{"/e/periodic-table-and-elements/group-periodic-table/": {"t": "Group (periodic table)", "s": "A column of elements with similar chemical properties.", "i": "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/img/periodic-table-and-elements/group-periodic-table.webp", "c": "Sandbh · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/": {"t": "Radioactive decay", "s": "Unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/superheavy-element/": {"t": "Superheavy element", "s": "Synthetic radioactive elements beyond atomic number 103."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/group-10-element/": {"t": "Group 10 element", "s": "Group of d-block transition metals including nickel, palladium, platinum, and darmstadtium.", "i": "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/img/periodic-table-and-elements/group-10-element.webp", "c": "KKPCW · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/palladium/": {"t": "Palladium", "s": "Rare platinum-group metal used in catalytic converters and jewelry."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/otto-hahn/": {"t": "Otto Hahn", "s": "Awarded by the Max Planck Society to young scientists and researchers."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/dubnium/": {"t": "Dubnium", "s": "Synthetic element with shared discovery credit."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-union-of-pure-and-applied-chemistry/": {"t": "International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry", "s": "International authority for chemical nomenclature and standards."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/cyanide/": {"t": "Cyanide", "s": "A highly toxic compound used industrially and found in nature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/cyanide.webp", "c": "NegativeZ · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/coordination-complex/": {"t": "Coordination complex", "s": "Central metal ion bonded to surrounding ligands via coordinate bonds.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/coordination-complex.webp", "c": "Erikvjohnstone · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/density/": {"t": "Density", "s": "Mass per unit volume, an intensive property of matter."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/hassium/": {"t": "Hassium", "s": "Synthetic superheavy element discovered via cold fusion."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/copernicium/": {"t": "Copernicium", "s": "A synthetic, highly radioactive element named after Nicolaus Copernicus."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/livermorium/": {"t": "Livermorium", "s": "Synthetic superheavy element, named after Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/thorium/": {"t": "Thorium", "s": "Thorium is the chemical element known by the symbol Th and the atomic number 90.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/thorium.webp", "c": "ThaLibster · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/group-5-element/": {"t": "Group 5 element", "s": "Group 5 elements are refractory transition metals with high melting points."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/californium/": {"t": "Californium", "s": "A synthetic element used as a neutron source for reactors and medicine."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/neptunium/": {"t": "Neptunium", "s": "First transuranic element, radioactive and used in spacecraft power."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/mendelevium/": {"t": "Mendelevium", "s": "Synthetic actinide element first produced one atom at a time."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/nobelium/": {"t": "Nobelium", "s": "Synthetic actinide element named after Alfred Nobel."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moscow-oblast/": {"t": "Moscow Oblast", "s": "A densely populated, highly industrialized federal subject of Russia, surrounding but not including the federal city of Moscow."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/niels-bohr/": {"t": "Niels Bohr", "s": "Danish physicist who revolutionized atomic theory and quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hesse/": {"t": "Hesse", "s": "Landlocked German state, financial centre Frankfurt, named after the Chatti tribe."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/flerovium/": {"t": "Flerovium", "s": "Synthetic superheavy element near the island of stability."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/plutonium/": {"t": "Plutonium", "s": "A radioactive actinide metal used in nuclear weapons and power."}, "https://codexery.com/acids-and-bases/e/acids-and-bases/buffer-solution/": {"t": "Buffer solution", "s": "Buffer solutions resist pH change via weak acid–conjugate base equilibrium."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/fermium/": {"t": "Fermium", "s": "Synthetic actinide element discovered in hydrogen bomb fallout."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nucleosynthesis/": {"t": "Nucleosynthesis", "s": "Process creating atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons and nuclei."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nuclear-fusion/": {"t": "Nuclear fusion", "s": "Nuclear fusion combines nuclei, releasing energy that powers stars and weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitrogen/": {"t": "Nitrogen", "s": "Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless diatomic gas forming 78% of Earth's air."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/stockholm/": {"t": "Stockholm", "s": "The capital of Sweden, spanning fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/enrico-fermi/": {"t": "Enrico Fermi", "s": "Architect of the nuclear age and the atomic bomb."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/holmium/": {"t": "Holmium", "s": "A rare-earth element with the highest magnetic moment."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/curium/": {"t": "Curium", "s": "Synthetic radioactive element named after Marie and Pierre Curie."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/cubic-crystal-system/": {"t": "Cubic crystal system", "s": "A crystal system with a cubic unit cell, common in minerals and metals."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/oganesson/": {"t": "Oganesson", "s": "Synthetic element with the highest atomic number known."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-element/": {"t": "Chemical element", "s": "Fundamental species of atom defined by proton count."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/radon/": {"t": "Radon", "s": "Radioactive noble gas, colorless and odorless, second leading cause of lung cancer."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/noble-gas/": {"t": "Noble gas", "s": "Group 18 elements with full valence shells and low reactivity."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/greenland-ice-sheet/": {"t": "Greenland ice sheet", "s": "Second-largest ice sheet, key driver of global sea level rise.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/greenland-ice-sheet.webp", "c": "derivative work: Algkalv ( talk ) Greenland_stub.svg : PavelD · Public domain"}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/tennessine/": {"t": "Tennessine", "s": "Synthetic element 117, discovered by Russian–American collaboration."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/einsteinium/": {"t": "Einsteinium", "s": "Synthetic element discovered in hydrogen bomb debris."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/vanadium/": {"t": "Vanadium", "s": "The colorful transition metal named after a Norse goddess."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/nature-journal/": {"t": "Nature (journal)", "s": "British weekly journal of peer-reviewed natural science research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/nature-journal.webp", "c": "Salwa Farwaneh · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nuclear-physics/": {"t": "Nuclear physics", "s": "Study of atomic nuclei and their interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nuclide/": {"t": "Nuclide", "s": "A class of atoms defined by proton and neutron numbers."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/tennessee/": {"t": "Tennessee", "s": "Southeastern state with three Grand Divisions, rich musical heritage, and a western border on the Mississippi River."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lanthanide/": {"t": "Lanthanide", "s": "15 metallic elements from lanthanum to lutetium, filling 4f orbitals."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-reactors-and-processes/e/chemical-reactors-and-processes/fractional-crystallization-chemistry/": {"t": "Fractional crystallization (chemistry)", "s": "Separation technique using liquid–solid phase change for high purity."}, "https://codexery.com/acids-and-bases/e/acids-and-bases/acid-dissociation-constant/": {"t": "Acid dissociation constant", "s": "Quantitative measure of acid strength in solution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/acids-and-bases/img/acids-and-bases/acid-dissociation-constant.webp", "c": "Д.Ильин own work, vectorization, based on File:Citric acid speciation.png by Pet · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitrate/": {"t": "Nitrate", "s": "Nitrate is a polyatomic ion used in fertilizers and explosives."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/ytterbium/": {"t": "Ytterbium", "s": "The soft, golden lanthanide with a closed-shell electron configuration and a notably narrow liquid range.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/ytterbium.webp", "c": "Leiem · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/roentgenium/": {"t": "Roentgenium", "s": "Synthetic element named after the discoverer of X-rays."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/electronvolt/": {"t": "Electronvolt", "s": "Unit of energy gained by an electron through one volt."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/nihonium/": {"t": "Nihonium", "s": "Synthetic, radioactive element in group 13."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/group-8-element/": {"t": "Group 8 element", "s": "Group 8: iron, ruthenium, osmium, and hassium."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/manganese/": {"t": "Manganese", "s": "Hard, brittle metal essential in alloys and human nutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/valence-electron/": {"t": "Valence electron", "s": "Outermost electrons that govern chemical bonding and reactivity."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/darmstadtium/": {"t": "Darmstadtium", "s": "The synthetic superheavy element named after a German city."}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/redox/": {"t": "Redox", "s": "Chemical reactions where oxidation states change via electron or atom transfer."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/bactria/": {"t": "Bactria", "s": "Ancient Iranian civilization, key Zoroastrian center and Greco-Bactrian kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/e/battery-inventors/william-hyde-wollaston/": {"t": "William Hyde Wollaston", "s": "English chemist and physicist who discovered palladium and rhodium."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrochloric-acid/": {"t": "Hydrochloric acid", "s": "A strong acid essential in digestion, industry, and laboratory chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/antonio-de-ulloa/": {"t": "Antonio de Ulloa", "s": "Spanish naval officer, scientist, and colonial administrator of the Enlightenment."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/paleolithic/": {"t": "Paleolithic", "s": "The Old Stone Age: from the first stone tools to the end of the Pleistocene."}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/corrosion/": {"t": "Corrosion", "s": "Natural process converting refined metals into stable oxides.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/corrosion.webp", "c": "Engr Hafiza Maida · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity/": {"t": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity", "s": "Resistivity measures opposition to current; conductivity is its reciprocal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity.webp", "c": "Wolff, F.A.; Dellinger, J.H. · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/integrated-circuit/": {"t": "Integrated circuit", "s": "Compact electronic circuits on a semiconductor chip revolutionized modern technology."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/cuprite/": {"t": "Cuprite", "s": "A minor copper ore known for its deep red color."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/malachite/": {"t": "Malachite", "s": "A green-banded copper mineral with ancient ornamental and metallurgical significance."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/azurite/": {"t": "Azurite", "s": "A deep-blue copper mineral used as pigment since antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-conductor/": {"t": "Electrical conductor", "s": "Material enabling electric current flow via charge carriers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-conductor.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/photography/": {"t": "Photography", "s": "Drawing with light: capturing images through chemical or electronic means."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/zinc/": {"t": "Zinc", "s": "The essential trace element with a shiny blue whitish appearance."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tin/": {"t": "Tin", "s": "A soft, silvery-white post-transition metal with the largest number of stable isotopes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tin.webp", "c": "Farmers' Trading Company · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/inflation/": {"t": "Inflation", "s": "An increase in the average price of goods and services."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/antimicrobial/": {"t": "Antimicrobial", "s": "Agents that kill or inhibit microorganisms to treat or prevent infection."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystal-structure/": {"t": "Crystal structure", "s": "Ordered arrangement of particles in crystalline materials.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/crystal-structure.webp", "c": "Biochemlife · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/coulomb-s-law/": {"t": "Coulomb's law", "s": "Law describing electrostatic force between charged particles."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/metallic-bonding/": {"t": "Metallic bonding", "s": "Metallic bonding is a communal form of covalent bonding."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tellurium/": {"t": "Tellurium", "s": "A rare, brittle metalloid with a garlicky breath and cosmic origins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tellurium.webp", "c": "Darla Sondrol · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/zirconium/": {"t": "Zirconium", "s": "A corrosion-resistant transition metal used in nuclear and aerospace applications."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/ferromagnetism/": {"t": "Ferromagnetism", "s": "Strongest type of magnetism, enabling permanent magnets and many technologies."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/kelvin/": {"t": "Kelvin", "s": "British scientist who developed the absolute temperature scale."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/friction/": {"t": "Friction", "s": "Force resisting relative motion of surfaces and fluid layers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/friction.webp", "c": "ترتيل سيد احمد · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/organic-synthesis/": {"t": "Organic synthesis", "s": "Branch of chemical synthesis building organic compounds from simpler precursors."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/metalloid/": {"t": "Metalloid", "s": "Elements with properties between metals and nonmetals."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/gallium/": {"t": "Gallium", "s": "A silvery metal that melts in your hand."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/germanium/": {"t": "Germanium", "s": "A lustrous, hard-brittle metalloid in the carbon group, used in semiconductors and fiber optics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/germanium.webp", "c": "Mister rf · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/group-11-element/": {"t": "Group 11 element", "s": "Group of metals including copper, silver, gold, and roentgenium.", "i": "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/img/periodic-table-and-elements/group-11-element.webp", "c": "KKPCW · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydride/": {"t": "Hydride", "s": "Hydrides: from ionic salts to interstitial storage materials.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydride.webp", "c": "CCoil ( talk ) · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/mercury-planet/": {"t": "Mercury (planet)", "s": "Smallest planet and closest to the Sun."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/lawrencium/": {"t": "Lawrencium", "s": "Synthetic actinide element named after cyclotron inventor Ernest Lawrence."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/lutetium/": {"t": "Lutetium", "s": "A rare earth element discovered amid priority disputes."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lanthanum/": {"t": "Lanthanum", "s": "Lanthanum, atomic number 57 and symbol La, is a silvery-white metal that is soft and ductile."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-pioneers/e/chemistry-pioneers/alfred-werner/": {"t": "Alfred Werner", "s": "Swiss chemist who founded modern coordination chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/superconductivity/": {"t": "Superconductivity", "s": "Phenomenon of zero electrical resistance and magnetic field expulsion."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystallization/": {"t": "Crystallization", "s": "Process forming ordered solids from solution, melt, or gas."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tungsten/": {"t": "Tungsten", "s": "The element with the highest melting point of all known elements.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tungsten.webp", "c": "Jwcorone · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/antoine-lavoisier/": {"t": "Antoine Lavoisier", "s": "French nobleman and chemist who revolutionized chemistry by introducing quantitative methods and discovering oxygen's role in combustion."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/friedrich-w-hler/": {"t": "Friedrich Wöhler", "s": "German chemist who first isolated beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form and synthesized urea, challenging vitalism."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/potassium/": {"t": "Potassium", "s": "Soft alkali metal essential to life and widely used in fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-pioneers/e/chemistry-pioneers/carl-gustaf-mosander/": {"t": "Carl Gustaf Mosander", "s": "Swedish chemist who discovered three rare earth elements."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/per-teodor-cleve/": {"t": "Per Teodor Cleve", "s": "Uppsala chemist and father of Astrid Cleve."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/rutherfordium/": {"t": "Rutherfordium", "s": "Synthetic element named after physicist Ernest Rutherford."}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/martin-heinrich-klaproth/": {"t": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth", "s": "German chemist who discovered uranium and zirconium."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/humphry-davy/": {"t": "Humphry Davy", "s": "British chemist and inventor of the Davy lamp, pioneer of electrochemistry"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/electrolysis/": {"t": "Electrolysis", "s": "Breakdown via electricity: using direct current to drive non-spontaneous reactions."}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/j-ns-jacob-berzelius/": {"t": "Jöns Jacob Berzelius", "s": "Father of Swedish Chemistry and pioneer of stoichiometry"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/the-titans/": {"t": "The Titans", "s": "A generation of deities in Greek mythology."}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/x-ray-spectroscopy/": {"t": "X-ray spectroscopy", "s": "Techniques for material analysis using X-ray radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hafnium/": {"t": "Hafnium", "s": "A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in many zirconium minerals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/hafnium.webp", "c": "commons:User:Pumbaa (original work by commons:User:Greg Robson ) · CC BY-SA 2.0 uk"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ernest-rutherford/": {"t": "Ernest Rutherford", "s": "Father of nuclear physics"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitric-acid/": {"t": "Nitric acid", "s": "A highly corrosive mineral acid used in nitration and as a strong oxidizing agent."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrofluoric-acid/": {"t": "Hydrofluoric acid", "s": "A corrosive acid used in etching, cleaning, and fluoride production."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/group-3-element/": {"t": "Group 3 element", "s": "First transition metal group, disputed composition, key to rare-earth chemistry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/img/periodic-table-and-elements/group-3-element.webp", "c": "Sandbh · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/e/chemical-substances-and-materials/magnesium-chloride/": {"t": "Magnesium chloride", "s": "Inorganic compound used in metal production, de-icing, and tofu making.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/img/chemical-substances-and-materials/magnesium-chloride.webp", "c": "Jacopo Werther · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/iodine/": {"t": "Iodine", "s": "Heaviest stable halogen, essential for thyroid hormone synthesis."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/anatase/": {"t": "Anatase", "s": "Metastable titanium dioxide mineral with unique crystal habit."}, "https://codexery.com/norse-myths/e/norse-myths/freyja/": {"t": "Freyja", "s": "Norse goddess of love, war, and seiðr, ruler of Fólkvangr."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-compound/": {"t": "Chemical compound", "s": "Substance of multiple elements bonded in fixed proportions."}, "https://codexery.com/filicide-in-mythology/e/filicide-in-mythology/tantalus/": {"t": "Tantalus", "s": "Mythological figure punished with eternal hunger and thirst in Tartarus."}, "https://codexery.com/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and-mytholog/e/human-sacrifice-in-folklore-and-mythology/pelops/": {"t": "Pelops", "s": "King of Pisa whose cult inspired the Olympic Games."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/inorganic-chemistry/": {"t": "Inorganic chemistry", "s": "Study of non-carbon-based compounds and their industrial applications."}, "https://codexery.com/sodium-compounds/e/sodium-compounds/sodium-orthovanadate/": {"t": "Sodium orthovanadate", "s": "A vanadium salt that mimics phosphate and inhibits key enzymes."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/base-chemistry/": {"t": "Base (chemistry)", "s": "Substances that react with acids, accepting protons or donating electron pairs."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/seaborgium/": {"t": "Seaborgium", "s": "Synthetic element named after Glenn T. Seaborg."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/molybdenum/": {"t": "Molybdenum", "s": "Molybdenum is a transition metal essential for life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/selenium/": {"t": "Selenium", "s": "Essential trace element and semiconductor discovered in 1817."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/gemstone/": {"t": "Gemstone", "s": "Mineral crystals and organic materials used for jewelry and adornment."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/ruby/": {"t": "Ruby", "s": "A pinkish-red to blood-red gemstone, a variety of corundum, prized for its durability and rich color.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/ruby.webp", "c": "TheMaharlikan · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/emerald/": {"t": "Emerald", "s": "A green variety of beryl, prized since antiquity for its vivid hue and often included nature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/emerald.webp", "c": "Charles J. Sharp · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/galena/": {"t": "Galena", "s": "Primary ore of lead and silver, widely distributed sulfide mineral."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-pioneers/e/chemistry-pioneers/carl-wilhelm-scheele/": {"t": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "s": "German-Swedish pharmaceutical chemist who discovered oxygen and identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium, nitrogen, chlorine, and several organic acids."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/scheelite/": {"t": "Scheelite", "s": "Calcium tungstate mineral, ore of tungsten, named after Carl Wilhelm Scheele."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bursa/": {"t": "Bursa", "s": "Historic Ottoman capital and modern industrial hub in northwestern Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/silicon/": {"t": "Silicon", "s": "The semiconductor element that shapes the modern world."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-inventions/e/russian-inventions/aluminothermic-reaction/": {"t": "Aluminothermic reaction", "s": "Exothermic reduction using aluminium to produce metals and alloys."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/technetium/": {"t": "Technetium", "s": "First predominantly artificial element, used in nuclear medicine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/img/periodic-table-and-elements/technetium.webp", "c": "Marco Cardin · via Wikipedia: Technetium · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/corundum/": {"t": "Corundum", "s": "A hard, crystalline mineral forming rubies and sapphires."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/pyrolusite/": {"t": "Pyrolusite", "s": "A black manganese ore used in glassmaking, batteries, and pigments."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electric-battery/": {"t": "Electric battery", "s": "Device converting chemical energy to electrical power via cells."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrazine/": {"t": "Hydrazine", "s": "A versatile inorganic compound used in propellants, foams, and pharmaceuticals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrazine.webp", "c": "Ben Mills · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrogen-peroxide/": {"t": "Hydrogen peroxide", "s": "A reactive oxygen species used as an oxidizer and antiseptic."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/rutile/": {"t": "Rutile", "s": "Common titanium dioxide mineral with high refractive index and optical uses."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/ruthenium/": {"t": "Ruthenium", "s": "Ruthenium is the chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/group-9-element/": {"t": "Group 9 element", "s": "Rare transition metals including cobalt, rhodium, iridium, and meitnerium."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/hematite/": {"t": "Hematite", "s": "Iron oxide mineral used as ore, pigment, and in jewelry."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-and-gems/e/minerals-and-gems/magnetite/": {"t": "Magnetite", "s": "Most magnetic naturally occurring mineral, key to paleomagnetism and compasses."}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/coke-fuel/": {"t": "Coke (fuel)", "s": "A smokeless coal-based fuel essential for iron smelting."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/pentlandite/": {"t": "Pentlandite", "s": "Key nickel ore found in ultramafic rocks."}, "https://codexery.com/cancer/e/cancer/cancer/": {"t": "Cancer", "s": "A group of diseases involving uncontrolled cell growth with potential to spread."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/pompeii/": {"t": "Pompeii", "s": "A Roman city frozen in time by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/sodium-compounds/e/sodium-compounds/sodium-hydroxide/": {"t": "Sodium hydroxide", "s": "Caustic soda: a strong base and nucleophile used in industry and chemistry education."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-reaction/": {"t": "Chemical reaction", "s": "Process rearranging atoms with energy change, yielding new substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-reaction.webp", "c": "Д.Ильин : translation, optimization · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/grazing/": {"t": "Grazing", "s": "Grazing converts grassland into meat, milk, and wool."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/alkane/": {"t": "Alkane", "s": "Acyclic saturated hydrocarbons forming a homologous series."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/states-of-germany/": {"t": "States of Germany", "s": "The sixteen Länder of Germany: history, structure, and quirks."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/radium/": {"t": "Radium", "s": "Radioactive alkaline earth metal discovered by the Curies."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/ernest-lawrence/": {"t": "Ernest Lawrence", "s": "American physicist and Nobel laureate who invented the cyclotron"}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/kilogram/": {"t": "Kilogram", "s": "The kilogram (sometimes spelled kilogramme) is the SI base unit of mass, equivalent to 1,000 grams."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/enthalpy/": {"t": "Enthalpy", "s": "Enthalpy is the sum of internal energy and pressure-volume work."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/acid/": {"t": "Acid", "s": "A substance that donates a proton or accepts an electron pair.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/acid.webp", "c": "Heritage Preservation Department - MNHS · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/gamma-ray/": {"t": "Gamma ray", "s": "Penetrating electromagnetic radiation from nuclear decay and cosmic events."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/science-journal/": {"t": "Science (journal)", "s": "Peer-reviewed journal of the AAAS, covering all scientific disciplines."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/lutetia/": {"t": "Lutetia", "s": "Gallo–Roman town that became the predecessor of modern Paris."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/halide/": {"t": "Halide", "s": "Binary compounds of halogens with less electronegative elements.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/halide.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/aldebaran/": {"t": "Aldebaran", "s": "Brightest star in Taurus, a red giant with a faint binary companion."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/cassiopeia/": {"t": "Cassiopeia", "s": "A northern constellation representing the queen of Ethiopia."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/group-4-element/": {"t": "Group 4 element", "s": "Group 4 transition metals: hard, corrosion-resistant, with a protective oxide layer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/img/periodic-table-and-elements/group-4-element.webp", "c": "KKPCW · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-and-gems/e/minerals-and-gems/monazite/": {"t": "Monazite", "s": "A phosphate mineral group and ore for rare-earth elements."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/nashville-tennessee/": {"t": "Nashville, Tennessee", "s": "Capital of Tennessee, major music and healthcare hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/img/cities-and-urban-areas/nashville-tennessee.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nashville, Tennessee · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/ulyanovsk-oblast/": {"t": "Ulyanovsk Oblast", "s": "A Volga region oblast with rich history, diverse landscapes, and a continental climate."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-reactors-and-processes/e/chemical-reactors-and-processes/extraction-chemistry/": {"t": "Extraction (chemistry)", "s": "Separation process based on solute distribution between two phases."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/lund-university/": {"t": "Lund University", "s": "Public research university founded 1666 in Lund, Sweden."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/scania/": {"t": "Scania", "s": "Southernmost historical province of Sweden, once Danish."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/promethium/": {"t": "Promethium", "s": "A rare, radioactive lanthanide with no stable isotopes."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/group-7-element/": {"t": "Group 7 element", "s": "Group 7 transition metals with +7 oxidation state trends."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/red-giant/": {"t": "Red giant", "s": "A late-phase, luminous giant star with an inflated atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/stellar-classification/": {"t": "Stellar classification", "s": "System for classifying stars by spectral and luminosity characteristics."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/platinum/": {"t": "Platinum", "s": "The most ductile pure metal, a noble and precious element with critical industrial and medical uses."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dipole/": {"t": "Dipole", "s": "Electromagnetic phenomenon with electric and magnetic forms."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/extended-periodic-table/": {"t": "Extended periodic table", "s": "Hypothetical extension of the periodic table beyond element 118.", "i": "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/img/periodic-table-and-elements/extended-periodic-table.webp", "c": "Pekka Pyykkö (original Pyykko table), WhiteTimberwolf (SVG Pyykko version) CxHy  · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/mass/": {"t": "Mass", "s": "Intrinsic property measuring inertia and gravitational attraction."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/proton/": {"t": "Proton", "s": "Proton: stable subatomic particle, building block of atomic nuclei."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nuclear-chemistry/": {"t": "Nuclear chemistry", "s": "Sub-field of chemistry studying radioactivity and nuclear processes."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/cold-fusion/": {"t": "Cold fusion", "s": "Hypothesized room-temperature nuclear reaction, controversial since 1989."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/group-6-element/": {"t": "Group 6 element", "s": "Group 6 transition metals with high melting points and strategic uses."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lead/": {"t": "Lead", "s": "Heavy metal with stable isotopes and historical industrial use."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/covalent-bond/": {"t": "Covalent bond", "s": "Covalent bonds involve shared electron pairs between atoms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/covalent-bond.webp", "c": "DynaBlast · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/wilhelm-r-ntgen/": {"t": "Wilhelm Röntgen", "s": "German physicist who discovered X-rays and won first Nobel in Physics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/wilhelm-r-ntgen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Wilhelm Röntgen · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/standard-electrode-potential/": {"t": "Standard electrode potential", "s": "Measure of reducing power in electrochemical cells."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/fluorine/": {"t": "Fluorine", "s": "Fluorine is a chemical element, represented by the symbol F and carrying atomic number 9."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/ammonia/": {"t": "Ammonia", "s": "A colourless gas with a pungent smell, vital for fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/neodymium/": {"t": "Neodymium", "s": "A rare-earth metal used in powerful magnets and lasers."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/prometheus/": {"t": "Prometheus", "s": "Titan who stole fire and gave civilization to humanity."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/praseodymium/": {"t": "Praseodymium", "s": "The leek-green twin among rare-earth metals."}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/willard-libby/": {"t": "Willard Libby", "s": "Developed radiocarbon dating, revolutionizing archaeology and palaeontology."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/apatite/": {"t": "Apatite", "s": "A phosphate mineral group essential to biology and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-crust/": {"t": "Earth's crust", "s": "Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, comprising less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/earth-s-crust.webp", "c": "User:Zakapedia · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/andromeda/": {"t": "Andromeda", "s": "Andromeda: a princess, a constellation, and a galaxy."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/allotropy/": {"t": "Allotropy", "s": "Property of elements to exist in multiple structural forms."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/halogen/": {"t": "Halogen", "s": "Highly reactive nonmetals that form salts and acids.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/halogen.webp", "c": "Raimond Spekking · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/uranus/": {"t": "Uranus", "s": "The seventh planet, a tilted ice giant with extreme seasons."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/neptune/": {"t": "Neptune", "s": "The only planet discovered through mathematical prediction, not direct observation."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/pluto/": {"t": "Pluto", "s": "Dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, once the ninth planet."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/trinity-nuclear-test/": {"t": "Trinity (nuclear test)", "s": "First nuclear weapon detonation, July 16, 1945, New Mexico desert."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/cast-iron/": {"t": "Cast iron", "s": "Iron-carbon alloy with >2% carbon, valued for castability."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/viscosity/": {"t": "Viscosity", "s": "Viscosity quantifies a fluid's internal resistance to flow."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/surface-tension/": {"t": "Surface tension", "s": "Surface tension is the force per unit length at a liquid surface."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nuclear-fission/": {"t": "Nuclear fission", "s": "Nuclear fission splits atomic nuclei, releasing vast energy."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/sapienza-university-of-rome/": {"t": "Sapienza University of Rome", "s": "Oldest pontifical university and Europe's largest by enrollment."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/breeder-reactor/": {"t": "Breeder reactor", "s": "A reactor that breeds more fuel than it burns.", "i": "https://codexery.com/power-generation/img/power-generation/breeder-reactor.webp", "c": "Bkleinf2 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-emergencies/e/medical-emergencies/acute-radiation-syndrome/": {"t": "Acute radiation syndrome", "s": "Acute radiation syndrome results from high-dose ionizing radiation exposure."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/mutation/": {"t": "Mutation", "s": "Mutations are alterations in DNA sequence driving evolution and disease."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/e/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer/": {"t": "Lung cancer", "s": "Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally.", "i": "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/img/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer.webp", "c": "Modificado de OpenStax College · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/solid/": {"t": "Solid", "s": "A state of matter with tightly bound atoms and structural rigidity."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/alfred-nobel/": {"t": "Alfred Nobel", "s": "Swedish inventor of dynamite and founder of the Nobel Prizes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/alfred-nobel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alfred Nobel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/polonium/": {"t": "Polonium", "s": "Highly radioactive element discovered by the Curies."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mercury-element/": {"t": "Mercury (element)", "s": "A heavy, silvery liquid metal with unique physical properties and high toxicity."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/thallium/": {"t": "Thallium", "s": "A toxic metal discovered via its green spectral line.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/thallium.webp", "c": "Speedpera · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/europium/": {"t": "Europium", "s": "Rare-earth element known for phosphorescence and divalent chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/terbium/": {"t": "Terbium", "s": "A rare earth metal used in green phosphors and sonar systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/terbium.webp", "c": "commons:User:Pumbaa (original work by commons:User:Greg Robson ) · CC BY-SA 2.0 uk"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/e/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/chromatography/": {"t": "Chromatography", "s": "A laboratory technique for separating mixtures into their components.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/img/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/chromatography.webp", "c": "Mattia Luigi Nappi · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/indium/": {"t": "Indium", "s": "Soft, silvery metal used in displays and semiconductors."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/strength-of-materials/": {"t": "Strength of materials", "s": "Study of material response to loads and failure modes."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/bone/": {"t": "Bone", "s": "Bones are rigid organs forming the vertebrate skeleton.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/bone.webp", "c": "Donvikro · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/nuclear-power/": {"t": "Nuclear power", "s": "Nuclear reactions produce electricity via fission, decay, or fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/protactinium/": {"t": "Protactinium", "s": "Rare radioactive element used in ocean science and nuclear research."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/scandium/": {"t": "Scandium", "s": "Scandium: a silvery-white d-block element, usually classified as a rare-earth, used primarily in aluminium alloys."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/yttrium/": {"t": "Yttrium", "s": "Yttrium: a silvery-metallic transition metal and rare-earth element, essential in phosphors and LEDs."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/strontium/": {"t": "Strontium", "s": "A soft, reactive alkaline earth metal named after a Scottish village.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/strontium.webp", "c": "Stuttle2 · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/samarium/": {"t": "Samarium", "s": "A lanthanide metal used in magnets, medicine, and nuclear reactors."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/marie-curie/": {"t": "Marie Curie", "s": "Pioneer of radioactivity and two-time Nobel laureate."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/fluorescence/": {"t": "Fluorescence", "s": "Emission of light from a substance after absorbing radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/canadian-inventions/e/canadian-inventions/alpha-particle-x-ray-spectrometer/": {"t": "Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer", "s": "Space instrument analyzing elemental composition via alpha particles and X-rays."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/spirit-rover/": {"t": "Spirit (rover)", "s": "Mars rover that operated over twenty times longer than planned."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/opportunity-rover/": {"t": "Opportunity (rover)", "s": "A robotic rover that explored Mars from 2004 to 2018, far exceeding its planned lifespan."}, "https://codexery.com/astrobiology-space-missions/e/astrobiology-space-missions/curiosity-rover/": {"t": "Curiosity (rover)", "s": "Mars rover exploring Gale crater and Mount Sharp since 2012."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/the-mars-rovers/": {"t": "The Mars rovers", "s": "Mars rovers are motorized vehicles operated remotely to explore the Martian surface."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/philae-spacecraft/": {"t": "Philae (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to land on a comet nucleus."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/comet/": {"t": "Comet", "s": "Icy wanderers that bloom when near the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/acids-and-bases/e/acids-and-bases/perchloric-acid/": {"t": "Perchloric acid", "s": "Strong mineral acid and oxidizer used in rocket propellant."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/gadolinium/": {"t": "Gadolinium", "s": "Rare-earth element used in MRI contrast agents and nuclear shielding."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-chloride/": {"t": "Hydrogen chloride", "s": "A colorless gas forming hydrochloric acid with water.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-chloride.webp", "c": "Jorge Stolfi · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/phosphorus/": {"t": "Phosphorus", "s": "The element that glows, burns, and sustains life."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/nicolaus-copernicus/": {"t": "Nicolaus Copernicus", "s": "Renaissance polymath who proposed the Sun-centered model of the universe."}, "/e/periodic-table-and-elements/group-12-element/": {"t": "Group 12 element", "s": "Group 12 elements: soft metals with full d-shells.", "i": "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/img/periodic-table-and-elements/group-12-element.webp", "c": "U.S. Navy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmic-ray/": {"t": "Cosmic ray", "s": "High-energy particles from space, discovered via balloon flights in 1912.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/cosmic-ray.webp", "c": "Vahram Mekhitarian · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/semiconductor/": {"t": "Semiconductor", "s": "Materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell/": {"t": "Red blood cell", "s": "Vertebrate cells that deliver oxygen via hemoglobin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell.webp", "c": "BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:\n\nBlausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\". WikiJournal of M · via Wikipedia: Red blood cell · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/dysprosium/": {"t": "Dysprosium", "s": "Rare-earth element used in magnets and nuclear control rods."}, "https://codexery.com/acids-and-bases/e/acids-and-bases/mineral-acid/": {"t": "Mineral acid", "s": "Inorganic acids that release hydrogen ions in water."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/neutron/": {"t": "Neutron", "s": "The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n⁰, that carries no electric charge and has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton."}, "https://codexery.com/disorders-causing-seizures/e/disorders-causing-seizures/brain-tumor/": {"t": "Brain tumor", "s": "A brain tumor is a mass of uncontrolled cell growth in the brain, which can cause seizures and other symptoms depending on size and location.", "i": "https://codexery.com/disorders-causing-seizures/img/disorders-causing-seizures/brain-tumor.webp", "c": "CF · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/radiation-therapy/": {"t": "Radiation therapy", "s": "Ionizing radiation used to treat cancer and other conditions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/img/medical-procedures-and-treatments/radiation-therapy.webp", "c": "Linda Bartlett (Photographer) · Public domain"}}