{"https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-pyramid-of-giza/": {"t": "The Great Pyramid of Giza", "s": "The oldest and only largely intact Wonder of the Ancient World, the Great Pyramid of Giza stands as the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu, built c. 2600 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-pyramid-of-giza.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/great-pyramid-of-giza/e/great-pyramid-of-giza/khufu-ship/": {"t": "Khufu ship", "s": "World's oldest intact ship, buried beside the Great Pyramid."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/fourth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Fourth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "Golden age of pyramid building and centralized rule."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/old-kingdom-of-egypt/": {"t": "Old Kingdom of Egypt", "s": "The Age of the Pyramids: Egypt's first golden age of pyramid-building and centralized rule."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/thirteenth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "A declining dynasty bridging the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period."}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures-and-statues/e/sculptures-and-statues/relief/": {"t": "Relief", "s": "Sculptural method where forms remain attached to a solid background."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/new-kingdom-of-egypt/": {"t": "New Kingdom of Egypt", "s": "The most prosperous and powerful era of ancient Egypt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/new-kingdom-of-egypt.webp", "c": "ArdadN, Jeff Dahl · via Wikipedia: New Kingdom of Egypt · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus/": {"t": "Diodorus Siculus", "s": "Greek historian who compiled the vast universal history Bibliotheca Historica.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bibliotheca Historica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "https://codexery.com/nile/e/nile/khnum/": {"t": "Khnum", "s": "Ram-headed creator god who fashioned humans on a potter's wheel."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egyptian-language/e/ancient-egyptian-language/prenomen-ancient-egypt/": {"t": "Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)", "s": "One of the five royal names of pharaohs, meaning \"of the Sedge and Bee.\""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/josephus/": {"t": "Josephus", "s": "Roman–Jewish historian and military leader, author of The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world/": {"t": "Arab world", "s": "A region of diverse peoples united by Arabic language and culture, spanning West Asia and North Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world.webp", "c": "Qbox673 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/e/islamic-mythology/surid-ibn-salhouk/": {"t": "Surid Ibn Salhouk", "s": "Legendary antediluvian king credited with building the Pyramids of Giza."}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/desert-landscapes/dakhla-oasis/": {"t": "Dakhla Oasis", "s": "One of the seven oases of Egypt's Western Desert, rich in history from prehistoric times to the Byzantine period."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/nineteenth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "Second dynasty of Egypt's New Kingdom, founded by Ramesses I."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/narmer/": {"t": "Narmer", "s": "Ancient Egyptian king who unified Egypt and founded the First Dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/early-dynastic-period-of-egypt/": {"t": "Early Dynastic Period of Egypt", "s": "Era of unification, first dynasties, and foundational Egyptian culture."}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/upper-and-lower-egypt/": {"t": "Upper and Lower Egypt", "s": "The dual kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/first-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "First Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "First dynasty of unified Egypt, Early Dynastic Period."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ptolemaic-kingdom/": {"t": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "s": "The final dynasty of ancient Egypt, blending Greek and Egyptian cultures for nearly three centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/set/e/set/naqada/": {"t": "Naqada", "s": "Town on the Nile, namesake of the predynastic Naqada culture."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egyptian-language/e/ancient-egyptian-language/ancient-egyptian-royal-titulary/": {"t": "Ancient Egyptian royal titulary", "s": "The five-name protocol that expressed a pharaoh's divine and earthly authority."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egyptian-language/e/ancient-egyptian-language/horus-name/": {"t": "Horus name", "s": "The oldest royal crest of ancient Egyptian rulers."}, "https://codexery.com/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/e/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/flinders-petrie/": {"t": "Flinders Petrie", "s": "English Egyptologist who pioneered systematic archaeology and artefact preservation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/img/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/flinders-petrie.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Flinders Petrie · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/horus/": {"t": "Horus", "s": "Ancient Egyptian falcon god of kingship, sky, and protection."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "Hellenistic period", "s": "Era of Greek cultural expansion after Alexander the Great's conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/memphis-egypt/": {"t": "Memphis, Egypt", "s": "Ancient capital of Egypt, home to the Temple of Ptah and gateway to the pyramids."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/nile/": {"t": "Nile", "s": "Longest river in the world, central to African history and civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/third-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Third Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "First dynasty of the Old Kingdom, known for Djoser and the Step Pyramid."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/sinai-peninsula/": {"t": "Sinai Peninsula", "s": "Peninsula in Egypt and a land bridge between Africa and Asia", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/sinai-peninsula.webp", "c": "CIA · via Wikipedia: Sinai Peninsula · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/ancient-egyptian-religion/": {"t": "Ancient Egyptian religion", "s": "Polytheistic system centered on divine pharaohs and the afterlife.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/ancient-egyptian-religion.webp", "c": "Carole Raddato from FRANKFURT, Germany · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/twenty-fourth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "A short-lived Saite dynasty of the Third Intermediate Period."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/plutarch/": {"t": "Plutarch", "s": "Greek and Roman philosopher, historian, and priest of Apollo"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/filipino-cuisine/e/filipino-cuisine/crocodile-meat/": {"t": "Crocodile meat", "s": "Crocodile meat comes from tropical, semiaquatic reptiles sensitive to cold."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/sobek/": {"t": "Sobek", "s": "Ancient Egyptian crocodile god of power, fertility, and protection."}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/lake-moeris/": {"t": "Lake Moeris", "s": "Ancient freshwater lake, now the hypersaline Lake Qarun.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/img/geography-of-ancient-egypt/lake-moeris.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Moeris · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/twelfth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "Apex of the Middle Kingdom with stable chronology and territorial expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amenemhat-iii/": {"t": "Amenemhat III", "s": "Pharaoh who oversaw Egypt's Middle Kingdom golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/img/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amenemhat-iii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amenemhat I · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-gods/e/lunar-gods/iah/": {"t": "Iah", "s": "An early Egyptian moon god later absorbed by Khonsu."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/ra/": {"t": "Ra", "s": "Ancient Egyptian sun god, creator of life, and first pharaoh."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/pharaoh/": {"t": "Pharaoh", "s": "Monarch of ancient Egypt, intermediary between gods and people."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/eleventh-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "Theban dynasty that reunited Egypt under the Middle Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/first-intermediate-period-of-egypt/": {"t": "First Intermediate Period of Egypt", "s": "A period of divided rule between Heracleopolis and Thebes."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-kingdom-of-egypt/": {"t": "Middle Kingdom of Egypt", "s": "Period of reunification and stability after the First Intermediate Period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-kingdom-of-egypt.webp", "c": "Gert7 · via Wikipedia: Middle Kingdom of Egypt · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/upper-egypt/": {"t": "Upper Egypt", "s": "Southern Nile valley region, cradle of pharaonic unification.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/img/geography-of-ancient-egypt/upper-egypt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Upper Egypt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/lower-egypt/": {"t": "Lower Egypt", "s": "Northern region of Egypt comprising the Nile Delta.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/img/geography-of-ancient-egypt/lower-egypt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lower Egypt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/hatshepsut/": {"t": "Hatshepsut", "s": "Second confirmed female pharaoh who ruled during a period of prosperity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/hatshepsut.webp", "c": "Holger Uwe Schmitt · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/eighteenth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "First dynasty of the New Kingdom, peak of Egyptian power."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-skin-and-subcutaneous/e/symptoms-and-signs-skin-and-subcutaneous-tissue/elephantiasis/": {"t": "Elephantiasis", "s": "Condition of massive limb swelling from lymphatic obstruction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-skin-and-subcutaneous/img/symptoms-and-signs-skin-and-subcutaneous-tissue/elephantiasis.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/nubia/": {"t": "Nubia", "s": "Ancient African region along the Nile, home to the Kerma culture and Kingdom of Kush."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/kingdom-of-kush/": {"t": "Kingdom of Kush", "s": "Ancient Nubian kingdom that ruled Egypt and pioneered ironworking and irrigation."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/osiris/": {"t": "Osiris", "s": "God of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation."}, "/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/menes/": {"t": "Menes", "s": "Classical tradition credits Menes with unifying Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptology/e/egyptology/egyptology/": {"t": "Egyptology", "s": "Scientific study of ancient Egypt from the 5th millennium BC."}, "https://codexery.com/governorates-of-egypt/e/governorates-of-egypt/sohag-governorate/": {"t": "Sohag Governorate", "s": "Upper Egyptian governorate with rich archaeology and high poverty."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/den-pharaoh/": {"t": "Den (pharaoh)", "s": "Early Dynastic pharaoh who introduced numbering hieroglyphs and granite architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/english-inventions/e/english-inventions/bayesian-statistics/": {"t": "Bayesian statistics", "s": "A statistical theory using probability as degree of belief."}, "/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/psamtik-ii/": {"t": "Psamtik II", "s": "Saite pharaoh who campaigned into Nubia and built extensively."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/twenty-sixth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "Last native Egyptian dynasty before Persian rule."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia/": {"t": "Phoenicia", "s": "Ancient Semitic maritime traders who spread the alphabet across the Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia.webp", "c": "Kordas, based on Alvaro's work · via Wikipedia: Phoenicia · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/egyptology/e/egyptology/akhenaten-temple-project/": {"t": "Akhenaten Temple Project", "s": "Archaeological project directed by Donald and Susan Redford since 1972."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-scythians/": {"t": "The Scythians", "s": "Ancient Iranic nomads who dominated the Pontic Steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/harran/": {"t": "Harran", "s": "Ancient Mesopotamian city of the moon-god Sin."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/e/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/tel-megiddo/": {"t": "Tel Megiddo", "s": "Ancient Canaanite and Israelite city, site of Armageddon."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/histories-herodotus/": {"t": "Histories (Herodotus)", "s": "Founding work of history in Western literature."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/nabopolassar/": {"t": "Nabopolassar", "s": "Founder of the Neo-Babylonian Empire who overthrew Assyrian rule."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/babylon/": {"t": "Babylon", "s": "Ancient city on the Euphrates, heart of Babylonia and home of wonders."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/nebuchadnezzar-ii/": {"t": "Nebuchadnezzar II", "s": "The Great Builder and Conqueror of Babylon"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-jeremiah/": {"t": "Book of Jeremiah", "s": "Prophetic book of judgment and restoration during the Babylonian exile."}, "/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/nectanebo-ii/": {"t": "Nectanebo II", "s": "Last native pharaoh of Egypt, defeated by Achaemenids."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/egyptian-language/": {"t": "Egyptian language", "s": "An extinct Afro-Asiatic language of ancient Egypt, with a written record spanning over 5,000 years."}, "https://codexery.com/thoth/e/thoth/hermopolis/": {"t": "Hermopolis", "s": "Ancient city of Thoth, capital of the Hare nome."}, "https://codexery.com/baphomet/e/baphomet/mendes/": {"t": "Mendes", "s": "Ancient Egyptian city, capital of the 29th Dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/prophecy/e/prophecy/demotic-chronicle/": {"t": "Demotic Chronicle", "s": "Prophetic text judging pharaohs and foretelling a native deliverer."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egyptian-religion/e/ancient-egyptian-religion/egyptian-temple/": {"t": "Egyptian temple", "s": "Houses for the gods that sustained cosmic order."}, "https://codexery.com/relocated-monuments-of-lower-nubia/e/relocated-monuments-of-lower-nubia/philae-temple-complex/": {"t": "Philae temple complex", "s": "Dismantled and rebuilt on Agilkia Island to avoid total flooding."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/isis/": {"t": "Isis", "s": "Ancient Egyptian goddess of magic, motherhood, and the afterlife"}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/karnak/": {"t": "Karnak", "s": "Vast temple complex built over centuries near Luxor, Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/textiles-in-folklore/e/textiles-in-folklore/neith/": {"t": "Neith", "s": "Ancient Egyptian goddess of war, motherhood, and weaving."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/thonis-heracleion/": {"t": "Thonis-Heracleion", "s": "Ancient Egyptian port city submerged for 1,200 years."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/nile/e/nile/flooding-of-the-nile/": {"t": "Flooding of the Nile", "s": "Annual inundation that fertilized the Nile Valley and enabled Egyptian civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/second-intermediate-period-of-egypt/": {"t": "Second Intermediate Period of Egypt", "s": "A divided era marked by Hyksos rule and cultural change."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/zimri-lim/": {"t": "Zimri-Lim", "s": "Last king of Mari, vassal ruler of Alalakh, and ally of Hammurabi."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hammurabi/": {"t": "Hammurabi", "s": "The Amorite king who united Mesopotamia and issued one of history's earliest law codes."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/amun/": {"t": "Amun", "s": "The hidden king of the gods, Amun rose from Theban patron to national creator deity."}, "https://codexery.com/nile/e/nile/nile-delta/": {"t": "Nile Delta", "s": "One of the world's largest deltas, formed by the Nile River.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nile/img/nile/nile-delta.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nile Delta · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/levant/": {"t": "Levant", "s": "A historical and cultural subregion of West Asia along the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/levant.webp", "c": "Bassem Fleifel · CC BY-SA 1.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/fifteenth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "A Hyksos dynasty ruling Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptology/e/egyptology/egyptian-chronology/": {"t": "Egyptian chronology", "s": "Scholarly framework dating ancient Egypt's dynasties and rulers."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-gods/e/solar-gods/atum/": {"t": "Atum", "s": "Primordial self-created god and evening sun of Egyptian mythology."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/anubis/": {"t": "Anubis", "s": "God of funerary rites, protector of graves, and guide to the underworld."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/abydos-dynasty/": {"t": "Abydos Dynasty", "s": "Hypothetical local dynasty of the Second Intermediate Period in Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/akhenaten/": {"t": "Akhenaten", "s": "Ancient Egyptian pharaoh who introduced the worship of the Aten.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/akhenaten.webp", "c": "The wub · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egyptian-religion/e/ancient-egyptian-religion/atenism/": {"t": "Atenism", "s": "Ancient Egyptian monotheistic cult centered on the solar disc Aten."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/aten/": {"t": "Aten", "s": "Solar disc deity and sole god of Atenism under Akhenaten."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/tutankhamun/": {"t": "Tutankhamun", "s": "The boy king who restored Egypt's traditional religion."}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures-and-statues/e/sculptures-and-statues/nefertiti-bust/": {"t": "Nefertiti Bust", "s": "Ancient Egyptian bust of Queen Nefertiti, discovered in 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ay-pharaoh/": {"t": "Ay (pharaoh)", "s": "Penultimate pharaoh of Egypt's 18th Dynasty, former vizier to Tutankhamun."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/mitanni/": {"t": "Mitanni", "s": "A Hurrian kingdom of northern Syria and Anatolia, known from foreign records."}, "https://codexery.com/video-games-of-the-1980s/e/video-games-of-the-1980s/alter-ego/": {"t": "Alter Ego", "s": "A 1986 personality computer game by Activision."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/fifth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Fifth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "Old Kingdom dynasty marked by sun temples and Pyramid Texts."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/giza-pyramid-complex/": {"t": "Giza pyramid complex", "s": "Ancient Egyptian pyramid complex built during the Fourth Dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/nile/e/nile/lower-nubia/": {"t": "Lower Nubia", "s": "Northernmost part of Nubia, now largely submerged by Lake Nasser.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nile/img/nile/lower-nubia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lower Nubia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amenhotep-iii/": {"t": "Amenhotep III", "s": "The ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, a ruler of exceptional prosperity and divine worship.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/img/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amenhotep-iii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amenhotep III · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/nome-egypt/": {"t": "Nome (Egypt)", "s": "Territorial divisions of ancient Egypt, each ruled by a nomarch."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/turquoise/": {"t": "Turquoise", "s": "An opaque blue-to-green gemstone prized for millennia, with classic Persian turquoise from Iran setting the standard for quality.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/turquoise.webp", "c": "Tess Mattew · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/thoth/": {"t": "Thoth", "s": "God of the Moon, wisdom, writing, and magic"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/gneiss/": {"t": "Gneiss", "s": "A banded metamorphic rock formed under high temperature and pressure."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/basalt/": {"t": "Basalt", "s": "Fine-grained volcanic rock covering most of Earth's surface.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/basalt.webp", "c": "Tony Hisgett from Birmingham, UK · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/sixth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Sixth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "Last dynasty of the Old Kingdom, marked by declining royal power."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/seventh-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Seventh Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "A debated dynasty symbolizing chaos at the Old Kingdom's end."}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/hatnub/": {"t": "Hatnub", "s": "Alabaster quarry site with workers' settlement and inscriptions."}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/desert-landscapes/kharga-oasis/": {"t": "Kharga Oasis", "s": "Egypt's southernmost oasis, a crossroads of ancient trade and modern life."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/twenty-fifth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "Kushite pharaohs who reunited Egypt and revived pyramid building."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historian/": {"t": "Historian", "s": "Scholar who studies and writes about the past.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historian.webp", "c": "Anasuyas · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/necho-ii/": {"t": "Necho II", "s": "Egyptian pharaoh who killed Josiah and sent ships around Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/relocated-monuments-of-lower-nubia/e/relocated-monuments-of-lower-nubia/abu-simbel/": {"t": "Abu Simbel", "s": "Two rock-cut temples relocated in 1968 to save from Lake Nasser."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/kerma/": {"t": "Kerma", "s": "Capital of the Kingdom of Kerma, a major Nubian urban center.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/kerma.webp", "c": "Bertramz · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/mero/": {"t": "Meroë", "s": "Ancient capital of Kush, famed for its pyramids and iron industry."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/heliopolis-ancient-egypt/": {"t": "Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)", "s": "Ancient Egyptian city of the sun, home to the oldest surviving obelisk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/heliopolis-ancient-egypt.webp", "c": "Daniel Mayer · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-egyptian-obelisks/e/ancient-egyptian-obelisks/obelisk-of-montecitorio/": {"t": "Obelisk of Montecitorio", "s": "Ancient Egyptian obelisk used as a Roman sundial gnomon."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/khonsu/": {"t": "Khonsu", "s": "The Traveller: Moon God, Healer, and Primordial Serpent"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/darius-the-great/": {"t": "Darius the Great", "s": "Third Achaemenid King of Kings who centralized the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/desert-landscapes/siwa-oasis/": {"t": "Siwa Oasis", "s": "Ancient oasis of Amun-Ra in Egypt's Western Desert"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/ptolemaic-dynasty/": {"t": "Ptolemaic dynasty", "s": "Hellenistic Macedonian Greek dynasty, last to rule ancient Egypt."}, "/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/ptolemy-ii-philadelphus/": {"t": "Ptolemy II Philadelphus", "s": "Ptolemaic pharaoh who fostered Alexandria's cultural peak."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/poets-of-the-ancient-world/e/poets-of-the-ancient-world/apollonius-of-rhodes/": {"t": "Apollonius of Rhodes", "s": "Ancient Greek poet and librarian, author of the Argonautica."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-library-of-alexandria/": {"t": "The Library of Alexandria", "s": "Ancient world's largest library, center of Hellenistic learning."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-male-monarchs/e/deified-male-monarchs/antiochus-ii-theos/": {"t": "Antiochus II Theos", "s": "The Seleucid king who was called 'God' by the Milesians.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deified-male-monarchs/img/deified-male-monarchs/antiochus-ii-theos.webp", "c": "CNG · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/bactria/": {"t": "Bactria", "s": "Ancient Iranian civilization, key Zoroastrian center and Greco-Bactrian kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/ephesus/": {"t": "Ephesus", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the Ionian coast, home to the Temple of Artemis and a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/peloponnese/": {"t": "Peloponnese", "s": "Southernmost peninsula of mainland Greece, cradle of Mycenaean civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/ptah/": {"t": "Ptah", "s": "Ancient Egyptian creator god and patron of craftsmen."}, "/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/ptolemy-i-soter/": {"t": "Ptolemy I Soter", "s": "Macedonian Greek general who founded the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/incest/": {"t": "Incest", "s": "Sexual relations between close relatives, widely taboo across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/zeus/": {"t": "Zeus", "s": "King of the gods, sky and thunder deity."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/hera/": {"t": "Hera", "s": "Queen of the Olympians, goddess of marriage and family."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/antiochus-i-soter/": {"t": "Antiochus I Soter", "s": "Last King of the Universe and Greco-Sogdian ruler of the Seleucid Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/miletus/": {"t": "Miletus", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the coast of Anatolia, cradle of philosophy and maritime power."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/heracles/": {"t": "Heracles", "s": "The greatest of Greek heroes, champion of the Olympian order, and a bridge between mortal and divine."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-issus/": {"t": "Battle of Issus", "s": "Alexander's first victory over Darius III, securing Asia Minor."}, "https://codexery.com/alexander-the-great/e/alexander-the-great/death-of-alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Death of Alexander the Great", "s": "Alexander died in Babylon at age 32 after a feverish illness."}, "https://codexery.com/ptolemaic-kingdom/e/ptolemaic-kingdom/coele-syria/": {"t": "Coele-Syria", "s": "Disputed region between the Ptolemies and Seleucids in antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-ipsus/": {"t": "Battle of Ipsus", "s": "Decisive battle among Alexander's successors for control of his empire."}, "https://codexery.com/alexander-the-great/e/alexander-the-great/susa-weddings/": {"t": "Susa weddings", "s": "Mass wedding uniting Greek and Persian elites under Alexander."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/arrian/": {"t": "Arrian", "s": "Greek historian, philosopher, and governor of Cappadocia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/euclid/": {"t": "Euclid", "s": "Ancient Greek mathematician, author of the Elements."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/dionysus/": {"t": "Dionysus", "s": "God of wine, theatre, and ecstatic liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/dionysia/": {"t": "Dionysia", "s": "Ancient Athenian festival honoring Dionysus with processions and drama."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-and-rights-law/e/constitutional-and-rights-law/legitimacy-family-law/": {"t": "Legitimacy (family law)", "s": "Legal status of children born to married parents."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/kingdom-of-pontus/": {"t": "Kingdom of Pontus", "s": "Hellenistic kingdom on the Black Sea, ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/temple-of-artemis/e/temple-of-artemis/arsinoe-iv/": {"t": "Arsinoe IV", "s": "Youngest daughter of Ptolemy XII, rival to Cleopatra VII."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cicero/": {"t": "Cicero", "s": "Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who shaped Latin rhetoric and thought."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/temple-of-edfu/": {"t": "Temple of Edfu", "s": "The Temple of Edfu stands on the Nile’s west bank in Upper Egypt, near the modern city of Edfu."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/marcus-licinius-crassus/": {"t": "Marcus Licinius Crassus", "s": "The richest man in Rome and a key figure in the First Triumvirate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/marcus-licinius-crassus.webp", "c": "Rijksmuseum · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pompey/": {"t": "Pompey", "s": "Roman general and statesman, rival of Julius Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pompey.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · via Wikipedia: Pompey · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/twentieth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "The last dynasty of Egypt's New Kingdom, marked by decline."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-sea-peoples/": {"t": "The Sea Peoples", "s": "The Sea Peoples were a confederation of tribes that attacked Egypt and other areas around the eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age, roughly 1200 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-bronze-age-collapse/": {"t": "The Bronze Age Collapse", "s": "A period of widespread societal collapse in the late Bronze Age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-bronze-age-collapse.webp", "c": "Colchester Museums, Laura McLean, 2008-08-12 14:28:42 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/book-of-the-dead/e/book-of-the-dead/maat/": {"t": "Maat", "s": "Ancient Egyptian principle of truth, justice, and cosmic order."}, "https://codexery.com/unesco-world-heritage-parks/e/unesco-world-heritage-parks/wadi-rum/": {"t": "Wadi Rum", "s": "Valley of the Moon, largest wadi in Jordan, UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/luxor-temple/": {"t": "Luxor Temple", "s": "Ancient Egyptian temple dedicated to the rejuvenation of kingship."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-tests/e/medical-tests/ct-scan/": {"t": "CT scan", "s": "Cross-sectional X-ray imaging for detailed internal views."}, "/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/ramesses-iii/": {"t": "Ramesses III", "s": "Last New Kingdom pharaoh with substantial power, defeated the Sea Peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/culture-of-ancient-egypt/e/culture-of-ancient-egypt/sidelock-of-youth/": {"t": "Sidelock of youth", "s": "A braided hairstyle marking children as heirs of Osiris."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/ostracon/": {"t": "Ostracon", "s": "Ancient Egyptian and Greek writing on pottery shards and stone flakes."}, "https://codexery.com/relocated-monuments-of-lower-nubia/e/relocated-monuments-of-lower-nubia/temple-of-derr/": {"t": "Temple of Derr", "s": "Rock-cut temple of Ramesses II, relocated from el-Derr."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/seventeenth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "Theban dynasty that began the war to expel the Hyksos."}, "https://codexery.com/great-zimbabwe/e/great-zimbabwe/victor-loret/": {"t": "Victor Loret", "s": "French Egyptologist who backed Foucher's Phoenician theory for Great Zimbabwe."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/artaxerxes-iii/": {"t": "Artaxerxes III", "s": "Achaemenid king who reconquered Egypt and built at Persepolis."}, "/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/nectanebo-i/": {"t": "Nectanebo I", "s": "Founder of Egypt's last native dynasty, a builder and defender."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/thirtieth-dynasty-of-egypt/": {"t": "Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt", "s": "The last native dynasty of ancient Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-rituals/e/religious-rituals/cult-religious-practice/": {"t": "Cult (religious practice)", "s": "Cult is the active care owed to deities and saints."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/polis/": {"t": "Polis", "s": "Ancient Greek city-state that was the native land of its citizens."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-gods/e/stellar-gods/apis-deity/": {"t": "Apis (deity)", "s": "Sacred bull of Memphis, herald of Ptah and intermediary to gods."}}