{"https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/toledo-spain/": {"t": "Toledo, Spain", "s": "Historic city on the Tagus, former Visigothic capital and UNESCO site."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/juan-aldama/": {"t": "Juan Aldama", "s": "Criollo captain and early leader of Mexico's independence movement."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/mexican-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Mexican War of Independence", "s": "Armed conflict ending Spanish rule in Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-and-rights-law/e/constitutional-and-rights-law/legitimacy-family-law/": {"t": "Legitimacy (family law)", "s": "Legal status of children born to married parents."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/council-of-the-indies/": {"t": "Council of the Indies", "s": "Supreme royal council governing Spanish America and the East Indies."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-mexico/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of Mexico", "s": "Original foundation of Mexico's pluricultural nation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/adam-smith/": {"t": "Adam Smith", "s": "Scottish economist and philosopher, father of modern economics"}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/montesquieu/": {"t": "Montesquieu", "s": "French jurist, historian, and political philosopher who pioneered the separation of powers."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/bourbon-reforms/": {"t": "Bourbon Reforms", "s": "18th-century Spanish reforms aimed at imperial centralization and economic revival.", "i": "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/img/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/bourbon-reforms.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bourbon Reforms · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/miguel-hidalgo-y-costilla/": {"t": "Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla", "s": "Father of the Mexican Nation and leader of the Cry of Dolores"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-mexico/e/world-heritage-sites-in-mexico/san-miguel-de-allende/": {"t": "San Miguel de Allende", "s": "Colonial city, Chichimeca War epicenter, UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/jos-mar-a-morelos/": {"t": "José María Morelos", "s": "Priest and insurgent leader who shaped Mexico's independence."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/hacienda/": {"t": "Hacienda", "s": "Large landed estate in Spain and the former Spanish Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/guadalajara/": {"t": "Guadalajara", "s": "Capital of Jalisco, cultural and economic center of western Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/coahuila/": {"t": "Coahuila", "s": "Third-largest Mexican state, bordering Texas along the Rio Grande."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/le-n-guanajuato/": {"t": "León, Guanajuato", "s": "Leather capital of Mexico, city of cyclists and water champions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/img/cities-and-urban-areas/le-n-guanajuato.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: León, Guanajuato · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/nuevo-le-n/": {"t": "Nuevo León", "s": "The industrial heart of northeastern Mexico", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/nuevo-le-n.webp", "c": "Tefita228 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/ignacio-aldama/": {"t": "Ignacio Aldama", "s": "Lawyer, merchant, and early rebel emissary for Mexican independence."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/ignacio-elizondo/": {"t": "Ignacio Elizondo", "s": "Royalist officer who captured Hidalgo and other rebel leaders."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/josefa-ortiz-de-dom-nguez/": {"t": "Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez", "s": "Insurgent and key figure in the Mexican War of Independence."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/new-spain/": {"t": "New Spain", "s": "First viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire in the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of/img/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/new-spain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Spain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/guanajuato/": {"t": "Guanajuato", "s": "Central Mexican state known for mining, industry, and the Cervantino Festival."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/quer-taro/": {"t": "Querétaro", "s": "A small, geographically diverse state in north-central Mexico."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/miguel-dom-nguez/": {"t": "Miguel Domínguez", "s": "Colonial official and independence conspirator in New Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-folklore/e/mexican-folklore/our-lady-of-guadalupe/": {"t": "Our Lady of Guadalupe", "s": "Catholic title of Mary associated with 1531 apparitions in Mexico.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mexican-folklore/img/mexican-folklore/our-lady-of-guadalupe.webp", "c": "Another Believer · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-mexico/e/world-heritage-sites-in-mexico/guanajuato-city/": {"t": "Guanajuato (city)", "s": "Colonial silver-mining city and UNESCO World Heritage site."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/chihuahua-city/": {"t": "Chihuahua City", "s": "State capital of Chihuahua, Mexico; historic seat of Juárez's government."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/jos-mariano-jim-nez/": {"t": "José Mariano Jiménez", "s": "Mexican engineer and rebel officer in the War of Independence."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/mexico-city-metropolitan-cathedral/": {"t": "Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral", "s": "Cathedral built over 250 years on a former Aztec sacred precinct."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/antonio-l-pez-de-santa-anna/": {"t": "Antonio López de Santa Anna", "s": "The 'uncrowned monarch' of Mexico's turbulent 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/mexican-american-war/": {"t": "Mexican–American War", "s": "The Mexican–American War, known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, was an invasion of Mexico by "}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/veracruz-city/": {"t": "Veracruz (city)", "s": "Mexico's oldest, largest, and historically most significant port city."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/san-luis-potos-city/": {"t": "San Luis Potosí (city)", "s": "Capital and industrial hub of San Luis Potosí, Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/aguascalientes-city/": {"t": "Aguascalientes (city)", "s": "Capital of Aguascalientes state, founded on hot springs."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/honor-de-balzac/": {"t": "Honoré de Balzac", "s": "French novelist and playwright, founder of realism in European literature"}, "https://codexery.com/beyonce/e/world/new-orleans/": {"t": "New Orleans", "s": "Setting of the 'Formation' video and of Beyoncé's 2013 Super Bowl halftime show."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-vii/": {"t": "Ferdinand VII", "s": "King whose reign deepened Spain's liberal-absolutist divide."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/nicol-s-bravo/": {"t": "Nicolás Bravo", "s": "Mexican soldier, politician, and three-time interim president."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/vicente-guerrero/": {"t": "Vicente Guerrero", "s": "Mexican insurgent commander, president, and national hero."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/san-luis-potos/": {"t": "San Luis Potosí", "s": "A Mexican state with a rich mining and revolutionary history."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/michoac-n/": {"t": "Michoacán", "s": "Western Mexican state with Purépecha heritage and colonial cities."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/guerrero/": {"t": "Guerrero", "s": "Southwest Mexican state named after a president and independence leader."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francis-of-assisi/": {"t": "Francis of Assisi", "s": "Italian mystic, poet, and founder of the Franciscan Order"}, "https://codexery.com/gunpowder/e/gunpowder/potassium-nitrate/": {"t": "Potassium nitrate", "s": "Key oxidizer in black powder and historic saltpetre."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/jos-gabriel-de-armijo/": {"t": "José Gabriel de Armijo", "s": "Spanish and Mexican commander in the War of Independence."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/leonardo-bravo-general-officer/": {"t": "Leonardo Bravo (general officer)", "s": "Mexican insurgent general captured and executed by royalists."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/veracruz/": {"t": "Veracruz", "s": "Eastern Mexican state with a key Gulf port and mixed heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/oaxaca/": {"t": "Oaxaca", "s": "A Mexican state known for Indigenous cultures and rugged terrain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/oaxaca.webp", "c": "PCN02WPS · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/jalisco/": {"t": "Jalisco", "s": "A western Mexican state known for mariachi, tequila, and cultural heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/acapulco/": {"t": "Acapulco", "s": "Historic Pacific port and resort city in Guerrero, Mexico."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/marcos-escobedo/": {"t": "Marcos Escobedo", "s": "Military commander and later Mayor of Colotlán."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/aguascalientes/": {"t": "Aguascalientes", "s": "Small state, fast-growing economy, home to the San Marcos Fair."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/hermosillo/": {"t": "Hermosillo", "s": "Capital and largest city of Sonora, Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/mariano-matamoros/": {"t": "Mariano Matamoros", "s": "Priest and insurgent second-in-command to José María Morelos."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/puebla/": {"t": "Puebla", "s": "State in east-central Mexico, home to Puebla City and the Battle of Puebla.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/puebla.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/jos-mariano-michelena/": {"t": "José Mariano Michelena", "s": "Early independence conspirator who later introduced coffee to Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-professions/e/legal-professions/lawyer/": {"t": "Lawyer", "s": "A qualified advisor and representative in legal matters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-professions/img/legal-professions/lawyer.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/military/": {"t": "Military", "s": "A heavily armed, highly organized force for warfare.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/military.webp", "c": "Solomon203 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/texas/": {"t": "Texas", "s": "Second-largest U.S. state by area, but first in Fortune 500 headquarters and gross state product."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rio-grande/": {"t": "Rio Grande", "s": "The Rio Grande: a vital, arid-land river forming the U.S.-Mexico border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rio-grande.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rio Grande · see source"}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/pablo-jos-calvillo/": {"t": "Pablo José Calvillo", "s": "Priest and insurgent leader of indigenous archers in Nueva Galicia."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/captaincy-general-of-the-philippines/": {"t": "Captaincy General of the Philippines", "s": "Spanish colonial territory in Southeast Asia, governed from Mexico City."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/alta-california/": {"t": "Alta California", "s": "Former Spanish province and later Mexican territory in North America."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/morelos/": {"t": "Morelos", "s": "Landlocked state in south-central Mexico, named for independence hero.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/morelos.webp", "c": "Alberto0617 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/state-of-mexico/": {"t": "State of Mexico", "s": "Most populous state, surrounding Mexico City on three sides."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/spaniards/": {"t": "Spaniards", "s": "Spaniards are an ethnic group indigenous to Spain with a global legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/los-angeles/": {"t": "Los Angeles", "s": "The City of Angels, a global hub of culture and commerce."}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/state-of-emergency/": {"t": "State of emergency", "s": "Government empowerment to act beyond normal limits for citizen safety."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/isidoro-montes-de-oca/": {"t": "Isidoro Montes de Oca", "s": "Mexican revolutionary general who fought under Morelos and Guerrero."}, "https://codexery.com/masonic-rites/e/masonic-rites/scottish-rite/": {"t": "Scottish Rite", "s": "A widely practiced Masonic rite of 33 degrees.", "i": "https://codexery.com/masonic-rites/img/masonic-rites/scottish-rite.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Scottish Rite · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/e/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/capitulation-of-pueblo-viejo/": {"t": "Capitulation of Pueblo Viejo", "s": "Agreement ending Spain's final reconquest attempt in Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/e/american-and-caribbean-leaders/porfirio-d-az/": {"t": "Porfirio Díaz", "s": "Mexican general and president who ruled for over thirty years during the Porfiriato.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/img/american-and-caribbean-leaders/porfirio-d-az.webp", "c": "Aurelio Escobar Castellanos, Archive · via Wikipedia: Porfirio Díaz · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/mining-engineering/": {"t": "Mining engineering", "s": "Mining engineering extracts minerals and manages all mine phases."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/treason/": {"t": "Treason", "s": "Crime of disloyalty to a state or sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/national-autonomous-university-of-mexico/": {"t": "National Autonomous University of Mexico", "s": "A secular public university founded in 1910, central to Mexican education and culture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/national-autonomous-university-of-mexico.webp", "c": "Régis Lachaume · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/xalapa/": {"t": "Xalapa", "s": "Capital of Veracruz, known as the City of Flowers."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/sim-n-bol-var/": {"t": "Simón Bolívar", "s": "Venezuelan military officer who liberated six nations from Spanish rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/sim-n-bol-var.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Simón Bolívar · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/masonic-rites/e/masonic-rites/york-rite/": {"t": "York Rite", "s": "A collection of separate Masonic bodies and associated degrees grouped together under a single name."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/makati/": {"t": "Makati", "s": "Philippines' leading financial and commercial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/sonora/": {"t": "Sonora", "s": "Northwestern Mexican state with arid geography and rich indigenous history."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/cacique/": {"t": "Cacique", "s": "Indigenous leader term adapted by Spanish colonizers."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/manuel-abad-y-queipo/": {"t": "Manuel Abad y Queipo", "s": "Spanish bishop and social commentator in colonial Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/ecatepec-de-morelos/": {"t": "Ecatepec de Morelos", "s": "Third most-populous municipality in Mexico, northern suburb of Mexico City."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/conquistador/": {"t": "Conquistador", "s": "Spanish and Portuguese explorers who conquered and colonized the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/hern-n-cort-s/": {"t": "Hernán Cortés", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led the fall of the Aztec Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/hern-n-cort-s.webp", "c": "Unknown artistUnknown artist · via Wikipedia: Hernán Cortés · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/quintana-roo/": {"t": "Quintana Roo", "s": "A smaller Mennonite settlement area in Mexico's southeast."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-mexico/e/national-parks-of-mexico/insurgente-jos-mar-a-morelos-y-pav-n-national-park/": {"t": "Insurgente José María Morelos y Pavón National Park", "s": "Mountain park in Michoacán with diverse forests and streams."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/cuernavaca/": {"t": "Cuernavaca", "s": "Capital of Morelos, likely origin of Mesoamerican civilization, known for eternal spring."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/seminary/": {"t": "Seminary", "s": "Educational institutions for training clergy and ministers in theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/seminary.webp", "c": "Aren Noronha · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/gertrudis-bocanegra/": {"t": "Gertrudis Bocanegra", "s": "Insurgent messenger and martyr of the Mexican War of Independence."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/mexican-revolution/": {"t": "Mexican Revolution", "s": "A decade-long civil war that reshaped Mexican government and society."}, "/e/people-of-the-mexican-war-of-independence/pedro-moreno-soldier/": {"t": "Pedro Moreno (soldier)", "s": "Insurgent leader in the Mexican War of Independence."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/e/spanish-american-wars-of-independence/cortes-of-c-diz/": {"t": "Cortes of Cádiz", "s": "Liberal parliament that drafted the 1812 Spanish Constitution."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/freedom-of-the-press/": {"t": "Freedom of the press", "s": "Principle of minimal government censorship over published expression."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mineral/": {"t": "Mineral", "s": "Naturally occurring solid with defined composition and crystal structure."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/e/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/adams-on-s-treaty/": {"t": "Adams–Onís Treaty", "s": "1819 treaty ceding Florida and setting a transcontinental boundary.", "i": "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/img/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/adams-on-s-treaty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Adams–Onís Treaty · see source"}}