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"https://codexery.com/companies-and-conglomerates/e/companies-and-conglomerates/dow-chemical-company/": {"t": "Dow Chemical Company", "s": "American multinational chemical producer founded in 1897.", "i": "https://codexery.com/companies-and-conglomerates/img/companies-and-conglomerates/dow-chemical-company.webp", "c": "Dow Chemical Company · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/vila/": {"t": "Ávila", "s": "Highest provincial capital in Spain, known for medieval walls and mystics."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/european-enclaves-in-north-africa-before-1830/": {"t": "European enclaves in North Africa before 1830", "s": "Medieval to early modern European footholds on the Maghreb coast."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/b-ja-a/": {"t": "Béjaïa", "s": "Mediterranean port city and capital of Béjaïa Province, Algeria."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/christopher-columbus/": {"t": "Christopher Columbus", "s": "Italian explorer who opened the Americas to European colonization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/christopher-columbus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christopher Columbus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/santa-mar-a-la-antigua-del-dari-n/": {"t": "Santa María la Antigua del Darién", "s": "First permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/vasco-n-ez-de-balboa/": {"t": "Vasco Núñez de Balboa", "s": "Spanish explorer who first sighted the Pacific Ocean from Panama."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/lima/": {"t": "Lima", "s": "Capital and largest city of Peru, political and cultural center."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/hernando-de-soto/": {"t": "Hernando de Soto", "s": "Spanish explorer who crossed the Mississippi River."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/conquistador/": {"t": "Conquistador", "s": "Spanish and Portuguese explorers who conquered and colonized the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/mississippi/": {"t": "Mississippi", "s": "State in the Southeastern and Deep South regions of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/mississippi.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/toledo-spain/": {"t": "Toledo, Spain", "s": "Historic city on the Tagus, former Visigothic capital and UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/francisco-pizarro/": {"t": "Francisco Pizarro", "s": "Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/francisco-pizarro.webp", "c": "Amable-Paul Coutan · via Wikipedia: Francisco Pizarro · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/diego-de-almagro/": {"t": "Diego de Almagro", "s": "Spanish conquistador who helped conquer Peru and led the first Spanish expedition to Chile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/diego-de-almagro.webp", "c": "Domingo Mesa · via Wikipedia: Diego de Almagro · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/le-n-nicaragua/": {"t": "León, Nicaragua", "s": "Second largest city in Nicaragua; historic political and intellectual hub."}, "/e/people-from-segovia/juan-de-contreras-y-l-pez-de-ayala/": {"t": "Juan de Contreras y López de Ayala", "s": "Spanish historian, art critic, and politician; ninth Marquess of Lozoya."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-civil-war/": {"t": "Spanish Civil War", "s": "The Spanish Civil War, which raged in Spain from 1936 to 1939, pitted the Republican faction against the Nationalist rebels."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/alcal-de-henares/": {"t": "Alcalá de Henares", "s": "Spanish municipality with a UNESCO-listed historic centre and historic university."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/salamanca/": {"t": "Salamanca", "s": "Historic university city and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-castile/": {"t": "Kingdom of Castile", "s": "Medieval Iberian kingdom that expanded southward and united with León."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-i-of-hungary/": {"t": "Louis I of Hungary", "s": "King of Hungary, Croatia, and Poland who expanded royal authority and fought wars across Central and Southern Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/alcazars-and-alcazabas-in-spain/e/alcazars-and-alcazabas-in-spain/alc-zar-of-segovia/": {"t": "Alcázar of Segovia", "s": "A medieval fortress and royal palace on a rocky crag."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/almanzor/": {"t": "Almanzor", "s": "Chamberlain who dominated Umayyad Córdoba and halted Christian advance."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/benedictines/": {"t": "Benedictines", "s": "Oldest Latin Church order, following the Rule of Saint Benedict."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/quran/": {"t": "Quran", "s": "Central religious text of Islam, believed to be divine revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/hafiz-quran/": {"t": "Hafiz (Quran)", "s": "A person who has memorized the entire Qur'an."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/romance-languages/": {"t": "Romance languages", "s": "The Romance languages, often called the Latin languages, are those that evolved directly from Vulgar Latin."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/medical-doctor/": {"t": "Medical doctor", "s": "Health professional who practices medicine to promote and restore health."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/seminary/": {"t": "Seminary", "s": "Educational institutions for training clergy and ministers in theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/seminary.webp", "c": "Aren Noronha · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/isabella-ii/": {"t": "Isabella II", "s": "First queen regnant of unified Spain, deposed in 1868."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/first-carlist-war/": {"t": "First Carlist War", "s": "A civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840 over succession and monarchy, pitting Carlists against Liberals."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/castile-and-le-n/": {"t": "Castile and León", "s": "Largest autonomous community in Spain, with a de facto capital in Valladolid."}, "https://codexery.com/drama/e/drama/monologue/": {"t": "Monologue", "s": "A single character's extended speech in drama."}, "https://codexery.com/got-talent/e/got-talent/got-talent-espa-a/": {"t": "Got Talent España", "s": "Spanish talent competition from the global Got Talent franchise."}, "https://codexery.com/got-talent/e/got-talent/got-talent/": {"t": "Got Talent", "s": "A global talent competition format for any performer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/got-talent/img/got-talent/got-talent.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Got Talent · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/wow-presents-plus-original-programming/e/wow-presents-plus-original-programming/drag-race-espa-a/": {"t": "Drag Race España", "s": "Spain's drag queens vie for the crown.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wow-presents-plus-original-programming/img/wow-presents-plus-original-programming/drag-race-espa-a.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Drag Race España · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/spaniards/": {"t": "Spaniards", "s": "Spaniards are an ethnic group indigenous to Spain with a global legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/catholic-popes-cardinals/e/catholic-popes-and-cardinals/pope-francis/": {"t": "Pope Francis", "s": "First Latin American pope, known for humility and reform.", "i": "https://codexery.com/catholic-popes-cardinals/img/catholic-popes-and-cardinals/pope-francis.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pope Francis · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/albert-vii-of-austria/": {"t": "Albert VII of Austria", "s": "Archduke of Austria and co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/governor/": {"t": "Governor", "s": "Administrative leader and head of a political region."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/john-of-austria/": {"t": "John of Austria", "s": "Admiral of the Holy League at Lepanto", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/img/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/john-of-austria.webp", "c": "El Escorial · via Wikipedia: John of Austria · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/daughters-of-emperors/e/daughters-of-emperors/anna-of-austria-queen-of-spain/": {"t": "Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain", "s": "Eldest daughter of an emperor, wife of her uncle."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/dutch-language/": {"t": "Dutch language", "s": "A West Germanic language spoken by millions across Europe, the Americas, and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/sofonisba-anguissola/": {"t": "Sofonisba Anguissola", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter who broke barriers for women artists"}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/henry-iii-of-france/": {"t": "Henry III of France", "s": "King of France and Poland, assassinated during the Wars of Religion."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/salic-law/": {"t": "Salic law", "s": "The Frankish civil law code compiled around 500 AD by Clovis, containing early Old Dutch and influencing European legal traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mary-queen-of-scots/": {"t": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "s": "Queen of Scotland from infancy, imprisoned and executed by her cousin Elizabeth I."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/john-of-gaunt/": {"t": "John of Gaunt", "s": "English prince, military leader and statesman; founder of the House of Lancaster.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/john-of-gaunt.webp", "c": "Said variously to be attributed to Lucas Cornelisz de Kock (1495–1552) (who however died 41 years before the painting is said (by Oliver Harris, 2010) to have b · via Wikipedia: John of Gaunt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-tudor/": {"t": "House of Tudor", "s": "English and Welsh dynasty ruling England from 1485 to 1603.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-tudor.webp", "c": "Sodacan · via Wikipedia: House of Tudor · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/holy-roman-empresses/e/holy-roman-empresses/maria-of-austria-holy-roman-empress/": {"t": "Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress", "s": "Empress consort, regent of Spain, and influential Catholic patron."}, "https://codexery.com/arthritis/e/arthritis/poor-man-s-gout/": {"t": "Poor man's gout", "s": "An obsolete term for gout-like arthritis."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-clement-viii/": {"t": "Pope Clement VIII", "s": "Pope who reconciled Henry IV and approved coffee."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/e/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/treaty-of-london-1604/": {"t": "Treaty of London (1604)", "s": "Ended the Anglo-Spanish War, restoring pre-war status quo."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/gunpowder-plot/": {"t": "Gunpowder Plot", "s": "The failed 1605 plot to blow up the House of Lords and kill King James I."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/polder/": {"t": "Polder", "s": "Low-lying land enclosed by dikes, reclaimed from water.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/polder.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/e/olympic-sailing-venues/ostend/": {"t": "Ostend", "s": "Belgian coastal city and historic harbour on the North Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/bruges/": {"t": "Bruges", "s": "Capital of West Flanders, historic canal city and UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/meuse/": {"t": "Meuse", "s": "Major European river flowing through France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/meuse.webp", "c": "MOSSOT · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rhine/": {"t": "Rhine", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, flowing from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rhine.webp", "c": "Sdkb · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/peter-paul-rubens/": {"t": "Peter Paul Rubens", "s": "Flemish artist and diplomat, the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/peter-paul-rubens.webp", "c": "Peter Paul Rubens · via Wikipedia: Peter Paul Rubens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jan-brueghel-the-elder/": {"t": "Jan Brueghel the Elder", "s": "Flemish Baroque painter, inventor of paradise landscapes and flower garlands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jan-brueghel-the-elder.webp", "c": "Peter Paul Rubens · via Wikipedia: Jan Brueghel the Elder · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-belgium/e/castles-in-belgium/ch-teau-of-mariemont/": {"t": "Château of Mariemont", "s": "A 16th-century royal hunting lodge, now ruins."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/aragon/": {"t": "Aragon", "s": "Autonomous community in northeastern Spain, historic Kingdom of Aragon."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-and-rights-law/e/constitutional-and-rights-law/legitimacy-family-law/": {"t": "Legitimacy (family law)", "s": "Legal status of children born to married parents."}, "https://codexery.com/napoleon-iii/e/napoleon-iii/second-french-intervention-in-mexico/": {"t": "Second French intervention in Mexico", "s": "French invasion of Mexico establishing a short-lived monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/ten-years-war/": {"t": "Ten Years' War", "s": "First of three Cuban wars for independence from Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/epidemics/e/epidemics/yellow-fever/": {"t": "Yellow fever", "s": "A viral hemorrhagic fever transmitted by mosquitoes."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/maria-christina-of-austria/": {"t": "Maria Christina of Austria", "s": "Queen regent of Spain who preserved the crown for her son."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/cuban-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Cuban War of Independence", "s": "Cuba's final war for independence from Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/violence/e/violence/ethnic-cleansing/": {"t": "Ethnic cleansing", "s": "Forcible removal of an ethnic group from a territory."}, "https://codexery.com/international-cinema/e/international-cinema/fernando-fern-n-g-mez/": {"t": "Fernando Fernán Gómez", "s": "Spanish actor, director, and writer; two-time Silver Bear winner."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/visual-arts-and-artworks/typography/": {"t": "Typography", "s": "The art and technique of arranging type for legibility, readability, and beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/peter-faber/": {"t": "Peter Faber", "s": "Savoyard Catholic priest, theologian, and co-founder of the Society of Jesus"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/peter-claver/": {"t": "Peter Claver", "s": "Patron saint of slaves, Colombia, and ministry to African Americans; known for baptizing around 300,000 people.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/peter-claver.webp", "c": "Chris Light · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/quebec/": {"t": "Quebec", "s": "Canada's largest province, heart of Francophone culture in North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/quebec.webp", "c": "Wilfredor · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/mechanics/": {"t": "Mechanics", "s": "Physics of force, matter, and motion among objects."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/justification-theology/": {"t": "Justification (theology)", "s": "Theological doctrine on how sinners become righteous before God."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/slavery/": {"t": "Slavery", "s": "Slavery is the ownership of a person as property."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/new-laws/": {"t": "New Laws", "s": "1542 Spanish laws to protect indigenous peoples from encomendero exploitation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/img/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/new-laws.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Laws · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/soteriology/": {"t": "Soteriology", "s": "Study of religious doctrines of salvation across traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/paul-the-apostle/": {"t": "Paul the Apostle", "s": "Apostle to the Gentiles and author of many New Testament epistles."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/e/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/epistle-to-the-romans/": {"t": "Epistle to the Romans", "s": "Pauline epistle outlining salvation through faith in Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/poverty/": {"t": "Poverty", "s": "A condition of lacking financial resources and essentials for basic living."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/thomism/": {"t": "Thomism", "s": "The philosophical and theological legacy of Thomas Aquinas."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/free-fall/": {"t": "Free fall", "s": "Motion under only gravity, producing uniform acceleration and weightlessness."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/charity-christian-virtue/": {"t": "Charity (Christian virtue)", "s": "Charity is the theological virtue of love for God and neighbor."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/jos-ortega-y-gasset/": {"t": "José Ortega y Gasset", "s": "Spanish philosopher known for 'I am me and my circumstance.'"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francisco-franco/": {"t": "Francisco Franco", "s": "Spanish military general and dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/simone-weil/": {"t": "Simone Weil", "s": "French philosopher, mystic, and activist who lived by her uncompromising ethics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/img/philosophers-and-logicians/simone-weil.webp", "c": "Unknown · via Wikipedia: Simone Weil · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/hannah-arendt/": {"t": "Hannah Arendt", "s": "German-Jewish philosopher and political theorist whose coverage of the Eichmann trial introduced 'the banality of evil.'"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/humanism/": {"t": "Humanism", "s": "A philosophy centered on human agency, reason, and well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/suicides-in-greek-mythology/e/suicides-in-greek-mythology/antigone/": {"t": "Antigone", "s": "Theban princess who defied a king for her brother's burial."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/latin-america/": {"t": "Latin America", "s": "The cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/latin-america.webp", "c": "Henrykez · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/pyrenees/": {"t": "Pyrenees", "s": "Mountain range forming the France–Spain border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/img/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/pyrenees.webp", "c": "The original uploader was Nhamblen at English Wikipedia. · via Wikipedia: Pyrenees · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/baruch-spinoza/": {"t": "Baruch Spinoza", "s": "Radical philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dante-alighieri/": {"t": "Dante Alighieri", "s": "Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy in the vernacular."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/friedrich-nietzsche/": {"t": "Friedrich Nietzsche", "s": "German philosopher and philologist known for his critiques of religion, morality, and truth."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz/": {"t": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "s": "German polymath and co-creator of calculus"}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/miguel-de-unamuno/": {"t": "Miguel de Unamuno", "s": "Spanish essayist, novelist, and philosopher of modernist literature."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/seneca-the-younger/": {"t": "Seneca the Younger", "s": "Stoic philosopher, dramatist, and advisor to Emperor Nero."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustine-of-hippo/": {"t": "Augustine of Hippo", "s": "Influential Christian theologian and philosopher of the Patristic Period."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/ren-descartes/": {"t": "René Descartes", "s": "Father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/martin-heidegger/": {"t": "Martin Heidegger", "s": "German philosopher who developed phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism, and whose work was shaped by his controversial Nazi involvement."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edmund-husserl/": {"t": "Edmund Husserl", "s": "Austrian and German philosopher who founded phenomenology."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/miguel-de-cervantes/": {"t": "Miguel de Cervantes", "s": "Spanish writer, author of Don Quixote, first modern novel."}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/teresa-of-vila/": {"t": "Teresa of Ávila", "s": "Carmelite nun, mystic, and reformer of the Counter-Reformation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/teresa-of-vila.webp", "c": "Livioandronico2013 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/john-of-the-cross/": {"t": "John of the Cross", "s": "Mystical doctor and reformer of the Carmelite Order"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/modernism/": {"t": "Modernism", "s": "Early 20th-century movement emphasizing experimentation and subjective experience."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/damascus-steel/": {"t": "Damascus steel", "s": "High-carbon crucible steel with distinctive banding patterns."}}