{"https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/almohads/": {"t": "Almohads", "s": "Berber caliphs of the Maghreb and al-Andalus in the 12th and 13th centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/tunisia/": {"t": "Tunisia", "s": "A North African crossroads of ancient civilizations and modern aspirations."}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/desert-landscapes/sahara/": {"t": "Sahara", "s": "The vast hot desert spanning North Africa"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/fez-morocco/": {"t": "Fez, Morocco", "s": "Ancient capital of learning and trade in northern Morocco"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/oran/": {"t": "Oran", "s": "Second-largest city in Algeria, key coastal hub."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-inventions/e/iranian-inventions/bimaristan/": {"t": "Bimaristan", "s": "Historic Islamic hospitals that served all people."}, "/e/people-from-marrakesh/ba-ahmed/": {"t": "Ba Ahmed", "s": "Grand Wazir and de facto ruler of Morocco from 1894 to 1900."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/paris/": {"t": "Paris", "s": "Capetian capital on the Seine."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/gold/": {"t": "Gold", "s": "A noble metal prized for beauty, rarity, and resistance to corrosion."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/melilla/": {"t": "Melilla", "s": "Spanish autonomous city on the North African coast."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mahdi/": {"t": "Mahdi", "s": "Messianic figure in Islam who will restore justice."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/abd-el-krim/": {"t": "Abd el-Krim", "s": "Revolutionary leader of the Rif Republic"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/scramble-for-africa/": {"t": "Scramble for Africa", "s": "The late 19th-century invasion, conquest, and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/scramble-for-africa.webp", "c": "Bulllinzoneownere · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-portuguese-colonies/e/former-portuguese-colonies/essaouira/": {"t": "Essaouira", "s": "Atlantic port city with a UNESCO-listed medina."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/algiers/": {"t": "Algiers", "s": "Capital of Algeria, historic Mediterranean port and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/ulama/": {"t": "Ulama", "s": "Guardians and interpreters of Islamic doctrine and law."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/emir-abdelkader/": {"t": "Emir Abdelkader", "s": "Arab Algerian religious and military leader who led a 17-year struggle against French colonial invasion."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/rabat/": {"t": "Rabat", "s": "Capital of Morocco, imperial city on the Atlantic coast."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/atlas-mountains/": {"t": "Atlas Mountains", "s": "North African mountain range separating Sahara from Mediterranean and Atlantic."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/independence/": {"t": "Independence", "s": "Condition of self-government and sovereignty over a territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/independence.webp", "c": "Ruger, A. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/former-portuguese-colonies/e/former-portuguese-colonies/ceuta/": {"t": "Ceuta", "s": "Spanish autonomous city on the North African coast."}, "/e/people-from-marrakesh/abdallah-al-ghalib/": {"t": "Abdallah al-Ghalib", "s": "Second Saadian sultan, prolific builder, and victor at Wadi al-Laban."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/emir/": {"t": "Emir", "s": "Arabic title for commander, prince, or monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/averroes/": {"t": "Averroes", "s": "Andalusian polymath and jurist, known as 'The Commentator' for his commentaries on Aristotle."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-al-mu-min/": {"t": "Abd al-Mu'min", "s": "First Almohad caliph who built an empire across North Africa and Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-tumart/": {"t": "Ibn Tumart", "s": "Founder and spiritual leader of the Almohad movement", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/img/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-tumart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ibn Tumart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/fiqh/": {"t": "Fiqh", "s": "Islamic jurisprudence: human understanding of divine law"}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hadith/": {"t": "Hadith", "s": "The second authority after the Quran, shaping Islamic law and doctrine through reported words and deeds of the Prophet."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/catalonia/": {"t": "Catalonia", "s": "An autonomous community in northeastern Spain with a distinct history and language."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/alc-zar-of-seville/": {"t": "Alcázar of Seville", "s": "A royal palace blending Mudéjar, Gothic, and Renaissance styles, with origins in a 10th-century Umayyad citadel."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/school-of-fine-arts-of-casablanca/": {"t": "School of Fine Arts of Casablanca", "s": "Founded 1919 in Casablanca; origin of the modernist Casablanca School."}, "/e/people-from-marrakesh/farid-belkahia/": {"t": "Farid Belkahia", "s": "Moroccan modernist artist and education reformer."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/abstract-art/": {"t": "Abstract art", "s": "Art independent of visual references in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/primary-color/": {"t": "Primary color", "s": "Primary colors are the basis for mixing a gamut of colors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/primary-color.webp", "c": "Fons Heijnsbroek · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rituals/e/rituals/mawsim/": {"t": "Mawsim", "s": "Annual Maghrebi festival blending saint veneration, trade, and social gathering."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/wales/": {"t": "Wales", "s": "A country of mountains, coast, and ancient culture, part of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/heart-diseases/e/heart-diseases/heart-failure/": {"t": "Heart failure", "s": "A syndrome of impaired cardiac filling or pumping."}, "/e/people-from-marrakesh/abdelaziz-of-morocco/": {"t": "Abdelaziz of Morocco", "s": "Sultan of Morocco whose reforms and borrowing sparked revolt and deposition."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/cordoba/": {"t": "Cordoba", "s": "Capital of the Caliphate of Córdoba and of Umayyad al-Andalus."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/afonso-i-of-portugal/": {"t": "Afonso I of Portugal", "s": "First king of Portugal, founder of the kingdom and key figure in the Reconquista."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/seaweed/": {"t": "Seaweed", "s": "Macroalgae vital to ocean ecology and human industry."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sargasso-sea/": {"t": "Sargasso Sea", "s": "The only sea without land boundaries, a floating rainforest of sargassum in the North Atlantic."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/aleppo/": {"t": "Aleppo", "s": "Ancient Syrian city, historic Silk Road hub, site of major conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/trap-music/": {"t": "Trap music", "s": "A hip-hop subgenre originating in the Southern United States."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/modernism/": {"t": "Modernism", "s": "Early 20th-century movement emphasizing experimentation and subjective experience."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metalworking/": {"t": "Metalworking", "s": "Shaping metals from prehistory to modern precision industry."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/expressionism/": {"t": "Expressionism", "s": "A modernist movement emphasizing subjective emotional experience over physical reality."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-islamic-cooperation/": {"t": "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation", "s": "The collective voice of the Muslim world", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-islamic-cooperation.webp", "c": "Tahir mq · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/september-11-attacks/": {"t": "September 11 attacks", "s": "Coordinated al-Qaeda suicide hijackings killed nearly 3,000 people."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/international-law/": {"t": "International law", "s": "Body of rules governing state relations, based largely on consent."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-former-yugoslavia/": {"t": "International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia", "s": "UN ad hoc tribunal prosecuting Yugoslav Wars war crimes."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-court-of-justice/": {"t": "International Court of Justice", "s": "Principal judicial organ of the United Nations."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/jurisprudence/": {"t": "Jurisprudence", "s": "The philosophy of law, examining what law is and ought to be."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/political-science/": {"t": "Political science", "s": "Empirical study of politics, governance, and power."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/sciences-po/": {"t": "Sciences Po", "s": "A French grande école that shaped political science and elite education.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/sciences-po.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sciences Po · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/human-trafficking/": {"t": "Human trafficking", "s": "A crime of exploitation through force, fraud, or coercion."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/nuclear-power/": {"t": "Nuclear power", "s": "Nuclear reactions produce electricity via fission, decay, or fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geographer/": {"t": "Geographer", "s": "Geographers study Earth's environment and human society and their interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/e/african-leaders/habib-bourguiba/": {"t": "Habib Bourguiba", "s": "First president of Tunisia and architect of its independence", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/img/african-leaders/habib-bourguiba.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Habib Bourguiba · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/vaccination/": {"t": "Vaccination", "s": "Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edward-jenner/": {"t": "Edward Jenner", "s": "English physician who created the first vaccine against smallpox.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/edward-jenner.webp", "c": "John Raphael Smith · via Wikipedia: Edward Jenner · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/islamic-architecture/": {"t": "Islamic architecture", "s": "Architectural styles of buildings associated with Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/jihad/": {"t": "Jihad", "s": "Islamic concept of striving in God's path, with spiritual and martial dimensions."}, "https://codexery.com/australian-horror-films/e/australian-horror-films/storm-warning-2007-film/": {"t": "Storm Warning (2007 film)", "s": "A couple's sailing trip becomes a nightmare on French Island."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/los-angeles/": {"t": "Los Angeles", "s": "The City of Angels, a global hub of culture and commerce."}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/agence-france-presse/": {"t": "Agence France-Presse", "s": "The world's oldest news agency, providing fast, impartial, and verified global coverage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/news-media/img/news-media/agence-france-presse.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Agence France-Presse · see source"}}