appendicitis", "s": "Inflammation of the appendix, a common surgical emergency.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/img/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/appendicitis.webp", "c": "CoRus13 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/altruism/": {"t": "Altruism", "s": "Concern for others independent of personal benefit or reciprocity."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/simone-de-beauvoir/": {"t": "Simone de Beauvoir", "s": "French existentialist philosopher and feminist activist"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/assisi/": {"t": "Assisi", "s": "Birthplace of St. Francis and St. Clare of Assisi."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/goa/": {"t": "Goa", "s": "India's 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tradition revering Shiva as the supreme being."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/thomism/": {"t": "Thomism", "s": "The philosophical and theological legacy of Thomas Aquinas."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/medieval-philosophy/": {"t": "Medieval philosophy", "s": "Medieval philosophy integrated ancient thought with theological inquiry."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/e/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/martin-luther/": {"t": "Martin Luther", "s": "German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/summa-theologica/": {"t": "Summa Theologica", "s": "The best-known work of Thomas Aquinas, a compendium of Catholic theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-works/img/literary-works/summa-theologica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Five Ways (Aquinas) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-julius-ii/": {"t": "Pope Julius II", "s": "The Warrior Pope who led armies and commissioned masterpieces."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-leo-x/": {"t": "Pope Leo X", "s": "Pope Leo X was the last pope not to have been in priestly orders at the time of his election."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/thomas-aquinas/": {"t": "Thomas Aquinas", "s": "Angelic Doctor and Universal Teacher", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/thomas-aquinas.webp", "c": "Carlo Crivelli · via Wikipedia: Thomas Aquinas · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-revelation/": {"t": "Book of Revelation", "s": "The last book of the New Testament, an apocalyptic prophecy."}, "https://codexery.com/astrology/e/astrology/astrology/": {"t": "Astrology", "s": "Divinatory practice interpreting celestial positions to discern earthly events."}, "https://codexery.com/witchcraft-in-italy/e/witchcraft-in-italy/roman-inquisition/": {"t": "Roman Inquisition", "s": "Catholic tribunal system prosecuting heresy and religious crimes in Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/heresy/": {"t": "Heresy", "s": "A belief or theory strongly at variance with established religious doctrines, often met with censure."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/calabria/": {"t": "Calabria", "s": "Southern Italian region with Greek roots and linguistic diversity."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/rack-torture/": {"t": "Rack (torture)", "s": "A device of gradual joint dislocation used for interrogation and punishment."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-urban-viii/": {"t": "Pope Urban VIII", "s": "Pope who expanded papal territory, opposed Copernicanism, and left a legacy of debt."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xiii/": {"t": "Louis XIII", "s": "King of France and Navarre, known for ending noble revolts and establishing the Académie française with Cardinal Richelieu."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war/": {"t": "English Civil War", "s": "King versus Parliament: a revolution that beheaded a monarchy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English Civil War · see source"}}