{"https://codexery.com/iranian-inventions/e/iranian-inventions/crucifixion/": {"t": "Crucifixion", "s": "Ancient method of execution used in Persia, Carthage, and Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-al-malik-ibn-marwan/": {"t": "Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan", "s": "Fifth Umayyad caliph who reunified the Caliphate and introduced key administrative reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/al-hajjaj-ibn-yusuf/": {"t": "Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf", "s": "Umayyad governor of Iraq and the east, known for reforms and ruthlessness."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-umayyad-caliphate/e/rebellions-against-the-umayyad-caliphate/ibn-al-ash-ath/": {"t": "Ibn al-Ash'ath", "s": "Leader of the Peacock Army revolt against Umayyad rule."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/musa-ibn-nusayr/": {"t": "Musa ibn Nusayr", "s": "Governor of Ifriqiya who oversaw the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb and Iberia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/fatimid-caliphate/": {"t": "Fatimid Caliphate", "s": "Isma'ili Shi'a caliphate spanning North Africa and West Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/strait-of-messina/": {"t": "Strait of Messina", "s": "Narrow strait linking Sicily to mainland Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/calabria/": {"t": "Calabria", "s": "Southern Italian region with Greek roots and linguistic diversity."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/tripoli-libya/": {"t": "Tripoli, Libya", "s": "Capital and largest city of Libya, on the Mediterranean coast."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/turkic-mythology/e/turkic-mythology/tengrism/": {"t": "Tengrism", "s": "Steppe belief system centered on the sky god Tengri."}, "https://codexery.com/epic-poetry-myth/e/epic-poetry-and-myth/secret-history-of-the-mongols/": {"t": "Secret History of the Mongols", "s": "The oldest surviving literary work in the Mongolic languages, recounting the life and conquests of Genghis Khan."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-1115-1234/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (1115–1234)", "s": "The Jurchen-led Great Jin: gold, empire, and the first Chinese dynasty known in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/genghis-khan/": {"t": "Genghis Khan", "s": "Temüjin, the steppe chieftain's son who united the Mongols and founded their empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/lore/genghis-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Genghis Khan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "/e/people-executed-by-crucifixion/saint-peter/": {"t": "Saint Peter", "s": "Apostle of Jesus, crucified in Rome under Nero."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/e/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/gospel-of-john/": {"t": "Gospel of John", "s": "Fourth gospel emphasizing Jesus as divine Logos and Son of God."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-the-baptist/": {"t": "John the Baptist", "s": "First-century preacher and baptizer revered as a prophet in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hebrew-language/": {"t": "Hebrew language", "s": "A revived Canaanite language, once extinct, now spoken by millions."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-israel/e/national-parks-of-israel/capernaum/": {"t": "Capernaum", "s": "Fishing village on the Sea of Galilee, central to Jesus' ministry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-israel/img/national-parks-of-israel/capernaum.webp", "c": "Benno Rothenberg · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/e/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/gospel-of-matthew/": {"t": "Gospel of Matthew", "s": "First Gospel, presenting Jesus as Jewish Messiah fulfilling scripture."}, "https://codexery.com/bible/e/gospels/luke/": {"t": "Luke", "s": "The third canonical Gospel, first half of Luke-Acts, tracing Jesus from birth to ascension.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bible/img/gospels/luke.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gospel of Luke · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/colosseum/e/colosseum/john-the-apostle/": {"t": "John the Apostle", "s": "Apostle, evangelist, and traditional author of Johannine works."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/last-supper/": {"t": "Last Supper", "s": "Final meal of Jesus with his apostles before crucifixion."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/eusebius/": {"t": "Eusebius", "s": "Historian of Christianity and bishop of Caesarea."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/origen/": {"t": "Origen", "s": "Prolific early Christian theologian and controversial Church Father."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/e/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/chersonesus/": {"t": "Chersonesus", "s": "Ancient Greek colony on the Crimean Peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/ecumenical-patriarchate-of-constantinople/": {"t": "Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople", "s": "First among equals in Eastern Orthodox Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/patras/": {"t": "Patras", "s": "Greece's third-largest city, a historic port and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/heresy/": {"t": "Heresy", "s": "A belief or theory strongly at variance with established religious doctrines, often met with censure."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/the-odyssey/": {"t": "The Odyssey", "s": "Ancient Greek epic of Odysseus's perilous homecoming journey."}, "https://codexery.com/amalfi-coast/e/amalfi-coast/amalfi-cathedral/": {"t": "Amalfi Cathedral", "s": "Medieval cathedral housing relics of Saint Andrew.", "i": "https://codexery.com/amalfi-coast/img/amalfi-coast/amalfi-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amalfi Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/amalfi-coast/e/amalfi-coast/amalfi/": {"t": "Amalfi", "s": "Medieval maritime republic and UNESCO-listed coastal town."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantius-ii/": {"t": "Constantius II", "s": "Roman emperor whose reign saw civil wars and religious strife."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/basil-i/": {"t": "Basil I", "s": "Byzantine emperor who founded the Macedonian dynasty and reformed law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/basil-i.webp", "c": "Unknown, 13th-century author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/national-churches/e/national-churches/georgian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Georgian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church, Georgia's dominant religious institution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-churches/img/national-churches/georgian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Georgian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sarmatians/": {"t": "Sarmatians", "s": "Iranian equestrian nomads who dominated the Pontic steppe for nearly a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-scythians/": {"t": "The Scythians", "s": "Ancient Iranic nomads who dominated the Pontic Steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/union-jack/": {"t": "Union Jack", "s": "National flag of the United Kingdom, also called the Union Jack.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-empire/img/british-empire/union-jack.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Union Jack · PD"}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/jesus-in-islam/": {"t": "Jesus in Islam", "s": "Jesus is a prophet, messiah, and eschatological figure in Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "https://codexery.com/book-of-exodus/e/book-of-exodus/high-priest-of-israel/": {"t": "High Priest of Israel", "s": "Head of the Israelite priesthood, with unique ritual duties and vestments."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pompey/": {"t": "Pompey", "s": "Roman general and statesman, rival of Julius Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pompey.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · via Wikipedia: Pompey · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/mark-antony/": {"t": "Mark Antony", "s": "Roman politician and general who helped transform the Republic into the Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/mark-antony.webp", "c": "Byzantium565 · via Wikipedia: Mark Antony · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/sadducees/": {"t": "Sadducees", "s": "A priestly sect of Second Temple Judaism, known for rejecting the Oral Torah and the afterlife."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/babylon/": {"t": "Babylon", "s": "Ancient city on the Euphrates, heart of Babylonia and home of wonders."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/masada/": {"t": "Masada", "s": "Fortress final holdout of Jewish rebels against Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/josephus/": {"t": "Josephus", "s": "Roman–Jewish historian and military leader, author of The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio/": {"t": "Cassius Dio", "s": "Roman historian and senator who wrote an 80-volume history of Rome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Cassius Dio · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/plutarch/": {"t": "Plutarch", "s": "Greek and Roman philosopher, historian, and priest of Apollo"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/carthage/": {"t": "Carthage", "s": "Ancient Phoenician city on the coast of Tunisia, capital of a Punic empire."}, "/e/people-executed-by-crucifixion/spendius/": {"t": "Spendius", "s": "Roman slave turned rebel leader crucified by Carthage."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/hamilcar-barca/": {"t": "Hamilcar Barca", "s": "Carthaginian general and father of Hannibal", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/hamilcar-barca.webp", "c": "Max Karl Baldamus · via Wikipedia: Hamilcar Barca · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/acts-of-the-apostles/": {"t": "Acts of the Apostles", "s": "Fifth New Testament book recounting early Christian Church founding."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/ascension-of-jesus/": {"t": "Ascension of Jesus", "s": "Belief that Jesus ascended to heaven after his resurrection."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/jude-the-apostle/": {"t": "Jude the Apostle", "s": "Apostle and patron saint of desperate cases and lost causes."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/armenian-apostolic-church/": {"t": "Armenian Apostolic Church", "s": "Ancient autocephalous church of Armenia, first state Christian church."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/anastasius-i-dicorus/": {"t": "Anastasius I Dicorus", "s": "Eastern Roman emperor who reformed finances and built lasting defenses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/anastasius-i-dicorus.webp", "c": "Miguel Hermoso Cuesta · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/benevento/": {"t": "Benevento", "s": "Ancient Samnite city on the Appian Way, later a Roman colony."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-mythological-heroes/e/greek-mythological-heroes/asclepius/": {"t": "Asclepius", "s": "Hero and god of medicine in Greek mythology."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/michelangelo/": {"t": "Michelangelo", "s": "Italian High Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/michelangelo.webp", "c": "Attributed to Daniele da Volterra · via Wikipedia: Michelangelo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/paintings-of-angels/e/paintings-of-angels/the-last-judgment-michelangelo/": {"t": "The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)", "s": "Michelangelo's monumental fresco of the Second Coming."}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/leather/": {"t": "Leather", "s": "A durable material made from tanned animal hides."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/bookbinding/": {"t": "Bookbinding", "s": "A skilled trade combining paper, textile, and leather crafts."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/tuscany/": {"t": "Tuscany", "s": "Central Italian region, birthplace of the Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/jusepe-de-ribera/": {"t": "Jusepe de Ribera", "s": "Spanish Baroque painter known for stark realism and martyrdom scenes."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/modern-and-contemporary-artists/damien-hirst/": {"t": "Damien Hirst", "s": "The shark, the formaldehyde, and the millions: Damien Hirst, the YBA who made death a spectacle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/modern-and-contemporary-artists/damien-hirst.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Damien Hirst · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/e/auteur-directors/tim-burton/": {"t": "Tim Burton", "s": "American filmmaker known for gothic fantasy and dark whimsy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/img/auteur-directors/tim-burton.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tim Burton · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/american-dark-fantasy-films/e/american-dark-fantasy-films/edward-scissorhands/": {"t": "Edward Scissorhands", "s": "A Gothic fairy tale of isolation and love."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/matthew-the-apostle/": {"t": "Matthew the Apostle", "s": "Apostle, tax collector turned evangelist, author of the first Gospel."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/darius-iii/": {"t": "Darius III", "s": "Last Achaemenid King of Kings, defeated by Alexander the Great"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/zoroastrianism/e/zoroastrianism/zoroastrianism/": {"t": "Zoroastrianism", "s": "An ancient Iranian faith centered on Ahura Mazda and ethical dualism."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/shahnameh/": {"t": "Shahnameh", "s": "National epic of Greater Iran by Ferdowsi."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-issus/": {"t": "Battle of Issus", "s": "Alexander's first victory over Darius III, securing Asia Minor."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-gaugamela/": {"t": "Battle of Gaugamela", "s": "Decisive 331 BC battle that crippled the Achaemenid Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/persepolis/": {"t": "Persepolis", "s": "Persepolis served as the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, which lasted from around 550 to 330 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/hindu-kush/": {"t": "Hindu Kush", "s": "Mountain range dividing the Amu Darya and Indus River valleys.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/hindu-kush.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hindu Kush · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amu-darya/": {"t": "Amu Darya", "s": "Central Asia's historic Oxus, a river of borders and deserts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amu-darya.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amu Darya · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river/": {"t": "Don (river)", "s": "Fifth-longest river in Europe, key Byzantine trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river.webp", "c": "High Contrast · via Wikipedia: Don (river) · CC BY-SA 2.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/pharaohs-of-egypt/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/ptolemy-i-soter/": {"t": "Ptolemy I Soter", "s": "Macedonian Greek general who founded the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/paraphilias/e/paraphilias/flagellation/": {"t": "Flagellation", "s": "Beating the body with whips, for punishment, religion, or sexual practice."}, "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/e/shahnameh-characters/dara-ii/": {"t": "Dara II", "s": "Last Kayanian king, half-brother of Alexander the Great.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/img/shahnameh-characters/dara-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dara II · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/polish-folklore/e/polish-folklore/czarownica/": {"t": "Czarownica", "s": "A witch figure rooted in Slavic pagan traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/ostrogoths/": {"t": "Ostrogoths", "s": "Germanic people who founded a kingdom in Italy under Theodoric."}, "https://codexery.com/english-heroic-legends/e/english-heroic-legends/ermanaric/": {"t": "Ermanaric", "s": "Greuthungian king of Oium, later a figure in Germanic legend."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/west-slavs/": {"t": "West Slavs", "s": "West Slavs: Slavic peoples speaking West Slavic languages, with a history of early medieval states and cultural ties to Latin Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs/": {"t": "East Slavs", "s": "East Slavs formed Kievan Rus' and modern Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/east-slavs.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: East Slavs · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/south-slavs/": {"t": "South Slavs", "s": "South Slavic peoples of Southeast Europe, including Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, and Slovenes."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/procopius/": {"t": "Procopius", "s": "Principal historian of the 6th century, chronicler of Justinian's wars and scandals."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/dnieper/": {"t": "Dnieper", "s": "Major transboundary river of Eastern Europe, vital to Ukraine's economy."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/vistula/": {"t": "Vistula", "s": "Poland's longest river and a national symbol of cultural identity."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/slavic-languages/": {"t": "Slavic languages", "s": "The Slavic languages are a major branch of the Indo-European family, spoken by over 315 million people across Eastern and Central Europe and beyond.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/img/languages-of-the-world/slavic-languages.webp", "c": "CrazyPhunk · via Wikipedia: Slavic languages · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/knyaz/": {"t": "Knyaz", "s": "A Slavic title for prince, king, or duke."}, "https://codexery.com/maximian/e/maximian/sequence-of-saint-eulalia/": {"t": "Sequence of Saint Eulalia", "s": "Earliest surviving French hagiography, composed circa 880."}, "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/e/tetrarchy/maximian/": {"t": "Maximian", "s": "Co-emperor with Diocletian; military strongman who twice abdicated."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/diocletian/": {"t": "Diocletian", "s": "Roman emperor who stabilized the empire, initiated the Tetrarchy, and abdicated voluntarily."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/church-of-the-east/": {"t": "Church of the East", "s": "Major Eastern Christian branch, once spanning Asia from Mesopotamia to China."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-magic/e/history-of-magic/magi/": {"t": "Magi", "s": "Priests of Zoroastrianism and earlier Iranian religions."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire/": {"t": "Sasanian Empire", "s": "Iranian empire lasting from 224 to 651 AD.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire.webp", "c": "Original file by Ro4444, edited by me · via Wikipedia: Sasanian Empire · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/one-thousand-and-one-nights-characters/e/one-thousand-and-one-nights-characters/khosrow-ii/": {"t": "Khosrow II", "s": "Last great monarch of pre-Islamic Iran.", "i": "https://codexery.com/one-thousand-and-one-nights-characters/img/one-thousand-and-one-nights-characters/khosrow-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Khosrow II · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/gaius-duilius/": {"t": "Gaius Duilius", "s": "Roman commander who won Rome's first naval victory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/img/ancient-roman-triumphators/gaius-duilius.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gaius Duilius · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/oda-nobunaga/": {"t": "Oda Nobunaga", "s": "The first Great Unifier of Japan"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/kyoto/": {"t": "Kyoto", "s": "The thousand-year capital of Japan, where imperial history and cultural heritage endure."}, "https://codexery.com/100-fine-castles-of-japan/e/100-fine-castles-of-japan/azuchi-castle/": {"t": "Azuchi Castle", "s": "Oda Nobunaga's revolutionary stone castle that reshaped Japanese fortification.", "i": "https://codexery.com/100-fine-castles-of-japan/img/100-fine-castles-of-japan/azuchi-castle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Azuchi Castle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dance-forms/e/dance-forms/kabuki/": {"t": "Kabuki", "s": "Classical Japanese theatre blending drama, dance, and stylized performance."}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/theatre-and-performance/bunraku/": {"t": "Bunraku", "s": "Traditional Japanese puppet theatre with roots in 17th-century Osaka"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/crucifixion-of-jesus/": {"t": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "s": "Jesus was crucified by Romans in 1st-century Judaea."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-folklore/e/christian-folklore/penitent-thief/": {"t": "Penitent thief", "s": "The penitent thief promised Paradise by Jesus on the cross."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-folklore/e/christian-folklore/golden-legend/": {"t": "Golden Legend", "s": "A medieval compendium of saintly legends and festival lore.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-folklore/img/christian-folklore/golden-legend.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Golden Legend · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/henry-wadsworth-longfellow/": {"t": "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow", "s": "American poet and educator, author of 'Paul Revere's Ride' and translator of Dante's Divine Comedy."}, "https://codexery.com/angelic-apparitions-in-the-bible/e/angelic-apparitions-in-the-bible/flight-into-egypt/": {"t": "Flight into Egypt", "s": "An angel warns Joseph to flee Herod with Jesus and Mary."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-isaiah/": {"t": "Book of Isaiah", "s": "A prophetic book of judgment, consolation, and restoration."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/common-era/": {"t": "Common Era", "s": "Calendar era notation avoiding explicit Christian reference."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/hebrew-university-of-jerusalem/": {"t": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "s": "Second-oldest Israeli university, co-founded by Einstein and Weizmann.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/hebrew-university-of-jerusalem.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Russian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church tracing origins to 988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/kyiv-oblast/": {"t": "Kyiv Oblast", "s": "Central Ukrainian province surrounding Kyiv, created in 1932."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/corsica/": {"t": "Corsica", "s": "Mediterranean island, French region with growing nationalist movement."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/arianism/": {"t": "Arianism", "s": "A nontrinitarian doctrine named after Arius, condemned as heresy."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/benedictines/": {"t": "Benedictines", "s": "Oldest Latin Church order, following the Rule of Saint Benedict."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-carthage/": {"t": "Ancient Carthage", "s": "Ancient Carthage: A dominant western Mediterranean power until its destruction in 146 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/eminent-domain/": {"t": "Eminent domain", "s": "Compulsory acquisition of private property for public use with compensation."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-roman-emperors/e/deified-roman-emperors/decius/": {"t": "Decius", "s": "Roman emperor who initiated the first organized persecution of Christians."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/lombards/": {"t": "Lombards", "s": "Germanic conquerors of Italy, from the Elbe to the Po."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/brescia/": {"t": "Brescia", "s": "Ancient Roman city and industrial hub in Lombardy."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/pilgrimage/": {"t": "Pilgrimage", "s": "A journey to a holy place for spiritual transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/bergamo/": {"t": "Bergamo", "s": "City of two centers, UNESCO walls, and the 'City of the Thousand.'"}, "/e/people-executed-by-crucifixion/andrew-the-apostle/": {"t": "Andrew the Apostle", "s": "Apostle of Jesus, brother of Simon Peter, patron of Scotland."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/paul-the-apostle/": {"t": "Paul the Apostle", "s": "Apostle to the Gentiles and author of many New Testament epistles."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/e/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/epistle-to-the-galatians/": {"t": "Epistle to the Galatians", "s": "Paul's letter arguing Gentiles need not follow Mosaic Law."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/irenaeus/": {"t": "Irenaeus", "s": "Second-century Greek bishop, defender of orthodoxy against Gnosticism, and author of Against Heresies."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/tertullian/": {"t": "Tertullian", "s": "Early Christian author and first Latin theologian."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/clement-of-alexandria/": {"t": "Clement of Alexandria", "s": "Christian theologian and philosopher who taught at the Catechetical School of Alexandria, known for blending Hellenistic philosophy with Christian doctrine."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural-healing/e/supernatural-healing/healing-the-mother-of-peter-s-wife/": {"t": "Healing the mother of Peter's wife", "s": "Jesus heals Peter's mother-in-law of a fever."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/james-the-great/": {"t": "James the Great", "s": "First apostle martyred; patron saint of Spain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/james-the-great.webp", "c": "Peter Paul Rubens · via Wikipedia: James the Great · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/miracles-of-jesus/e/miracles-of-jesus/jesus-walking-on-water/": {"t": "Jesus walking on water", "s": "Jesus walks on the Sea of Galilee during a storm."}, "https://codexery.com/miracles-of-jesus/e/miracles-of-jesus/malchus/": {"t": "Malchus", "s": "Servant of Caiaphas whose ear was cut off by Peter."}, "https://codexery.com/miracles-of-jesus/e/miracles-of-jesus/miracles-of-jesus/": {"t": "Miracles of Jesus", "s": "Miraculous deeds attributed to Jesus in Christian texts."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-israel/e/castles-in-israel/caesarea-maritima/": {"t": "Caesarea Maritima", "s": "Ancient port city and Roman capital on the Israeli coast", "i": "https://codexery.com/castles-in-israel/img/castles-in-israel/caesarea-maritima.webp", "c": "מיכל פריימן · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/james-brother-of-jesus/": {"t": "James, brother of Jesus", "s": "Brother of Jesus and first leader of the Jerusalem Church.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/james-brother-of-jesus.webp", "c": "Emmanuel Tzanes · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/gospel/": {"t": "Gospel", "s": "Episodic narratives of Jesus's words, deeds, death, and resurrection."}, "https://codexery.com/resurrection/e/resurrection/raising-of-jairus-daughter/": {"t": "Raising of Jairus' daughter", "s": "A synoptic miracle of Jesus raising a synagogue ruler's daughter."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/clement-of-rome/": {"t": "Clement of Rome", "s": "Early Bishop of Rome and Apostolic Father."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/e/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/epistle-to-the-romans/": {"t": "Epistle to the Romans", "s": "Pauline epistle outlining salvation through faith in Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/religious/ignatius-of-antioch/": {"t": "Ignatius of Antioch", "s": "Early Christian bishop and martyr whose letters shaped early theology."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/e/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/first-epistle-of-peter/": {"t": "First Epistle of Peter", "s": "A contested New Testament letter addressing persecuted Christian exiles."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/confession-religion/": {"t": "Confession (religion)", "s": "Acknowledgment of sins across religious traditions for spiritual healing."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/martyr/": {"t": "Martyr", "s": "A witness who suffers death for a religious or political cause."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-urban-viii/": {"t": "Pope Urban VIII", "s": "Pope who expanded papal territory, opposed Copernicanism, and left a legacy of debt."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-rituals/e/religious-rituals/ordination/": {"t": "Ordination", "s": "Ordination consecrates individuals as clergy across religious traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/shogun/e/lore/toyotomi-hideyoshi/": {"t": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "s": "The peasant-born foot soldier who rose to Kampaku and finished unifying Sengoku Japan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shogun/img/lore/toyotomi-hideyoshi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Toyotomi Hideyoshi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/osaka/": {"t": "Osaka", "s": "Japan's historic commercial hub and a major global financial center."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/nagasaki/": {"t": "Nagasaki", "s": "Capital of Nagasaki Prefecture on Kyushu, Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/hera/": {"t": "Hera", "s": "Queen of the Olympians, goddess of marriage and family."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-greece/e/world-heritage-sites-in-greece/heraion-of-samos/": {"t": "Heraion of Samos", "s": "Sanctuary of Hera on Samos, site of colossal Ionic temples."}, "https://codexery.com/archery/e/archery/archery/": {"t": "Archery", "s": "Archery is the skill of using a bow to shoot arrows."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/miletus/": {"t": "Miletus", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the coast of Anatolia, cradle of philosophy and maritime power."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/lesbos/": {"t": "Lesbos", "s": "Greek island in the northeastern Aegean Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amasis-ii/": {"t": "Amasis II", "s": "Last great pharaoh of Egypt before the Persian conquest.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/img/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amasis-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Baal Hammon · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/piracy/": {"t": "Piracy", "s": "Maritime robbery and criminal violence by ship-borne attackers."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/cambyses-ii/": {"t": "Cambyses II", "s": "Second Achaemenid king who conquered Egypt and died childless."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/zeus/": {"t": "Zeus", "s": "King of the gods, sky and thunder deity."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/helios/": {"t": "Helios", "s": "Greek god personifying the Sun, guardian of oaths and sight."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/thucydides/": {"t": "Thucydides", "s": "Athenian historian and general who chronicled the Peloponnesian War."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/apollo/": {"t": "Apollo", "s": "God of light, healing, prophecy, music, poetry, and archery; twin brother of Artemis."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lord-byron/": {"t": "Lord Byron", "s": "British Romantic poet and satirist, known for Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/lord-byron.webp", "c": "Thomas Phillips · via Wikipedia: Lord Byron · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/folklore-studies/e/folklore-studies/aarne-thompson-uther-index/": {"t": "Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index", "s": "A standard catalogue of folktale types used by folklorists worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/old-style-and-new-style-dates/": {"t": "Old Style and New Style dates", "s": "Dual dating systems before and after calendar reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/iranian-languages/": {"t": "Iranian languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-Iranian languages spoken by Iranian peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/simon-the-zealot/": {"t": "Simon the Zealot", "s": "Apostle of Jesus, known as the Zealot or Canaanite."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/exegesis/": {"t": "Exegesis", "s": "Critical interpretation of texts, from Bible to ancient cuneiform."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/campania/": {"t": "Campania", "s": "Southern Italian region rich in history, culture, and UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/tunis/": {"t": "Tunis", "s": "Capital of Tunisia, historic city on the Gulf of Tunis."}, "https://codexery.com/economy-of-ancient-rome/e/economy-of-ancient-rome/slavery-in-ancient-rome/": {"t": "Slavery in ancient Rome", "s": "Slavery was foundational to Roman economy and society."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/cavalry/": {"t": "Cavalry", "s": "Mounted warriors who dominated battlefields until the 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/polybius/": {"t": "Polybius", "s": "Ancient Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period, author of The Histories"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/senate/": {"t": "Senate", "s": "A deliberative assembly, often the upper house of a bicameral legislature."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/tunisia/": {"t": "Tunisia", "s": "A North African crossroads of ancient civilizations and modern aspirations."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/crete/": {"t": "Crete", "s": "Largest Greek island, centre of Minoan civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/peloponnese/": {"t": "Peloponnese", "s": "Southernmost peninsula of mainland Greece, cradle of Mycenaean civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/shogun/e/characters/tokugawa-ieyasu/": {"t": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "s": "Former hostage turned daimyo who founded the Tokugawa shogunate and ruled Japan from Edo.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shogun/img/characters/tokugawa-ieyasu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tokugawa Ieyasu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/edo-period/": {"t": "Edo period", "s": "Period of Tokugawa rule marked by peace, isolation, and cultural flourishing."}, "https://codexery.com/torture/e/torture/castration/": {"t": "Castration", "s": "Castration disables testes, used in slavery, punishment, and animal husbandry."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/southern-united-states/": {"t": "Southern United States", "s": "The Southern United States: a diverse region defined by history, culture, and climate, from the Atlantic to the Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history/e/film-history/the-birth-of-a-nation/": {"t": "The Birth of a Nation", "s": "A landmark film, both technically innovative and deeply controversial.", "i": "https://codexery.com/film-history/img/film-history/the-birth-of-a-nation.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: The Birth of a Nation · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/torture/e/torture/death-by-burning/": {"t": "Death by burning", "s": "A method of execution involving combustion or extreme heat."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united-states/university-of-virginia/": {"t": "University of Virginia", "s": "Founded by Thomas Jefferson, home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/rites-of-passage/e/rites-of-passage/rite-of-passage/": {"t": "Rite of passage", "s": "A ritual marking transition between social groups or statuses."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/psychological-trauma/": {"t": "Psychological trauma", "s": "An emotional response to severe distressing events, studied in psychotraumatology."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural-legends/e/supernatural-legends/divine-retribution/": {"t": "Divine retribution", "s": "Divine punishment by a deity for provoking anger."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/sacrifice/": {"t": "Sacrifice", "s": "An act or offering made to a deity."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/blues/": {"t": "Blues", "s": "Blues originated among African Americans in the Deep South around the 1860s."}, "https://codexery.com/folk-religions/e/folk-religions/folk-saint/": {"t": "Folk saint", "s": "Unofficial saints venerated by popular devotion."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/late-middle-ages/": {"t": "Late Middle Ages", "s": "Crisis and transformation in 14th–15th century Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/ottonian-dynasty/": {"t": "Ottonian dynasty", "s": "The Ottonian dynasty, a Saxon line of German monarchs, ruled from 919 to 1024."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/the-imitation-of-christ/": {"t": "The Imitation of Christ", "s": "A devotional classic emphasizing interior life and Eucharist."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey/": {"t": "Westminster Abbey", "s": "A royal peculiar and national Valhalla.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Westminster Abbey · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/hans-memling/": {"t": "Hans Memling", "s": "German-Flemish painter of religious works and donor portraits."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bavaria/": {"t": "Bavaria", "s": "Largest German state, with a history from Celts to kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}}